ijms-logo

Journal Browser

Journal Browser

Phytohormone Signaling and Crosstalk in Regulation of Plant Growth and Environmental Stress Responses

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Plant Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 98508

Special Issue Editors


grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Genomics of Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
Interests: plants; environmental stress; signaling molecules; transcription factors; gene identification and analysis; gene regulatory network; signal transduction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
2. IGCAST, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79430-6540, USA
Interests: plant biochemistry and molecular physiology; phytohormones; abiotic stress; stress mitigation; gene regulation; heavy metal toxicity; antioxidant defense; oxidative stress; methylglyoxal; sulphur metabolism; redox balance; nutrient homeostasis; stress signaling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Phytohormones are major growth regulators, contributing to every aspect of a plant’s life. Plants produce a delicate level of hormones to support their growth and metabolism under normal conditions. Plants are also intermittently exposed to environmental stresses, both biotic and abiotic, which are major constraints to sustainable agriculture. To survive in stress situations, plants have to elicit appropriate adaptive responses, most of which are governed and directed by a number of plant hormones, including abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, jasmonic acids, salicylic acid, and strigolactones. Phytohormones are also known to regulate plant adaptation/acclimatization to environmental stresses by controlling the production of various stress proteins, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and ion transporters. Plants carry out most of these strategies by modulating the cellular levels of multiple phytohormones, which then relay the signals into morphological, biochemical, and physiological adaptations, including changes in root and shoot biomass, water transport, stomatal movement, leaf senescence, antioxidant defenses, mineral homeostasis, and rate of grain filling. Moreover, phytohormones coordinate with various signaling molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulphide, to maintain sophisticated networks that finally determine the output of hormonal actions. Although a massive effort has been devoted to understanding the regulatory networks of phytohormones, the underlying mechanisms of phytohormone-mediated plant adaptation/acclimatization to various stresses are still waiting to be deciphered. For this Special Issue, we invite potential authors to submit their latest interesting findings on the roles of phytohormones and their crosstalk in various aspects of plant growth and development, as well as stress adaptation/acclimatization. The topics of this Special Issue will include, but are not limited to:

  1. the central roles of phytohormones in plant growth and development, especially under environmental stress conditions;
  2. how plant hormones interact with each other and also with other signaling molecules to orchestrate signal transduction;
  3. how environmental stresses modify the metabolism of hormones and the hormonal balance in plants;
  4. how interactions between phytohormones and environmental stresses regulate the induction or repression of stress-responsive genes; and
  5. screening for new chemical compounds with inhibitory or stimulating actions on phytohormones/phytohormonal networks.

We welcome research and review articles that will augment our understanding of this fascinating field of phytohormonal research in order to facilitate the development of plants with greater fitness under the ever-changing environmental conditions.

Prof. Dr. Lam-Son Phan Tran
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Golam Mostofa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • plant hormones
  • hormonal crosstalk
  • signal transduction
  • stress signaling
  • root system architecture
  • shoot branching
  • leaf development
  • phytohormone-responsive factors
  • transcriptional regulators
  • gene expression
  • plant physiology
  • senescence
  • plant plasticity
  • regulatory mechanisms
  • hormone homeostasis
  • stress adaptation/acclimatization

Published Papers (24 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

16 pages, 5546 KiB  
Article
Systematic Identification of Methyl Jasmonate-Responsive Long Noncoding RNAs and Their Nearby Coding Genes Unveils Their Potential Defence Roles in Tobacco BY-2 Cells
by Kaifeng Zheng, Zitao Wang, Lu Pang, Zhongbang Song, Heping Zhao, Yingdian Wang, Bingwu Wang and Shengcheng Han
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(24), 15568; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415568 - 08 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1095
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are distributed in various species and play critical roles in plant growth, development, and defence against stimuli. However, the lncRNA response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment has not been well characterized in Nicotiana tabacum Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells, and [...] Read more.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are distributed in various species and play critical roles in plant growth, development, and defence against stimuli. However, the lncRNA response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment has not been well characterized in Nicotiana tabacum Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells, and their roles in plant defence remain elusive. Here, 7848 reliably expressed lncRNAs were identified in BY-2 cells, of which 629 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs were characterized as MeJA-responsive lncRNAs. The lncRNAs in BY-2 cells had a strong genus specificity in Nicotiana. The combined analysis of the cis-regulated lncRNAs and their target genes revealed the potential up- and downregulated target genes that are responsible for different biological functions and metabolic patterns. In addition, some lncRNAs for response-associated target genes might be involved in plant defence and stress resistance via their MeJA- and defence-related cis-regulatory elements. Moreover, some MeJA-responsive lncRNA target genes were related to quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase, lipoxygenases, and endopeptidase inhibitors, which may contribute to nicotine synthesis and disease and insect resistance, indicating that MeJA-responsive lncRNAs regulate nicotine biosynthesis and disease resistance by regulating their potential target genes in BY-2 cells. Therefore, our results provide more targets for genetically engineering the nicotine content and plant defence in tobacco plants. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 7540 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Analysis of AP2/ERF Gene Superfamily in Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) Revealed Their Synergistic Roles in Regulating Abiotic Stress Resistance and Ramet Development
by Xiaojun Qiu, Haohan Zhao, Aminu Shehu Abubakar, Deyi Shao, Jikang Chen, Ping Chen, Chunming Yu, Xiaofei Wang, Kunmei Chen and Aiguo Zhu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(23), 15117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315117 - 01 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1501
Abstract
AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest superfamilies in plants, and play vital roles in growth and response to biotic/abiotic stresses. Although the AP2/ERF family has been extensively characterized in many species, very little is known about this family in ramie [...] Read more.
AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest superfamilies in plants, and play vital roles in growth and response to biotic/abiotic stresses. Although the AP2/ERF family has been extensively characterized in many species, very little is known about this family in ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.). In this study, 138 AP2/ERF TFs were identified from the ramie genome and were grouped into five subfamilies, including the AP2 (19), RAV (5), Soloist (1), ERF (77), and DREB (36). Unique motifs were found in the DREB/ERF subfamily members, implying significance to the AP2/ERF TF functions in these evolutionary branches. Segmental duplication events were found to play predominant roles in the BnAP2/ERF TF family expansion. Light-, stress-, and phytohormone-responsive elements were identified in the promoter region of BnAP2/ERF genes, with abscisic acid response elements (ABRE), methyl jasmonate response elements, and the dehydration response element (DRE) being dominant. The integrated transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) revealed 12 key BnAP2/ERF genes positively responding to waterlogging. Five of the genes are also involved in ramet development, with two (BnERF-30 and BnERF-32) further showing multifunctional roles. The protein interaction prediction analysis further verified their crosstalk mechanism in coordinating waterlogging resistance and ramet development. Our study provides new insights into the presence of AP2/ERF TFs in ramie, and provides candidate AP2/ERF TFs for further studies on breeding varieties with coupling between water stress tolerance and high yield. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5307 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Analysis of the Growth-Regulating Factor (GRF) Family in Aquatic Plants and Their Roles in the ABA-Induced Turion Formation of Spirodela polyrhiza
by Gaojie Li, Yan Chen, Xuyao Zhao, Jingjing Yang, Xiaoyu Wang, Xiaozhe Li, Shiqi Hu and Hongwei Hou
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(18), 10485; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810485 - 10 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1647
Abstract
Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) are plant-specific transcription factors that play essential roles in regulating plant growth and stress response. The GRF gene families have been described in several terrestrial plants, but a comprehensive analysis of these genes in diverse aquatic species has not been [...] Read more.
Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) are plant-specific transcription factors that play essential roles in regulating plant growth and stress response. The GRF gene families have been described in several terrestrial plants, but a comprehensive analysis of these genes in diverse aquatic species has not been reported yet. In this study, we identified 130 GRF genes in 13 aquatic plants, including floating plants (Azolla filiculoides, Wolffia australiana, Lemna minuta, Spirodela intermedia, and Spirodela polyrhiza), floating-leaved plants (Nymphaea colorata and Euryale ferox), submersed plants (Zostera marina, Ceratophyllum demersum, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, and Utricularia gibba), an emergent plant (Nelumbo nucifera), and an amphibious plant (Cladopus chinensis). The gene structures, motifs, and cis-acting regulatory elements of these genes were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis divided these GRFs into five clusters, and ABRE cis-elements were highly enriched in the promoter region of the GRFs in floating plants. We found that abscisic acid (ABA) is efficient at inducing the turion of Spirodela polyrhiza (giant duckweed), accompanied by the fluctuated expression of SpGRF genes in their fronds. Our results provide information about the GRF gene family in aquatic species and lay the foundation for future studies on the functions of these genes. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5280 KiB  
Article
Overexpression of PagSTOMAGEN, a Positive Regulator of Stomatal Density, Promotes Vegetative Growth in Poplar
by Yufei Xia, Kang Du, Aoyu Ling, Wenqi Wu, Jiang Li and Xiangyang Kang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 10165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710165 - 05 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1955
Abstract
Poplar is an important fast-growing tree, and its photosynthetic capacity directly affects its vegetative growth. Stomatal density is closely related to photosynthetic capacity and growth characteristics in plants. Here, we isolated PagSTOMAGEN from the hybrid poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa) [...] Read more.
Poplar is an important fast-growing tree, and its photosynthetic capacity directly affects its vegetative growth. Stomatal density is closely related to photosynthetic capacity and growth characteristics in plants. Here, we isolated PagSTOMAGEN from the hybrid poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa) clone 84K and investigated its biological function in vegetative growth. PagSTOMAGEN was expressed predominantly in young tissues and localized in the plasma membrane. Compared with wild-type 84K poplars, PagSTOMAGEN-overexpressing plants displayed an increased plant height, leaf area, internode number, basal diameter, biomass, IAA content, IPR content, and stomatal density. Higher stomatal density improved the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and transpiration rate in transgenic poplar. The differential expression of genes related to stomatal development showed a diverged influence of PagSTOMAGEN at different stages of stomatal development. Finally, transcriptomic analysis showed that PagSTOMAGEN affected vegetative growth by affecting the expression of photosynthesis and plant hormone-related genes (such as SAUR75, PQL2, PSBX, ERF1, GNC, GRF5, and ARF11). Taken together, our data indicate that PagSTOMAGEN could positively regulate stomatal density and increase the photosynthetic rate and plant hormone content, thereby promoting vegetative growth in poplar. Our study is of great significance for understanding the relationship between stoma, photosynthesis, and yield breeding in poplar. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 23251 KiB  
Article
Exogenously-Sourced Ethylene Positively Modulates Photosynthesis, Carbohydrate Metabolism, and Antioxidant Defense to Enhance Heat Tolerance in Rice
by Harsha Gautam, Mehar Fatma, Zebus Sehar, Noushina Iqbal, Mohammed Albaqami and Nafees A. Khan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031031 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4301
Abstract
The effect of exogenously-applied ethylene sourced from ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid)was studied on photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and high-temperature stress tolerance in Taipei-309 and Rasi cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Heat stress increased the content of H2O2 and thiobarbituric [...] Read more.
The effect of exogenously-applied ethylene sourced from ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid)was studied on photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and high-temperature stress tolerance in Taipei-309 and Rasi cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Heat stress increased the content of H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)more in Rasi than Taipei-309. Further, a significant decline in sucrose, starch, and carbohydrate metabolism enzyme activity and photosynthesis was also observed in response to heat stress. The application of ethephon reduced H2O2 and TBARS content by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system and improved carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and growth more conspicuously in Taipei-309 under heat stress. The ethephon application enhanced photosynthesis by up-regulating the psbA and psbB genes of photosystem II in heat-stressed plants. Interestingly, foliar application of ethephoneffectively down-regulated high-temperature-stress-induced elevated ethylene biosynthesis gene expression. Overall, ethephon application optimized ethylene levels under high-temperature stress to regulate the antioxidant enzymatic system and carbohydrate metabolism, reducing the adverse effects on photosynthesis. These findings suggest that ethylene regulates photosynthesis via carbohydrate metabolism and the antioxidant system, thereby influencing high-temperature stress tolerance in rice. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3861 KiB  
Article
Evolution of RGF/GLV/CLEL Peptide Hormones and Their Roles in Land Plant Growth and Regulation
by Yitian Fang, Jinke Chang, Tao Shi, Wenchun Luo, Yang Ou, Dongshi Wan and Jia Li
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(24), 13372; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413372 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2572
Abstract
Rooting is a key innovation during plant terrestrialization. RGFs/GLVs/CLELs are a family of secreted peptides, playing key roles in root stem cell niche maintenance and pattern formation. The origin of this peptide family is not well characterized. RGFs and their receptor genes, RGIs [...] Read more.
Rooting is a key innovation during plant terrestrialization. RGFs/GLVs/CLELs are a family of secreted peptides, playing key roles in root stem cell niche maintenance and pattern formation. The origin of this peptide family is not well characterized. RGFs and their receptor genes, RGIs, were investigated comprehensively using phylogenetic and genetic analyses. We identified 203 RGF genes from 24 plant species, representing a variety of land plant lineages. We found that the RGF genes originate from land plants and expand via multiple duplication events. The lineage-specific RGF duplicates are retained due to their regulatory divergence, while a majority of RGFs experienced strong purifying selection in most land plants. Functional analysis indicated that RGFs and their receptor genes, RGIs, isolated from liverwort, tomato, and maize possess similar biological functions with their counterparts from Arabidopsis in root development. RGFs and RGIs are likely coevolved in land plants. Our studies shed light on the origin and functional conservation of this important peptide family in plant root development. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3491 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Hormone Gradients Regulate Wound-Induced de novo Organ Formation in Tomato Hypocotyl Explants
by Eduardo Larriba, Ana Belén Sánchez-García, María Salud Justamante, Cristina Martínez-Andújar, Alfonso Albacete and José Manuel Pérez-Pérez
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(21), 11843; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111843 - 31 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2983
Abstract
Plants have a remarkable regenerative capacity, which allows them to survive tissue damage after biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we use Solanum lycopersicum ‘Micro-Tom’ explants as a model to investigate wound-induced de novo organ formation, as these explants can regenerate the [...] Read more.
Plants have a remarkable regenerative capacity, which allows them to survive tissue damage after biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we use Solanum lycopersicum ‘Micro-Tom’ explants as a model to investigate wound-induced de novo organ formation, as these explants can regenerate the missing structures without the exogenous application of plant hormones. Here, we performed simultaneous targeted profiling of 22 phytohormone-related metabolites during de novo organ formation and found that endogenous hormone levels dynamically changed after root and shoot excision, according to region-specific patterns. Our results indicate that a defined temporal window of high auxin-to-cytokinin accumulation in the basal region of the explants was required for adventitious root formation and that was dependent on a concerted regulation of polar auxin transport through the hypocotyl, of local induction of auxin biosynthesis, and of local inhibition of auxin degradation. In the apical region, though, a minimum of auxin-to-cytokinin ratio is established shortly after wounding both by decreasing active auxin levels and by draining auxin via its basipetal transport and internalization. Cross-validation with transcriptomic data highlighted the main hormonal gradients involved in wound-induced de novo organ formation in tomato hypocotyl explants. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7682 KiB  
Article
Genome-wide Identification and Characterization of FCS-Like Zinc Finger (FLZ) Family Genes in Maize (Zea mays) and Functional Analysis of ZmFLZ25 in Plant Abscisic Acid Response
by Shunquan Chen, Xibao Li, Chao Yang, Wei Yan, Chuanliang Liu, Xiaoyan Tang and Caiji Gao
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(7), 3529; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073529 - 29 Mar 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3025
Abstract
FCS-like zinc finger family proteins (FLZs), a class of plant-specific scaffold of SnRK1 complex, are involved in the regulation of various aspects of plant growth and stress responses. Most information of FLZ family genes was obtained from the studies in Arabidopsis thaliana, [...] Read more.
FCS-like zinc finger family proteins (FLZs), a class of plant-specific scaffold of SnRK1 complex, are involved in the regulation of various aspects of plant growth and stress responses. Most information of FLZ family genes was obtained from the studies in Arabidopsis thaliana, whereas little is known about the potential functions of FLZs in crop plants. In this study, 37 maize FLZ (ZmFLZ) genes were identified to be asymmetrically distributed on 10 chromosomes and can be divided into three subfamilies. Protein interaction and subcellular localization assays demonstrated that eight typical ZmFLZs interacted and partially co-localized with ZmKIN10, the catalytic α-subunit of the SnRK1 complex in maize leaf mesophyll cells. Expression profile analysis revealed that several ZmFLZs were differentially expressed across various tissues and actively responded to diverse abiotic stresses. In addition, ectopic overexpression of ZmFLZ25 in Arabidopsis conferred hypersensitivity to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and triggered higher expression of ABA-induced genes, pointing to the positive regulatory role of ZmFLZ25 in plant ABA signaling, a scenario further evidenced by the interactions between ZmFLZ25 and ABA receptors. In summary, these data provide the most comprehensive information on FLZ family genes in maize, and shed light on the biological function of ZmFLZ25 in plant ABA signaling. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1199 KiB  
Article
Transcript Dynamics in Wounded and Inoculated Scots Pine
by Vilnis Šķipars and Dainis Ruņģis
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(4), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041505 - 03 Feb 2021
Viewed by 2007
Abstract
Comparative transcriptome analysis provides a useful tool for the exploration of plant–pathogen interaction by allowing in-depth comparison of gene expression between unaffected, inoculated and wounded organisms. Here we present the results of comparative transcriptome analysis in genetically identical one-year-old Scots pine ramets after [...] Read more.
Comparative transcriptome analysis provides a useful tool for the exploration of plant–pathogen interaction by allowing in-depth comparison of gene expression between unaffected, inoculated and wounded organisms. Here we present the results of comparative transcriptome analysis in genetically identical one-year-old Scots pine ramets after wounding and inoculation with Heterobasidion annosum. We identified 230 genes that were more than 2-fold upregulated in inoculated samples (compared to controls) and 116 downregulated genes. Comparison of inoculated samp les with wounded samples identified 32 differentially expressed genes (30 were upregulated after inoculation). Several of the genes upregulated after inoculation are involved in protection from oxidative stress, while genes involved in photosynthesis, water transport and drought stress tolerance were downregulated. An NRT3 family protein was the most upregulated transcript in response to both inoculation and wounding, while a U-box domain-containing protein gene was the most upregulated gene comparing inoculation to wounding. The observed transcriptome dynamics suggest involvement of auxin, ethylene, jasmonate, gibberellin and reactive oxygen species pathways and cell wall modification regulation in response to H. annosum infection. The results are compared to methyl jasmonate induced transcriptome dynamics. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 7575 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis Revealed GhWOX4 Intercedes Myriad Regulatory Pathways to Modulate Drought Tolerance and Vascular Growth in Cotton
by Muhammad Sajjad, Xi Wei, Lisen Liu, Fuguang Li and Xiaoyang Ge
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(2), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020898 - 18 Jan 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2879
Abstract
Cotton is a paramount cash crop around the globe. Among all abiotic stresses, drought is a leading cause of cotton growth and yield loss. However, the molecular link between drought stress and vascular growth and development is relatively uncharted. Here, we validated a [...] Read more.
Cotton is a paramount cash crop around the globe. Among all abiotic stresses, drought is a leading cause of cotton growth and yield loss. However, the molecular link between drought stress and vascular growth and development is relatively uncharted. Here, we validated a crucial role of GhWOX4, a transcription factor, modulating drought stress with that of vasculature growth in cotton. Knock-down of GhWOX4 decreased the stem width and severely compromised vascular growth and drought tolerance. Conversely, ectopic expression of GhWOX4 in Arabidopsis enhanced the tolerance to drought stress. Comparative RNAseq analysis revealed auxin responsive protein (AUX/IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene were significantly induced. Additionally, MYC-bHLH, WRKY, MYB, homeodomain, and heat-shock transcription factors (HSF) were differentially expressed in control plants as compared to GhWOX4-silenced plants. The promotor zone of GhWOX4 was found congested with plant growth, light, and stress response related cis-elements. differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to stress, water deprivation, and desiccation response were repressed in drought treated GhWOX4-virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) plants as compared to control. Gene ontology (GO) functions related to cell proliferation, light response, fluid transport, and flavonoid biosynthesis were over-induced in TRV: 156-0 h/TRV: 156-1 h (control) in comparison to TRV: VIGS-0 h/TRV: VIGS-1 h (GhWOX4-silenced) plants. This study improves our context for elucidating the pivotal role of GhWOX4 transcription factors (TF), which mediates drought tolerance, plays a decisive role in plant growth and development, and is likely involved in different regulatory pathways in cotton. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4106 KiB  
Article
The Anti-Senescence Activity of Cytokinin Arabinosides in Wheat and Arabidopsis Is Negatively Correlated with Ethylene Production
by Zuzana Kučerová, Marek Rác, Jaromír Mikulík, Ondřej Plíhal, Pavel Pospíšil, Magdaléna Bryksová, Michaela Sedlářová, Karel Doležal and Martina Špundová
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(21), 8109; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218109 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3302
Abstract
Leaf senescence, accompanied by chlorophyll breakdown, chloroplast degradation and inhibition of photosynthesis, can be suppressed by an exogenous application of cytokinins. Two aromatic cytokinin arabinosides (6-benzylamino-9-β-d-arabinofuranosylpurines; BAPAs), 3-hydroxy- (3OHBAPA) and 3-methoxy- (3MeOBAPA) derivatives, have recently been found to possess high anti-senescence [...] Read more.
Leaf senescence, accompanied by chlorophyll breakdown, chloroplast degradation and inhibition of photosynthesis, can be suppressed by an exogenous application of cytokinins. Two aromatic cytokinin arabinosides (6-benzylamino-9-β-d-arabinofuranosylpurines; BAPAs), 3-hydroxy- (3OHBAPA) and 3-methoxy- (3MeOBAPA) derivatives, have recently been found to possess high anti-senescence activity. Interestingly, their effect on the maintenance of chlorophyll content and maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) in detached dark-adapted leaves differed quantitatively in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Aranka) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsisthaliana L. (Col-0)). In this work, we have found that the anti-senescence effects of 3OHBAPA and 3MeOBAPA in wheat and Arabidopsis also differ in other parameters, including the maintenance of carotenoid content and chloroplasts, rate of reduction of primary electron acceptor of PSII (QA) as well as electron transport behind QA, and partitioning of absorbed light energy in light-adapted leaves. In wheat, 3OHBAPA had a higher protective effect than 3MeOBAPA, whereas in Arabidopsis, 3MeOBAPA was the more efficient derivative. We have found that the different anti-senescent activity of 3OHBAPA and 3MeOBAPA was coupled to different ethylene production in the treated leaves: the lower the ethylene production, the higher the anti-senescence activity. 3OHBAPA and 3MeOBAPA also efficiently protected the senescing leaves of wheat and Arabidopsis against oxidative damage induced by both H2O2 and high-light treatment, which could also be connected with the low level of ethylene production. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3514 KiB  
Article
Danger-Associated Peptide Regulates Root Growth by Promoting Protons Extrusion in an AHA2-Dependent Manner in Arabidopsis
by Nuo Shen, Yanping Jing, Guoqing Tu, Aigen Fu and Wenzhi Lan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(21), 7963; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217963 - 27 Oct 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3393
Abstract
Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are derived from precursor proteins PROPEPs and perceived by a pair of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), PEPR1 and PEPR2, to enhance innate immunity and to inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. [...] Read more.
Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are derived from precursor proteins PROPEPs and perceived by a pair of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), PEPR1 and PEPR2, to enhance innate immunity and to inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we show that Arabidopsis Pep1 inhibits the root growth by interfering with pH signaling, as acidic condition increased, but neutral and alkaline conditions decreased the Pep1 effect on inhibiting the root growth. The perception of Pep1 to PEPRs activated the plasma membrane-localized H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPases) —the pump proton in plant cell—to extrude the protons into apoplast, and induced an overly acidic environment in apoplastic space, which further promoted the cell swelling in root apex and inhibited root growth. Furthermore, we revealed that pump proton AUTOINHIBITED H+-ATPase 2 (AHA2) physically interacted with PEPR2 and served downstream of the Pep1-PEPRs signaling pathway to regulate Pep1-induced protons extrusion and root growth inhibition. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a previously unrecognized signaling crosstalk between Pep1 and pH signaling to regulate root growth. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4589 KiB  
Article
Mutation of Arabidopsis Copper-Containing Amine Oxidase Gene AtCuAOδ Alters Polyamines, Reduces Gibberellin Content and Affects Development
by Basmah Alharbi, Julie D. Hunt, Simone Dimitrova, Natasha D. Spadafora, Alex P. Cort, Davide Colombo, Carsten T. Müller, Sandip A. Ghuge, Daniela Davoli, Alessandra Cona, Lorenzo Mariotti, Piero Picciarelli, Barend de Graaf and Hilary J. Rogers
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(20), 7789; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207789 - 21 Oct 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3458
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are essential metabolites in plants performing multiple functions during growth and development. Copper-containing amine oxidases (CuAOs) catalyse the catabolism of PAs and in Arabidopsis thaliana are encoded by a gene family. Two mutants of one gene family member, AtCuAOδ, showed [...] Read more.
Polyamines (PAs) are essential metabolites in plants performing multiple functions during growth and development. Copper-containing amine oxidases (CuAOs) catalyse the catabolism of PAs and in Arabidopsis thaliana are encoded by a gene family. Two mutants of one gene family member, AtCuAOδ, showed delayed seed germination, leaf emergence, and flowering time. The height of the primary inflorescence shoot was reduced, and developmental leaf senescence was delayed. Siliques were significantly longer in mutant lines and contained more seeds. The phenotype of AtCuAOδ over-expressors was less affected. Before flowering, there was a significant increase in putrescine in AtCuAOδ mutant leaves compared to wild type (WT), while after flowering both spermidine and spermine concentrations were significantly higher than in WT leaves. The expression of GA (gibberellic acid) biosynthetic genes was repressed and the content of GA1, GA7, GA8, GA9, and GA20 was reduced in the mutants. The inhibitor of copper-containing amine oxidases, aminoguanidine hydrochloride, mimicked the effect of AtCuAOδ mutation on WT seed germination. Delayed germination, reduced shoot height, and delayed flowering in the mutants were rescued by GA3 treatment. These data strongly suggest AtCuAOδ is an important gene regulating PA homeostasis, and that a perturbation of PAs affects plant development through a reduction in GA biosynthesis. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 4271 KiB  
Article
Expression and Role of Response Regulating, Biosynthetic and Degrading Genes for Cytokinin Signaling during Clubroot Disease Development
by Rawnak Laila, Arif Hasan Khan Robin, Jong-In Park, Gopal Saha, Hoy-Taek Kim, Md. Abdul Kayum and Ill-Sup Nou
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(11), 3896; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113896 - 29 May 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3102
Abstract
The obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in oilseeds and vegetables of the Brassicaceae family, and cytokinins play a vital role in clubroot formation. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of 17 cytokinin-related genes involved in the biosynthesis, signaling, and [...] Read more.
The obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in oilseeds and vegetables of the Brassicaceae family, and cytokinins play a vital role in clubroot formation. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of 17 cytokinin-related genes involved in the biosynthesis, signaling, and degradation in Chinese cabbage inoculated with the Korean pathotype group 4 isolate of P. brassicae, Seosan. This isolate produced the most severe clubroot symptoms in Chinese cabbage cultivar “Bullam-3-ho” compared to three other Korean geographical isolates investigated. BrIPT1, a cytokinin biosynthesis gene, was induced on Day 1 and Day 28 in infected root tissues and the upregulation of this biosynthetic gene coincided with the higher expression of the response regulators BrRR1, on both Days and BrRR6 on Day 1 and 3. BrRR3 and 4 genes were also induced during gall enlargement on Day 35 in leaf tissues. The BrRR4 gene, which positively interact with phytochrome B, was consistently induced in leaf tissues on Day 1, 3, and 14 in the inoculated plants. The cytokinin degrading gene BrCKX3-6 were induced on Day 14, before gall initiation. BrCKX2,3,6 were induced until Day 28 and their expression was downregulated on Day 35. This insight improves our current understanding of the role of cytokinin signaling genes in clubroot disease development. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 2798 KiB  
Article
Chlorinated Auxins—How Does Arabidopsis Thaliana Deal with Them?
by Antje Walter, Lorenzo Caputi, Sarah O’Connor, Karl-Heinz van Pée and Jutta Ludwig-Müller
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(7), 2567; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072567 - 07 Apr 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4590
Abstract
Plant hormones have various functions in plants and play crucial roles in all developmental and differentiation stages. Auxins constitute one of the most important groups with the major representative indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). A halogenated derivate of IAA, 4-chloro-indole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), has previously been [...] Read more.
Plant hormones have various functions in plants and play crucial roles in all developmental and differentiation stages. Auxins constitute one of the most important groups with the major representative indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). A halogenated derivate of IAA, 4-chloro-indole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), has previously been identified in Pisum sativum and other legumes. While the enzymes responsible for the halogenation of compounds in bacteria and fungi are well studied, the metabolic pathways leading to the production of 4-Cl-IAA in plants, especially the halogenating reaction, are still unknown. Therefore, bacterial flavin-dependent tryptophan-halogenase genes were transformed into the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. The type of chlorinated indole derivatives that could be expected was determined by incubating wild type A. thaliana with different Cl-tryptophan derivatives. We showed that, in addition to chlorinated IAA, chlorinated IAA conjugates were synthesized. Concomitantly, we found that an auxin conjugate synthetase (GH3.3 protein) from A. thaliana was able to convert chlorinated IAAs to amino acid conjugates in vitro. In addition, we showed that the production of halogenated tryptophan (Trp), indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) and IAA is possible in transgenic A. thaliana in planta with the help of the bacterial halogenating enzymes. Furthermore, it was investigated if there is an effect (i) of exogenously applied Cl-IAA and Cl-Trp and (ii) of endogenously chlorinated substances on the growth phenotype of the plants. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5974 KiB  
Article
Flower-Specific Overproduction of Cytokinins Altered Flower Development and Sex Expression in the Perennial Woody Plant Jatropha curcas L.
by Xin Ming, Yan-Bin Tao, Qiantang Fu, Mingyong Tang, Huiying He, Mao-Sheng Chen, Bang-Zhen Pan and Zeng-Fu Xu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(2), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020640 - 18 Jan 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5057
Abstract
Jatropha curcas L. is monoecious with a low female-to-male ratio, which is one of the factors restricting its seed yield. Because the phytohormone cytokinins play an essential role in flower development, particularly pistil development, in this study, we elevated the cytokinin levels in [...] Read more.
Jatropha curcas L. is monoecious with a low female-to-male ratio, which is one of the factors restricting its seed yield. Because the phytohormone cytokinins play an essential role in flower development, particularly pistil development, in this study, we elevated the cytokinin levels in J. curcas flowers through transgenic expression of a cytokinin biosynthetic gene (AtIPT4) from Arabidopsis under the control of a J. curcas orthologue of TOMATO MADS BOX GENE 6 (JcTM6) promoter that is predominantly active in flowers. As expected, the levels of six cytokinin species in the inflorescences were elevated, and flower development was modified without any alterations in vegetative growth. In the transgenic J. curcas plants, the flower number per inflorescence was significantly increased, and most flowers were pistil-predominantly bisexual, i.e., the flowers had a huge pistil surrounded with small stamens. Unfortunately, both the male and the bisexual flowers of transgenic J. curcas were infertile, which might have resulted from the continuously high expression of the transgene during flower development. However, the number and position of floral organs in the transgenic flowers were well defined, which suggested that the determinacy of the floral meristem was not affected. These results suggest that fine-tuning the endogenous cytokinins can increase the flower number and the female-to-male ratio in J. curcas. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

15 pages, 1170 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Seasonal Dynamics and Molecular Mechanism of Wood Formation in Gymnosperm Trees
by Thi Thu Tram Nguyen, Eun-Kyung Bae, Thi Ngoc Anh Tran, Hyoshin Lee and Jae-Heung Ko
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(10), 8624; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108624 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1175
Abstract
Forests, comprising 31% of the Earth’s surface, play pivotal roles in regulating the carbon, water, and energy cycles. Despite being far less diverse than angiosperms, gymnosperms account for over 50% of the global woody biomass production. To sustain growth and development, gymnosperms have [...] Read more.
Forests, comprising 31% of the Earth’s surface, play pivotal roles in regulating the carbon, water, and energy cycles. Despite being far less diverse than angiosperms, gymnosperms account for over 50% of the global woody biomass production. To sustain growth and development, gymnosperms have evolved the capacity to sense and respond to cyclical environmental signals, such as changes in photoperiod and seasonal temperature, which initiate growth (spring and summer) and dormancy (fall and winter). Cambium, the lateral meristem responsible for wood formation, is reactivated through a complex interplay among hormonal, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Temperature signals perceived in early spring induce the synthesis of several phytohormones, including auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, which in turn reactivate cambium cells. Additionally, microRNA-mediated genetic and epigenetic pathways modulate cambial function. As a result, the cambium becomes active during the summer, resulting in active secondary xylem (i.e., wood) production, and starts to become inactive in autumn. This review summarizes and discusses recent findings regarding the climatic, hormonal, genetic, and epigenetic regulation of wood formation in gymnosperm trees (i.e., conifers) in response to seasonal changes. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 553 KiB  
Review
A Talk between Flavonoids and Hormones to Reorient the Growth of Gymnosperms
by Luis Morales-Quintana and Patricio Ramos
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(23), 12630; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312630 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2281
Abstract
Plants reorient the growth of affected organs in response to the loss of gravity vector. In trees, this phenomenon has received special attention due to its importance for the forestry industry of conifer species. Sustainable management is a key factor in improving wood [...] Read more.
Plants reorient the growth of affected organs in response to the loss of gravity vector. In trees, this phenomenon has received special attention due to its importance for the forestry industry of conifer species. Sustainable management is a key factor in improving wood quality. It is of paramount importance to understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying wood formation, together with the hormonal and environmental factors that affect wood formation and quality. Hormones are related to the modulation of vertical growth rectification. Many studies have resulted in a model that proposes differential growth in the stem due to unequal auxin and jasmonate allocation. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that in auxin distribution, flavonoids act as molecular controllers. It is well known that flavonoids affect auxin flux, and this is a new area of study to understand the intracellular concentrations and how these compounds can control the gravitropic response. In this review, we focused on different molecular aspects related to the hormonal role in flavonoid homeostasis and what has been done in conifer trees to identify molecular players that could take part during the gravitropic response and reduce low-quality wood formation. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

36 pages, 7469 KiB  
Review
Effects of Abiotic Stress on Soil Microbiome
by Nur Sabrina Natasha Abdul Rahman, Nur Wahida Abdul Hamid and Kalaivani Nadarajah
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 9036; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169036 - 21 Aug 2021
Cited by 82 | Viewed by 8721
Abstract
Rhizospheric organisms have a unique manner of existence since many factors can influence the shape of the microbiome. As we all know, harnessing the interaction between soil microbes and plants is critical for sustainable agriculture and ecosystems. We can achieve sustainable agricultural practice [...] Read more.
Rhizospheric organisms have a unique manner of existence since many factors can influence the shape of the microbiome. As we all know, harnessing the interaction between soil microbes and plants is critical for sustainable agriculture and ecosystems. We can achieve sustainable agricultural practice by incorporating plant-microbiome interaction as a positive technology. The contribution of this interaction has piqued the interest of experts, who plan to do more research using beneficial microorganism in order to accomplish this vision. Plants engage in a wide range of interrelationship with soil microorganism, spanning the entire spectrum of ecological potential which can be mutualistic, commensal, neutral, exploitative, or competitive. Mutualistic microorganism found in plant-associated microbial communities assist their host in a number of ways. Many studies have demonstrated that the soil microbiome may provide significant advantages to the host plant. However, various soil conditions (pH, temperature, oxygen, physics-chemistry and moisture), soil environments (drought, submergence, metal toxicity and salinity), plant types/genotype, and agricultural practices may result in distinct microbial composition and characteristics, as well as its mechanism to promote plant development and defence against all these stressors. In this paper, we provide an in-depth overview of how the above factors are able to affect the soil microbial structure and communities and change above and below ground interactions. Future prospects will also be discussed. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2683 KiB  
Review
Function and Mechanism of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses
by Yun Wang, Salma Mostafa, Wen Zeng and Biao Jin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 8568; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168568 - 09 Aug 2021
Cited by 167 | Viewed by 14818
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and derivatives (jasmonates, JAs) play important roles in the mediation of plant [...] Read more.
As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and derivatives (jasmonates, JAs) play important roles in the mediation of plant responses and defenses to biotic and abiotic stresses and have received extensive research attention. Although some reviews of JAs are available, this review focuses on JAs in the regulation of plant stress responses, as well as JA synthesis, metabolism, and signaling pathways. We summarize recent progress in clarifying the functions and mechanisms of JAs in plant responses to abiotic stresses (drought, cold, salt, heat, and heavy metal toxicity) and biotic stresses (pathogen, insect, and herbivore). Meanwhile, the crosstalk of JA with various other plant hormones regulates the balance between plant growth and defense. Therefore, we review the crosstalk of JAs with other phytohormones, including auxin, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Finally, we discuss current issues and future opportunities in research into JAs in plant stress responses. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4814 KiB  
Review
Plant Copper Amine Oxidases: Key Players in Hormone Signaling Leading to Stress-Induced Phenotypic Plasticity
by Ilaria Fraudentali, Renato A. Rodrigues-Pousada, Riccardo Angelini, Sandip A. Ghuge and Alessandra Cona
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(10), 5136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105136 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3185
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous, low-molecular-weight aliphatic compounds, present in living organisms and essential for cell growth and differentiation. Copper amine oxidases (CuAOs) oxidize polyamines to aminoaldehydes releasing ammonium and hydrogen peroxide, which participates in the complex network of reactive oxygen species acting as signaling [...] Read more.
Polyamines are ubiquitous, low-molecular-weight aliphatic compounds, present in living organisms and essential for cell growth and differentiation. Copper amine oxidases (CuAOs) oxidize polyamines to aminoaldehydes releasing ammonium and hydrogen peroxide, which participates in the complex network of reactive oxygen species acting as signaling molecules involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. CuAOs have been identified and characterized in different plant species, but the most extensive study on a CuAO gene family has been carried out in Arabidopsis thaliana. Growing attention has been devoted in the last years to the investigation of the CuAO expression pattern during development and in response to an array of stress and stress-related hormones, events in which recent studies have highlighted CuAOs to play a key role by modulation of a multilevel phenotypic plasticity expression. In this review, the attention will be focused on the involvement of different AtCuAOs in the IAA/JA/ABA signal transduction pathways which mediate stress-induced phenotypic plasticity events. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1887 KiB  
Review
Phospholipid Signaling Is a Component of the Salicylic Acid Response in Plant Cell Suspension Cultures
by Beatriz A. Rodas-Junco, Geovanny I. Nic-Can, Armando Muñoz-Sánchez and S. M. Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(15), 5285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155285 - 25 Jul 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6366
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule involved in plant defense. While many proteins play essential roles in SA signaling, increasing evidence shows that responses to SA appear to involve and require lipid signals. The phospholipid-generated signal transduction involves a family of [...] Read more.
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule involved in plant defense. While many proteins play essential roles in SA signaling, increasing evidence shows that responses to SA appear to involve and require lipid signals. The phospholipid-generated signal transduction involves a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis or phosphorylation of phospholipids in membranes to generate signaling molecules, which are important in the plant cellular response. In this review, we focus first, the role of SA as a mitigator in biotic/abiotic stress. Later, we describe the experimental evidence supporting the phospholipid–SA connection in plant cells, emphasizing the roles of the secondary lipid messengers (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidic acid (PA)) and related enzymes (phospholipase D (PLD) and phospholipase C (PLC)). By placing these recent finding in context of phospholipids and SA in plant cells, we highlight the role of phospholipids as modulators in the early steps of SA triggered transduction in plant cells. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2662 KiB  
Review
The Interaction Network and Signaling Specificity of Two-Component System in Arabidopsis
by Ruxue Huo, Zhenning Liu, Xiaolin Yu and Zongyun Li
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(14), 4898; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144898 - 11 Jul 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4347
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCS) in plants have evolved into a more complicated multi-step phosphorelay (MSP) pathway, which employs histidine kinases (HKs), histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins (HPts), and response regulators (RRs) to regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. How plants perceive the external signals, [...] Read more.
Two-component systems (TCS) in plants have evolved into a more complicated multi-step phosphorelay (MSP) pathway, which employs histidine kinases (HKs), histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins (HPts), and response regulators (RRs) to regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. How plants perceive the external signals, then integrate and transduce the secondary signals specifically to the desired destination, is a fundamental characteristic of the MSP signaling network. The TCS elements involved in the MSP pathway and molecular mechanisms of signal transduction have been best understood in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In this review, we focus on updated knowledge on TCS signal transduction in Arabidopsis. We first present a brief description of the TCS elements; then, the protein–protein interaction network is established. Finally, we discuss the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the specificity of the MSP signaling at the mRNA and protein levels. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 2533 KiB  
Review
Comparing and Contrasting the Multiple Roles of Butenolide Plant Growth Regulators: Strigolactones and Karrikins in Plant Development and Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses
by Tao Yang, Yuke Lian and Chongying Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(24), 6270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246270 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 7910
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) and karrikins (KARs) are both butenolide molecules that play essential roles in plant growth and development. SLs are phytohormones, with SLs having known functions within the plant they are produced in, while KARs are found in smoke emitted from burning plant [...] Read more.
Strigolactones (SLs) and karrikins (KARs) are both butenolide molecules that play essential roles in plant growth and development. SLs are phytohormones, with SLs having known functions within the plant they are produced in, while KARs are found in smoke emitted from burning plant matter and affect seeds and seedlings in areas of wildfire. It has been suggested that SL and KAR signaling may share similar mechanisms. The α/β hydrolases DWARF14 (D14) and KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2), which act as receptors of SL and KAR, respectively, both interact with the F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2) in order to target SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1)-LIKE/D53 family members for degradation via the 26S proteasome. Recent reports suggest that SLs and/or KARs are also involved in regulating plant responses and adaptation to various abiotic stresses, particularly nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, and chilling. There is also crosstalk with other hormone signaling pathways, including auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CK), and ethylene (ET), under normal and abiotic stress conditions. This review briefly covers the biosynthetic and signaling pathways of SLs and KARs, compares their functions in plant growth and development, and reviews the effects of any crosstalk between SLs or KARs and other plant hormones at various stages of plant development. We also focus on the distinct responses, adaptations, and regulatory mechanisms related to SLs and/or KARs in response to various abiotic stresses. The review closes with discussion on ways to gain additional insights into the SL and KAR pathways and the crosstalk between these related phytohormones. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop