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Genetics and Breeding of Polyploid Plants
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Genetics and Breeding of Polyploid Plants

A special issue of Genes (ISSN 2073-4425). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Genetics and Genomics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2024 | Viewed by 5764

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Eric Javier Martínez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
IBONE, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, CONICET, National University of the Northeast, W3400 BCH, Corrientes, Argentina
Interests: apomixis; plant genetic systems; plant evolutionary genetics; plant genetic resources; plant genomic analysis; plant molecular genetics; plant reproduction; forage grass improvement; polyploidy
Dr. Ana Isabel Honfi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
IBS, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, CONICET, National University of Misiones, N3304 Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
Interests: polyploidy; genetic systems; plant fertility; plant meiotic behavior; plant hybridization; plant evolutionary genetics; plant genetic resource characterization; plant genetics; apomixis; plant reproduction

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polyploidy has long been recognized as an important evolutionary force for speciation, adaptation, and diversification in plants. Polyploidization events to be associated with genetic and epigenetic changes, include structural chromosome rearrangements, aneuploidy, point mutations, loss of duplicated genes and gene conversion, modifications in the chromatin compaction levels, RNA interference and dosage compensation. These changes often involve alterations in the reproduction modes and fertility, increase the organs size, phenotypic variability, colonization of new habitats, heterosis, mutational robustness, among others. The revelation that a large number of plant species have a polyploid genome, including several important crops, has attracted the attention of plant breeders for the application of artificial polyploidy as a tool for crop improvement.

In recent years, important advances have been made on the origin and evolution, establishment and diversification, genetic and epigenetic changes, and on the genetic improvement of cultivated polyploid species. The use of new tools for genomic analysis and bioinformatics has generated novel information on polyploidy in plants.

This Special Issue invites contributions focused on cytogenetics, genetic resources, genetic systems (ploidy level, reproductive mode, pollination syndrome and fertility), patterns of inheritance, genetic diversity, phylogeny, evolution, genomic analysis, epigenetics, and genetic breeding of polyploid plants. 

Dr. Eric Javier Martínez
Dr. Ana Isabel Honfi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Genes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • cytogenetics
  • epigenetics
  • evolutionary genetics
  • forage grass improvement
  • genetic diversity
  • genetic resources
  • genetic systems
  • genomics analysis
  • molecular genetic
  • phylogenetic analysis
  • plant breeding
  • plant reproduction

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1437 KiB  
Article
Autotetraploid Induction of Three A-Genome Wild Peanut Species, Arachis cardenasii, A. correntina, and A. diogoi
by Robert W. Suppa, Ryan J. Andres, Jeffrey C. Dunne, Ramsey F. Arram, Thomas B. Morgan and Hsuan Chen
Genes 2024, 15(3), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15030303 - 27 Feb 2024
Viewed by 815
Abstract
A-genome Arachis species (AA; 2n = 2x = 20) are commonly used as secondary germplasm sources in cultivated peanut breeding, Arachis hypogaea L. (AABB; 2n = 4x = 40), for the introgression of various biotic and abiotic stress resistance genes. Genome doubling is [...] Read more.
A-genome Arachis species (AA; 2n = 2x = 20) are commonly used as secondary germplasm sources in cultivated peanut breeding, Arachis hypogaea L. (AABB; 2n = 4x = 40), for the introgression of various biotic and abiotic stress resistance genes. Genome doubling is critical to overcoming the hybridization barrier of infertility that arises from ploidy-level differences between wild germplasm and cultivated peanuts. To develop improved genome doubling methods, four trials of various concentrations of the mitotic inhibitor treatments colchicine, oryzalin, and trifluralin were tested on the seedlings and seeds of three A-genome species, A. cardenasii, A. correntina, and A. diogoi. A total of 494 seeds/seedlings were treated in the present four trials, with trials 1 to 3 including different concentrations of the three chemical treatments on seedlings, and trial 4 focusing on the treatment period of 5 mM colchicine solution treatment of seeds. A small number of tetraploids were produced from the colchicine and oryzalin gel treatments of seedlings, but all these tetraploid seedlings reverted to diploid or mixoploid states within six months of treatment. In contrast, the 6-h colchicine solution treatment of seeds showed the highest tetraploid conversion rate (6–13% of total treated seeds or 25–40% of surviving seedlings), and the tetraploid plants were repeatedly tested as stable tetraploids. In addition, visibly and statistically larger leaves and flowers were produced by the tetraploid versions of these three species compared to their diploid versions. As a result, stable tetraploid plants of each A-genome species were produced, and a 5 mM colchicine seed treatment is recommended for A-genome and related wild Arachis species genome doubling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Polyploid Plants)
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21 pages, 2328 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci for Yield-Attributing Traits of Peanut
by Pushpesh Joshi, Pooja Soni, Vinay Sharma, Surendra S. Manohar, Sampath Kumar, Shailendra Sharma, Janila Pasupuleti, Vincent Vadez, Rajeev K. Varshney, Manish K. Pandey and Naveen Puppala
Genes 2024, 15(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15020140 - 23 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1018
Abstract
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are important high-protein and oil-containing legume crops adapted to arid to semi-arid regions. The yield and quality of peanuts are complex quantitative traits that show high environmental influence. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population (RIL) (Valencia-C [...] Read more.
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are important high-protein and oil-containing legume crops adapted to arid to semi-arid regions. The yield and quality of peanuts are complex quantitative traits that show high environmental influence. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population (RIL) (Valencia-C × JUG-03) was developed and phenotyped for nine traits under two environments. A genetic map was constructed using 1323 SNP markers spanning a map distance of 2003.13 cM. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using this genetic map and phenotyping data identified seventeen QTLs for nine traits. Intriguingly, a total of four QTLs, two each for 100-seed weight (HSW) and shelling percentage (SP), showed major and consistent effects, explaining 10.98% to 14.65% phenotypic variation. The major QTLs for HSW and SP harbored genes associated with seed and pod development such as the seed maturation protein-encoding gene, serine-threonine phosphatase gene, TIR-NBS-LRR gene, protein kinase superfamily gene, bHLH transcription factor-encoding gene, isopentyl transferase gene, ethylene-responsive transcription factor-encoding gene and cytochrome P450 superfamily gene. Additionally, the identification of 76 major epistatic QTLs, with PVE ranging from 11.63% to 72.61%, highlighted their significant role in determining the yield- and quality-related traits. The significant G × E interaction revealed the existence of the major role of the environment in determining the phenotype of yield-attributing traits. Notably, the seed maturation protein-coding gene in the vicinity of major QTLs for HSW can be further investigated to develop a diagnostic marker for HSW in peanut breeding. This study provides understanding of the genetic factor governing peanut traits and valuable insights for future breeding efforts aimed at improving yield and quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Polyploid Plants)
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17 pages, 1576 KiB  
Article
Manifestation of Triploid Heterosis in the Root System after Crossing Diploid and Autotetraploid Energy Willow Plants
by Dénes Dudits, András Cseri, Katalin Török, Radomira Vankova, Petre I. Dobrev, László Sass, Gábor Steinbach, Ildikó Kelemen-Valkony, Zoltán Zombori, Györgyi Ferenc and Ferhan Ayaydin
Genes 2023, 14(10), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14101929 - 12 Oct 2023
Viewed by 948
Abstract
Successful use of woody species in reducing climatic and environmental risks of energy shortage and spreading pollution requires deeper understanding of the physiological functions controlling biomass productivity and phytoremediation efficiency. Targets in the breeding of energy willow include the size and the functionality [...] Read more.
Successful use of woody species in reducing climatic and environmental risks of energy shortage and spreading pollution requires deeper understanding of the physiological functions controlling biomass productivity and phytoremediation efficiency. Targets in the breeding of energy willow include the size and the functionality of the root system. For the combination of polyploidy and heterosis, we have generated triploid hybrids (THs) of energy willow by crossing autotetraploid willow plants with leading cultivars (Tordis and Inger). These novel Salix genotypes (TH3/12, TH17/17, TH21/2) have provided a unique experimental material for characterization of Mid-Parent Heterosis (MPH) in various root traits. Using a root phenotyping platform, we detected heterosis (TH3/12: MPH 43.99%; TH21/2: MPH 26.93%) in the size of the root system in soil. Triploid heterosis was also recorded in the fresh root weights, but it was less pronounced (MPH%: 9.63–19.31). In agreement with root growth characteristics in soil, the TH3/12 hybrids showed considerable heterosis (MPH: 70.08%) under in vitro conditions. Confocal microscopy-based imaging and quantitative analysis of root parenchyma cells at the division–elongation transition zone showed increased average cell diameter as a sign of cellular heterosis in plants from TH17/17 and TH21/2 triploid lines. Analysis of the hormonal background revealed that the auxin level was seven times higher than the total cytokinin contents in root tips of parental Tordis plants. In triploid hybrids, the auxin–cytokinin ratios were considerably reduced in TH3/12 and TH17/17 roots. In particular, the contents of cytokinin precursor, such as isopentenyl adenosine monophosphate, were elevated in all three triploid hybrids. Heterosis was also recorded in the amounts of active gibberellin precursor, GA19, in roots of TH3/12 plants. The presented experimental findings highlight the physiological basics of triploid heterosis in energy willow roots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Polyploid Plants)
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16 pages, 1485 KiB  
Article
Genetic Mapping of Genotype-by-Ploidy Effects in Arabidopsis thaliana
by Cris L. Wijnen, Frank F. M. Becker, Andries A. Okkersen, C. Bastiaan de Snoo, Martin P. Boer, Fred A. van Eeuwijk, Erik Wijnker and Joost J. B. Keurentjes
Genes 2023, 14(6), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14061161 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1067
Abstract
Plants can express different phenotypic responses following polyploidization, but ploidy-dependent phenotypic variation has so far not been assigned to specific genetic factors. To map such effects, segregating populations at different ploidy levels are required. The availability of an efficient haploid inducer line in [...] Read more.
Plants can express different phenotypic responses following polyploidization, but ploidy-dependent phenotypic variation has so far not been assigned to specific genetic factors. To map such effects, segregating populations at different ploidy levels are required. The availability of an efficient haploid inducer line in Arabidopsis thaliana allows for the rapid development of large populations of segregating haploid offspring. Because Arabidopsis haploids can be self-fertilised to give rise to homozygous doubled haploids, the same genotypes can be phenotyped at both the haploid and diploid ploidy level. Here, we compared the phenotypes of recombinant haploid and diploid offspring derived from a cross between two late flowering accessions to map genotype × ploidy (G × P) interactions. Ploidy-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected at both ploidy levels. This implies that mapping power will increase when phenotypic measurements of monoploids are included in QTL analyses. A multi-trait analysis further revealed pleiotropic effects for a number of the ploidy-specific QTLs as well as opposite effects at different ploidy levels for general QTLs. Taken together, we provide evidence of genetic variation between different Arabidopsis accessions being causal for dissimilarities in phenotypic responses to altered ploidy levels, revealing a G × P effect. Additionally, by investigating a population derived from late flowering accessions, we revealed a major vernalisation-specific QTL for variation in flowering time, countering the historical bias of research in early flowering accessions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Polyploid Plants)
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22 pages, 4303 KiB  
Article
Alternative Evolutionary Pathways in Paspalum Involving Allotetraploidy, Sexuality, and Varied Mating Systems
by Mara Schedler, Anna Verena Reutemann, Diego Hernán Hojsgaard, Alex Leonel Zilli, Elsa Andrea Brugnoli, Florencia Galdeano, Carlos Alberto Acuña, Ana Isabel Honfi and Eric Javier Martínez
Genes 2023, 14(6), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14061137 - 24 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1215
Abstract
The genetic systems of Paspalum species have not been extensively studied. We analyzed the ploidy, reproductive mode, mating system, and fertility of four Paspalum species—Paspalum durifolium, Paspalum ionanthum, Paspalum regnellii, and Paspalum urvillei. An analysis of 378 individuals [...] Read more.
The genetic systems of Paspalum species have not been extensively studied. We analyzed the ploidy, reproductive mode, mating system, and fertility of four Paspalum species—Paspalum durifolium, Paspalum ionanthum, Paspalum regnellii, and Paspalum urvillei. An analysis of 378 individuals from 20 populations of northeastern Argentina was conducted. All populations of the four Paspalum species were pure tetraploid and had a sexual and stable reproductive mode. However, some populations of P. durifolium and P. ionanthum showed low levels of apospory. Populations of P. durifolium and P. ionanthum had low seed sets under self-pollination but were fertile under open pollination, showing that self-incompatibility likely caused self-sterility. In contrast, populations of P. regnellii or P. urvillei showed no evidence of apospory, and seed sets in both self- and open pollination conditions were high, suggesting that they are self-compatible due to the absence of pollen–pistil molecular incompatibility mechanisms. The evolutionary origin of the four Paspalum species could explain these differences. This study supplies valuable insights into the genetic systems of Paspalum species, which could have implications for their conservation and management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Polyploid Plants)
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