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Advances in Hydrogen Energy III

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 June 2024) | Viewed by 53242

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 5, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
Interests: energy systems modeling; fuel cells; hydrogen; methanol
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogen energy research and development has attracted growing attention as one of the key solutions for a clean future energy system. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, national governments across the world are developing ambitious policies to support hydrogen technology, and an increasing level of funding has been allocated for projects of research, development, and demonstration of this technology. At the same time, the private sector is capitalizing on the opportunity with larger investments in hydrogen technology solutions.

While intense research activities have been dedicated to this field, several issues require further research prior to achieving a full commercialization of hydrogen technology solutions. This Special Issue seeks to contribute to disseminating the most recent advancements in the field with respect to both modeling and experimental analysis. The focus is placed on research covering all aspects of the hydrogen energy route, including fuel production, storage, transportation, and final usage. This also includes the development of hydrogen-based fuels, such as ammonia, alcohols, and methane.

We look forward to considering your submissions.

Dr. Samuel Simon Araya
Dr. Liso Vincenzo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • fuel cell materials and systems
  • electrolysis materials and systems
  • catalysis
  • hydrogen storage and transportation
  • hydrogen based electro-fuels (e.g., methanol, ammonia, enriched methane)
  • control and diagnostics

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Published Papers (21 papers)

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Research

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27 pages, 7324 KiB  
Article
Computational Fluid Dynamic Investigation of Local Flow-Field Conditions in Lab Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells to Identify Degradation Stressors and Performance Enhancers
by Margherita Bulgarini, Augusto Della Torre, Andrea Baricci, Amedeo Grimaldi, Luca Marocco, Riccardo Mereu, Gianluca Montenegro and Angelo Onorati
Energies 2024, 17(15), 3643; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153643 - 24 Jul 2024
Viewed by 664
Abstract
The use of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells as an alternative to internal combustion engines can significantly contribute to the decarbonization of the transport sector, especially for heavy-duty applications. However, degradation is still an issue for this type of component, affecting their [...] Read more.
The use of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells as an alternative to internal combustion engines can significantly contribute to the decarbonization of the transport sector, especially for heavy-duty applications. However, degradation is still an issue for this type of component, affecting their durability and performance. In this scenario, a detailed analysis of the anodic and cathodic distributors’ flow-field geometry may help to identify some local stressors that trigger the degradation mechanism, such as local hot spots and reactants not having a uniform distribution. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methodology is able to provide a volumetric description of a PEM fuel cell so it can be a useful tool to better understand the physical phenomena that govern the component operations. In this work, the open-source simulation library openFuelCell2 is adopted for a detailed analysis of two different PEM fuel cells characterized by standard distributor geometries, namely a parallel channel geometry and a serpentine configuration. The library, based on the OpenFOAM code, has been extended with a novel implementation accounting for the catalytic activity reduction due to the platinum oxide (PtOx) formation occurring under certain particular conditions. The adopted methodology is firstly validated resorting to experimental data acquired for the two different fuel cell configurations. The analysis highlights that the PtOx formation leads to a reduction in the fuel cell performance reaching up to 60–80% when operating at high voltages. Then, the effect of the distributor geometries on the component performance is investigated by resorting to in-plane and through-plane physical quantity distribution, such as reactant concentration, pressure or velocity fields. While the parallel flow channel configuration shows some diffusion losses under the rib, the serpentine channel geometry configuration can achieve some local performance peaks thanks to the convective flow in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) driven by local pressure gradients. Furthermore, the local enhancement in terms of higher current density under the rib is associated with an effective heat removal due to the high thermal capacity of the bipolar plate, avoiding the generation of local hot spots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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25 pages, 6356 KiB  
Article
Techno-Economic Analysis of Clean Hydrogen Production Plants in Sicily: Comparison of Distributed and Centralized Production
by Fabio Massaro, Marco Ferraro, Francesco Montana, Eleonora Riva Sanseverino and Salvatore Ruffino
Energies 2024, 17(13), 3239; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133239 - 1 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1308
Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of the levelized cost of clean hydrogen produced in Sicily, a region in Southern Italy particularly rich in renewable energy and where nearly 50% of Italy’s refineries are located, making a comparison between on-site production, that is, near [...] Read more.
This paper presents an assessment of the levelized cost of clean hydrogen produced in Sicily, a region in Southern Italy particularly rich in renewable energy and where nearly 50% of Italy’s refineries are located, making a comparison between on-site production, that is, near the end users who will use the hydrogen, and centralized production, comparing the costs obtained by employing the two types of electrolyzers already commercially available. In the study for centralized production, the scale factor method was applied on the costs of electrolyzers, and the optimal transport modes were considered based on the distance and amount of hydrogen to be transported. The results obtained indicate higher prices for hydrogen produced locally (from about 7 €/kg to 10 €/kg) and lower prices (from 2.66 €/kg to 5.80 €/kg) for hydrogen produced in centralized plants due to economies of scale and higher conversion efficiencies. How-ever, meeting the demand for clean hydrogen at minimal cost requires hydrogen distribution pipelines to transport it from centralized production sites to users, which currently do not exist in Sicily, as well as a significant amount of renewable energy ranging from 1.4 to 1.7 TWh per year to cover only 16% of refineries’ hydrogen needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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20 pages, 2917 KiB  
Article
CO2 Removal in Hydrogen Production Plants
by Stefania Moioli and Laura A. Pellegrini
Energies 2024, 17(13), 3089; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133089 - 22 Jun 2024
Viewed by 807
Abstract
Hydrogen is an industrial raw material both for the production of chemicals and for oil refining with hydrotreating. It is the subject of increasing attention for its possible use as an energy carrier and as a flexible energy storage medium. Its production is [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is an industrial raw material both for the production of chemicals and for oil refining with hydrotreating. It is the subject of increasing attention for its possible use as an energy carrier and as a flexible energy storage medium. Its production is generally accomplished in Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) plants, where a gaseous mixture of CO and H2, with a limited number of other species, is obtained. The process of production and purification generates relevant amounts of carbon dioxide, which needs to be removed due to downstream process requirements or to limit its emissions to the atmosphere. A work by IEAGHG focused on the study of a state-of-the-art Steam Methane Reforming plant producing 100 kNm3/h of H2 and considered chemical absorption with MethylDiEthanolAmine (MDEA) solvent for removing carbon dioxide from the PSA tail gas in a baseline scheme composed of the absorber, one flash vessel and the regeneration column. This type of process is characterized by high energy consumption, in particular at the reboiler of the regeneration column, usually operated by employing steam, and modifications to the baseline scheme can allow for a reduction of the operating costs, though with an increase in the complexity of the plant. This work analyses three configurations of the treatment section of the off gas obtained after the purification of the hydrogen stream in the Pressure Swing Adsorption unit with the aim of selecting the one which minimizes the overall costs so as to further enhance Carbon Capture and Storage in non-power industries as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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16 pages, 3363 KiB  
Article
Refining Combustion Dynamics: Dissolved Hydrogen in Diesel Fuel within Turbulent-Flow Environments
by Maciej Bajerlein, Wojciech Karpiuk, Beata Kurc, Rafał Smolec and Marek Waligórski
Energies 2024, 17(11), 2446; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112446 - 21 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 646
Abstract
This article presents the possibility of improving combustion using the effect of releasing hydrogen from a solution with nucleation of gas bubbles. This concept consists in dissolving hydrogen in diesel fuel until the equilibrium state of the solution is reached. At a later [...] Read more.
This article presents the possibility of improving combustion using the effect of releasing hydrogen from a solution with nucleation of gas bubbles. This concept consists in dissolving hydrogen in diesel fuel until the equilibrium state of the solution is reached. At a later stage, the phenomenon is reversed, and this gas is released from the solution during its injection into the combustion chamber with a strong swirl. A characteristic feature of the solution is that when lowering the pressure (opening the atomizers), there is a decrease in the equilibrium thermodynamic potential, which results in the excess, dissolved hydrogen being released spontaneously, and this process is of a volumetric nature. This article is a continuation of the work carried out at Poznan University of Technology on the development of this concept. This article presents the results of tests for the impact of hydrogen dissolved in diesel fuel on the combustion process within a turbulent-flow environment. The tests were conducted in the combustion chamber of an engine equipped with a toroidal combustion chamber and direct injection. During the tests, the following factors were measured: the main indicators of motor operation, emission of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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24 pages, 2196 KiB  
Article
Strategic Model for Yellow Hydrogen Production Using the Metalog Family of Probability Distributions
by Arkadiusz Małek, Agnieszka Dudziak, Jacek Caban and Monika Stoma
Energies 2024, 17(10), 2398; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102398 - 16 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 854
Abstract
Storing energy in hydrogen has been recognized by scientists as one of the most effective ways of storing energy for many reasons. The first of these reasons is the availability of technology for producing hydrogen from water using electrolytic methods. Another aspect is [...] Read more.
Storing energy in hydrogen has been recognized by scientists as one of the most effective ways of storing energy for many reasons. The first of these reasons is the availability of technology for producing hydrogen from water using electrolytic methods. Another aspect is the availability of relatively cheap energy from renewable energy sources. Moreover, you can count on the availability of large amounts of this energy. The aim of this article is to support the decision-making processes related to the production of yellow hydrogen using a strategic model which exploits the metalog family of probability distributions. This model allows us to calculate, with accuracy regarding the probability distribution, the amount of energy produced by photovoltaic systems with a specific peak power. Using the model in question, it is possible to calculate the expected amount of electricity produced daily from the photovoltaic system and the corresponding amount of yellow hydrogen produced. Such a strategic model may be appropriate for renewable energy developers who build photovoltaic systems intended specifically for the production of yellow and green hydrogen. Based on our model, they can estimate the size of the photovoltaic system needed to produce the assumed hydrogen volume. The strategic model can also be adopted by producers of green and yellow hydrogen. Due to precise calculations, up to the probability distribution, the model allows us to calculate the probability of providing the required energy from a specific part of the energy mix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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18 pages, 6470 KiB  
Article
Role of Foreign Phases, Synergistic Effects, and Morphology in the HER Performance of Trimetallic Pentlandites with Non-Equimolar Co:Fe:Ni Ratio
by Maciej Kubowicz, Miłosz Kożusznik, Tomasz Kurek, Krzysztof Mars and Andrzej Mikuła
Energies 2024, 17(10), 2261; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102261 - 8 May 2024
Viewed by 737
Abstract
Since pentlandites are among the most promising catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), in this study, we investigated the influence of different cobalt, iron, and nickel substitutions in the cationic sublattice and the form of the material (powder, ingot, sintered pellet) on catalytic [...] Read more.
Since pentlandites are among the most promising catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), in this study, we investigated the influence of different cobalt, iron, and nickel substitutions in the cationic sublattice and the form of the material (powder, ingot, sintered pellet) on catalytic performance. This complements previous results regarding a multi-component approach in these chalcogenides. It was shown that in the case of sulfur-rich pentlandites with a non-equimolar ratio of Co, Fe, and Ni, the impact of intrinsic material properties is smaller than the surface-related effects. Among powder forms, catalysts based on a combination of Fe and Co perform the best. However, in volumetric forms, extremely high contents of individual metals are favorable, albeit they are associated with active precipitations of foreign phases. The presence of these phases positively affects the recorded currents but slows down the reaction kinetics. These findings shed light on the nuanced interplay between material composition, form, and HER properties, offering insights for tailored catalyst design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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14 pages, 3764 KiB  
Article
The Formation–Structure–Functionality Relationship of Catalyst Layers in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
by Donglei Yang, Nitul Kakati, Mrittunjoy Sarker, Felipe Mojica and Po-Ya Abel Chuang
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2093; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092093 - 27 Apr 2024
Viewed by 962
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between the formation, structure, and functionality of catalyst layers is crucial for designing catalyst layers with specific high-current-density operations. In this study, we investigated the impact of the ionomer-to-carbon (I/C) ratio and solid content on transport properties. We conducted fuel [...] Read more.
Understanding the relationship between the formation, structure, and functionality of catalyst layers is crucial for designing catalyst layers with specific high-current-density operations. In this study, we investigated the impact of the ionomer-to-carbon (I/C) ratio and solid content on transport properties. We conducted fuel cell performance and diagnostic measurements to demonstrate the combined effects of the I/C ratio and solid content on the mass transport, particularly oxygen transport. To elucidate the roles of the I/C ratio and solid content in catalyst layer formation, we utilized dynamic light scattering and rheological measurements. By analyzing the local and global structure of ionomer-Pt/C assemblages in the catalyst inks, we observed that the I/C ratio and solid content influence the competition between homo-aggregation and hetero-aggregation, the strengths of inter- and intra-cluster bonds, and the rigidity and connectivity of the particulate structure. Additionally, high-shear-application simulations tend to reduce the connectivity of the particulate network and induce cluster densification, unless the global structure is mechanically stable and resilient. Based on this understanding, we established the formation–structure–functionality relationship for catalyst layers, thereby providing fundamental insights for designing catalyst layers tailored to specific functionalities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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27 pages, 13811 KiB  
Article
Reliability-Based Design Optimization of the PEMFC Flow Field with Consideration of Statistical Uncertainty of Design Variables
by Seongku Heo, Jaeyoo Choi, Yooseong Park, Neil Vaz and Hyunchul Ju
Energies 2024, 17(8), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081882 - 15 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 794
Abstract
Recently, with the fourth industrial revolution, the research cases that search for optimal design points based on neural networks or machine learning have rapidly increased. In addition, research on optimization is continuously reported in the field of fuel cell research using hydrogen as [...] Read more.
Recently, with the fourth industrial revolution, the research cases that search for optimal design points based on neural networks or machine learning have rapidly increased. In addition, research on optimization is continuously reported in the field of fuel cell research using hydrogen as fuel. However, in the case of optimization research, it often requires a large amount of training data, which means that it is more suitable for numerical research such as CFD simulation rather than time-consuming research such as actual experiments. As is well known, the design range of fuel cell flow channels is extremely small, ranging from hundreds of microns to several millimeters, which means the small tolerance could cause fatal performance loss. In this study, the general optimization study was further improved in terms of reliability by considering stochastic tolerances that may occur in actual industry. The optimization problem was defined to maximize stack power, which is employed as objective function, under the constraints such as pressure drop and current density standard deviation; the performance of the optimal point through general optimization was about 3.252 kW/L. In the reliability-based optimization problem, the boundary condition for tolerance was set to 0.1 mm and tolerance was assumed to occur along a normal distribution. The optimal point to secure 99% reliability for the given constraints was 2.918 kW/L, showing significantly lower performance than the general optimal point. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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19 pages, 832 KiB  
Article
State-of-Health Estimation for Industrial H2 Electrolyzers with Transfer Linear Regression
by Xuqian Yan, Carlo Locci, Florian Hiss and Astrid Nieße
Energies 2024, 17(6), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061374 - 13 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1246
Abstract
Water electrolysis to generate green hydrogen is the key to decarbonization. Tracking the state-of-health of electrolyzers is fundamental to ensuring their economical and safe operation. This paper addresses the challenge of quantifying the state-of-health of electrolyzers, which is complicated by the influence of [...] Read more.
Water electrolysis to generate green hydrogen is the key to decarbonization. Tracking the state-of-health of electrolyzers is fundamental to ensuring their economical and safe operation. This paper addresses the challenge of quantifying the state-of-health of electrolyzers, which is complicated by the influence of operating conditions. The existing approaches require stringent control of operating conditions, such as following a predefined current profile and maintaining a constant temperature, which is impractical for industrial applications. We propose a data-driven method that corrects the measured voltage under arbitrary operating conditions to a reference condition, serving as a state-of-health indicator for electrolyzers. The method involves fitting a voltage model to map the relationship between voltage and operating conditions and then using this model to calculate the voltage under predefined reference conditions. Our approach utilizes an empirical voltage model, validated with actual industrial electrolyzer operation data. We further introduce a transfer linear regression algorithm to tackle model fitting difficulties with limited data coverage. Validation on synthetic data confirms the algorithm’s effectiveness in capturing the true model coefficients, and application on actual operation data demonstrates its ability to provide stable state-of-health estimations. This research offers a practical solution for the industry to continuously monitor electrolyzer degradation without the need for stringent control of operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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18 pages, 2693 KiB  
Article
Levelized Cost of Biohydrogen from Steam Reforming of Biomethane with Carbon Capture and Storage (Golden Hydrogen)—Application to Spain
by Luis Yagüe, José I. Linares, Eva Arenas and José C. Romero
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051134 - 27 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3182
Abstract
The production of biohydrogen with negative CO2 emissions through the steam methane reforming of biomethane, coupled with carbon capture and storage, represents a promising technology, particularly for industries that are difficult to electrify. In spite of the maturity of this technology, which [...] Read more.
The production of biohydrogen with negative CO2 emissions through the steam methane reforming of biomethane, coupled with carbon capture and storage, represents a promising technology, particularly for industries that are difficult to electrify. In spite of the maturity of this technology, which is currently employed in the production of grey and blue hydrogen, a detailed cost model that considers the entire supply chain is lacking in the literature. This study addresses this gap by applying correlations derived from actual facilities producing grey and blue hydrogen to calculate the CAPEX, while exploring various feedstock combinations for biogas generation to assess the OPEX. The analysis also includes logistic aspects, such as decentralised biogas production and the transportation and storage of CO2. The levelized cost of golden hydrogen is estimated to range from EUR 1.84 to 2.88/kg, compared to EUR 1.47/kg for grey hydrogen and EUR 1.93/kg for blue hydrogen, assuming a natural gas cost of EUR 25/MWh and excluding the CO2 tax. This range increases to between 3.84 and 2.92, with a natural gas cost of EUR 40/MWh with the inclusion of the CO2 tax. A comparison with conventional green hydrogen is performed, highlighting both prices and potential, thereby offering valuable information for decision-making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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17 pages, 6868 KiB  
Article
Research of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Modeling on Concentration Polarization under Variable-Temperature Operating Conditions
by Teng Teng, Xin Zhang, Qicheng Xue and Baodi Zhang
Energies 2024, 17(3), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030730 - 3 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1140
Abstract
In this study, a concentration overvoltage model that focuses on describing variable-temperature operating condition properties for PEMFCs is established. Sensitivity analysis and a quantification study of oxygen transport resistance are carried out based on the oxygen transport resistance model and measurement data. By [...] Read more.
In this study, a concentration overvoltage model that focuses on describing variable-temperature operating condition properties for PEMFCs is established. Sensitivity analysis and a quantification study of oxygen transport resistance are carried out based on the oxygen transport resistance model and measurement data. By analyzing the influence of temperature on cathode oxygen transport resistance, the key structural parameters of the cathode oxygen transport resistance models are estimated, and the parameter modification method of fuel cell limiting current density under variable temperatures is proposed. Based on the polarization curve test experiments under variable-temperature conditions, it is demonstrated that the newly developed concentration overvoltage model reduces the relative error of simulation for a low Pt loading fuel cell in the high current region by 2.97% and 10.06% at 60 °C and 80 °C, respectively. The newly established concentration overvoltage model of a PEMFC solves the problem that the parameter of limiting current density is set without considering the influence of fuel cell temperature fluctuation, which leads to the poor simulation accuracy of the concentration overvoltage model in the high current region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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21 pages, 4564 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Assessment and Optimization of a High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Steady-State Analysis
by Zhaoda Zhong, Samuel Simon Araya, Vincenzo Liso and Jimin Zhu
Energies 2023, 16(24), 7991; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16247991 - 9 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1293
Abstract
The design and operational conditions of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) substantially impact their performance. This model aims to investigate the influence of various parameters on the performance of HT-PEMFC. A comprehensive examination revealed that the performance of HT-PEMFC experienced a [...] Read more.
The design and operational conditions of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) substantially impact their performance. This model aims to investigate the influence of various parameters on the performance of HT-PEMFC. A comprehensive examination revealed that the performance of HT-PEMFC experienced a significant enhancement through modifications to the operating temperature, doping levels, and membrane thickness. Significantly, it can be observed that operating pressure showed a limited influence on performance. The HT-PEMFC was optimized using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), specifically emphasizing three primary performance indicators: equivalent power density, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency. The findings demonstrate promising outcomes, as they reveal a noteworthy enhancement in power density by 17.72% and improvements in energy efficiency and exergy efficiency by 21.11% and 10.37%, respectively, compared to the baseline case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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17 pages, 4609 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of a Diabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage System Fueled with Green Hydrogen
by Luca Migliari, Davide Micheletto and Daniele Cocco
Energies 2023, 16(20), 7023; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207023 - 10 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1505
Abstract
The integration of an increasing share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) requires the availability of suitable energy storage systems to improve the grid flexibility and Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems could be a promising option. In this study, a CO2-free [...] Read more.
The integration of an increasing share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) requires the availability of suitable energy storage systems to improve the grid flexibility and Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems could be a promising option. In this study, a CO2-free Diabatic CAES system is proposed and analyzed. The plant configuration is derived from a down-scaled version of the McIntosh Diabatic CAES plant, where the natural gas is replaced with green hydrogen, produced on site by a Proton Exchange Membrane electrolyzer powered by a photovoltaic power plant. In this study, the components of the hydrogen production system are sized to maximize the self-consumption share of PV energy generation and the effect of the design parameters on the H2-CAES plant performance are analyzed on a yearly basis. Moreover, a comparison between the use of natural gas and hydrogen in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions is discussed. The results show that the proposed hydrogen fueled CAES can effectively match the generation profile and the yearly production of the natural gas fueled plant by using all the PV energy production, while producing zero CO2 emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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26 pages, 4484 KiB  
Article
Massive Green Hydrogen Production Using Solar and Wind Energy: Comparison between Europe and the Middle East
by Marek Jaszczur, Qusay Hassan, Aws Zuhair Sameen, Hayder M. Salman, Olushola Tomilayo Olapade and Szymon Wieteska
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5445; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145445 - 18 Jul 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3477
Abstract
This comparative study examines the potential for green hydrogen production in Europe and the Middle East, leveraging 3MWp solar and wind power plants. Experimental weather data from 2022 inform the selection of two representative cities, namely Krakow, Poland (Europe), and Diyala, Iraq (Middle [...] Read more.
This comparative study examines the potential for green hydrogen production in Europe and the Middle East, leveraging 3MWp solar and wind power plants. Experimental weather data from 2022 inform the selection of two representative cities, namely Krakow, Poland (Europe), and Diyala, Iraq (Middle East). These cities are chosen as industrial–residential zones, representing the respective regions’ characteristics. The research optimizes an alkaline water electrolyzer capacity in juxtaposition with the aforementioned power plants to maximize the green hydrogen output. Economic and environmental factors integral to green hydrogen production are assessed to identify the region offering the most advantageous conditions. The analysis reveals that the Middle East holds superior potential for green hydrogen production compared to Europe, attributed to a higher prevalence of solar and wind resources, coupled with reduced land and labor costs. Hydrogen production costs in Europe are found to range between USD 9.88 and USD 14.31 per kilogram, in contrast to the Middle East, where costs span from USD 6.54 to USD 12.66 per kilogram. Consequently, the Middle East emerges as a more feasible region for green hydrogen production, with the potential to curtail emissions, enhance air quality, and bolster energy security. The research findings highlight the advantages of the Middle East industrial–residential zone ‘Diyala’ and Europe industrial–residential zone ‘Krakow’ in terms of their potential for green hydrogen production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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Review

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45 pages, 6669 KiB  
Review
Hydrogen: Prospects and Criticalities for Future Development and Analysis of Present EU and National Regulation
by Gianluigi Migliavacca, Claudio Carlini, Piergiovanni Domenighini and Claudio Zagano
Energies 2024, 17(19), 4827; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194827 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 801
Abstract
Hydrogen is in the spotlight in the energy world, and it will remain so. In Europe, the necessity to integrate ever-growing amounts of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in order to implement the ambitious European decarbonization policy (package Fit-for-55) and to preserve the security [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is in the spotlight in the energy world, and it will remain so. In Europe, the necessity to integrate ever-growing amounts of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in order to implement the ambitious European decarbonization policy (package Fit-for-55) and to preserve the security of energy supply (package Repower-EU) are feeding the interest in hydrogen. This paper will provide a thorough analysis of prospects and criticalities for the development of hydrogen both as a carrier and as a feedstock and, definitively, as a key element for the implementation of the European decarbonization policies. First, the present regulatory framework will be highlighted, taking the European Union as a main reference, since it presently has one of the most advanced hydrogen legislations in the world. Then, both hydrogen offer (technologies) and demand (both as a feedstock and as an energy carrier) will be dealt with in detail. Two additional sections will take care to illustrate, respectively, the interactions between hydrogen and the electricity grid and the issues related to the creation of a liquid hydrogen market. Finally, a conclusion section will wrap up and summarize the most urgent issues to be tackled to create a well-functioning hydrogen economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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15 pages, 756 KiB  
Review
Recent Advancements in Pd-Based Membranes for Hydrogen Separation
by Nadia Cerone, Giuseppe Domenico Zito, Carmine Florio, Laura Fabbiano and Francesco Zimbardi
Energies 2024, 17(16), 4095; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164095 - 17 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1261
Abstract
The use of hydrogen is pivotal for the energy and industrial transition in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. As technologies like fuel cells, e-fuels, and the semiconductor industry increasingly demand pure hydrogen, the development of efficient separation methods is crucial. [...] Read more.
The use of hydrogen is pivotal for the energy and industrial transition in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. As technologies like fuel cells, e-fuels, and the semiconductor industry increasingly demand pure hydrogen, the development of efficient separation methods is crucial. While traditional methods such as pressure-swing adsorption are common, palladium (Pd)-based membranes are a promising alternative due to their energetic efficiency. This review summarizes the recent advances in Pd-based membranes for hydrogen separation over the last six years. It provides a theoretical overview of hydrogen permeation through membranes and examine the characteristics of various Pd alloys adopted in membrane fabrication, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of binary and ternary alloys, for different membrane types, including self-supported and supported membranes, as well as the role of intermediate layers. Additionally, the membrane characteristics used in some recent works on self-supported and supported Pd membranes are analyzed, focusing on operational parameters like permeability, selectivity, and durability. Finally, this review emphasizes the significant progress made in enhancing membrane performance and discusses future directions for industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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23 pages, 1454 KiB  
Review
Comprehensive Overview of Recent Research and Industrial Advancements in Nuclear Hydrogen Production
by Venizelos Venizelou and Andreas Poullikkas
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2836; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122836 - 8 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1165
Abstract
As new sources of energy and advanced technologies are used, there is a continuous evolution in energy supply, demand, and distribution. Advanced nuclear reactors and clean hydrogen have the opportunity to scale together and diversify the hydrogen production market away from fossil fuel-based [...] Read more.
As new sources of energy and advanced technologies are used, there is a continuous evolution in energy supply, demand, and distribution. Advanced nuclear reactors and clean hydrogen have the opportunity to scale together and diversify the hydrogen production market away from fossil fuel-based production. Nevertheless, the technical uncertainties surrounding nuclear hydrogen processes necessitate thorough research and a solid development effort. This paper aims to position pink hydrogen for nuclear hydrogen production at the forefront of sustainable energy-related solutions by offering a comprehensive review of recent advancements in nuclear hydrogen production, covering both research endeavors and industrial applications. It delves into various pink hydrogen generation methodologies, elucidating their respective merits and challenges. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the evolving landscape of pink hydrogen in terms of its levelized cost by comparatively assessing different production pathways. By synthesizing insights from academic research and industrial practices, this paper provides valuable perspectives for stakeholders involved in shaping the future of nuclear hydrogen production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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29 pages, 2898 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Role of Hydrogen in the Heat Decarbonization of Future Energy Systems: Insights and Perspectives
by Hossein Ameli, Goran Strbac, Danny Pudjianto and Mohammad Taghi Ameli
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071688 - 2 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2662
Abstract
Hydrogen is an emerging technology changing the context of heating with cleaner combustion than traditional fossil fuels. Studies indicate the potential to repurpose the existing natural gas infrastructure, offering consumers a sustainable, economically viable option in the future. The integration of hydrogen in [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is an emerging technology changing the context of heating with cleaner combustion than traditional fossil fuels. Studies indicate the potential to repurpose the existing natural gas infrastructure, offering consumers a sustainable, economically viable option in the future. The integration of hydrogen in combined heat and power systems could provide residential energy demand and reduce environmental emissions. However, the widespread adoption of hydrogen will face several challenges, such as carbon dioxide emissions from the current production methods and the need for infrastructure modification for transport and safety. Researchers indicated the viability of hydrogen in decarbonizing heat, while some studies also challenged its long-term role in the future of heating. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review is carried out by identifying the following key aspects, which could impact the conclusion on the overall role of hydrogen in heat decarbonization: (i) a holistic view of the energy system, considering factors such as renewable integration and system balancing; (ii) consumer-oriented approaches often overlook the broader benefits of hydrogen in emission reduction and grid stability; (iii) carbon capture and storage scalability is a key factor for large-scale production of low-emission blue hydrogen; (iv) technological improvements could increase the cost-effectiveness of hydrogen; (v) the role of hydrogen in enhancing resilience, especially during extreme weather conditions, raises the potential of hydrogen as a flexible asset in the energy infrastructure for future energy supply; and finally, when considering the UK as a basis case, (vi) incorporating factors such as the extensive gas network and unique climate conditions, necessitates specific strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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27 pages, 2102 KiB  
Review
Green Hydrogen Value Chain: Modelling of a PV Power Plant Integrated with H2 Production for Industry Application
by Hugo Machado, Ana Cristina Ferreira, Senhorinha F. Teixeira and José Carlos Teixeira
Energies 2024, 17(6), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061414 - 15 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2185
Abstract
Based on the Sustainable Development Goals outlined in the 2030 agenda of the United Nations, affordable and clean energy is one of the most relevant goals to achieve the decarbonization targets and break down the global climate change effects. The use of renewable [...] Read more.
Based on the Sustainable Development Goals outlined in the 2030 agenda of the United Nations, affordable and clean energy is one of the most relevant goals to achieve the decarbonization targets and break down the global climate change effects. The use of renewable energy sources, namely, solar energy, is gaining attention and market share due to reductions in investment costs. Nevertheless, it is important to overcome the energy storage problems, mostly in industrial applications. The integration of photovoltaic power plants with hydrogen production and its storage for further conversion to usable electricity are an interesting option from both the technical and economic points of view. The main objective of this study is to analyse the potential for green hydrogen production and storage through PV production, based on technical data and operational considerations. We also present a conceptual model and the configuration of a PV power plant integrated with hydrogen production for industry supply. The proposed power plant configuration identifies different pathways to improve energy use: supply an industrial facility, supply the hydrogen production and storage unit, sell the energy surplus to the electrical grid and provide energy to a backup battery. One of the greatest challenges for the proposed model is the component sizing and water electrolysis process for hydrogen production due to the operational requirements and the technology costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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30 pages, 4984 KiB  
Review
Hydrogen Combustion: Features and Barriers to Its Exploitation in the Energy Transition
by Eugenio Giacomazzi, Guido Troiani, Antonio Di Nardo, Giorgio Calchetti, Donato Cecere, Giuseppe Messina and Simone Carpenella
Energies 2023, 16(20), 7174; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207174 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5053
Abstract
The aim of this article is to review hydrogen combustion applications within the energy transition framework. Hydrogen blends are also included, from the well-known hydrogen enriched natural gas (HENG) to the hydrogen and ammonia blends whose chemical kinetics is still not clearly defined. [...] Read more.
The aim of this article is to review hydrogen combustion applications within the energy transition framework. Hydrogen blends are also included, from the well-known hydrogen enriched natural gas (HENG) to the hydrogen and ammonia blends whose chemical kinetics is still not clearly defined. Hydrogen and hydrogen blends combustion characteristics will be firstly summarized in terms of standard properties like the laminar flame speed and the adiabatic flame temperature, but also evidencing the critical role of hydrogen preferential diffusion in burning rate enhancement and the drastic reduction in radiative emission with respect to natural gas flames. Then, combustion applications in both thermo-electric power generation (based on internal combustion engines, i.e., gas turbines and piston engines) and hard-to-abate industry (requiring high-temperature kilns and furnaces) sectors will be considered, highlighting the main issues due to hydrogen addition related to safety, pollutant emissions, and potentially negative effects on industrial products (e.g., glass, cement and ceramic). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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36 pages, 17194 KiB  
Review
A Review on the Cost Analysis of Hydrogen Gas Storage Tanks for Fuel Cell Vehicles
by Hyun Kyu Shin and Sung Kyu Ha
Energies 2023, 16(13), 5233; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135233 - 7 Jul 2023
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 19619
Abstract
The most practical way of storing hydrogen gas for fuel cell vehicles is to use a composite overwrapped pressure vessel. Depending on the driving distance range and power requirement of the vehicles, there can be various operational pressure and volume capacity of the [...] Read more.
The most practical way of storing hydrogen gas for fuel cell vehicles is to use a composite overwrapped pressure vessel. Depending on the driving distance range and power requirement of the vehicles, there can be various operational pressure and volume capacity of the tanks, ranging from passenger vehicles to heavy-duty trucks. The current commercial hydrogen storage method for vehicles involves storing compressed hydrogen gas in high-pressure tanks at pressures of 700 bar for passenger vehicles and 350 bar to 700 bar for heavy-duty trucks. In particular, hydrogen is stored in rapidly refillable onboard tanks, meeting the driving range needs of heavy-duty applications, such as regional and line-haul trucking. One of the most important factors for fuel cell vehicles to be successful is their cost-effectiveness. So, in this review, the cost analysis including the process analysis, raw materials, and manufacturing processes is reviewed. It aims to contribute to the optimization of both the cost and performance of compressed hydrogen storage tanks for various applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy III)
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