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Metals
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Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials
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Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2018) | Viewed by 33010

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Tański

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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: nanotechnology; thin layers; material properties; structure; heat; surface; plastic treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use of materials with improved properties allow engineers to design new and better products and processes. Benefits include increased sales of improved products and, where new materials are used in manufacturing, reduced plant costs. Society benefits through the use of improved products that use these new materials. In the twenty-first century, a new generation of materials promises to again reshape our world and solve some of the planet’s most pressing problems. The progress in practical application has been determined by intensive research and development works on the non-ferrous alloys. Alloying and age hardening effect discovered at the beginning of the last century were used as the main approaches to improve strength. However, it has recently been realized that a better understanding of strengthening and flow properties applied to manipulating the grain refinement processes can enable improvements of their mechanical and functional properties. The aim of this Special Issue is to shed a light on some of the recent developments in nonferrous alloys related especially to the production technology, casting techniques, heat treatment processes, additive manufacturing, surface engineering and severe plastic deformation processes. This Special Issue will focus on some important effects of these special treatment processes on the evolution of the microstructure and properties of some selected non-ferrous metals, especially light.

Prof. Tomasz Tański
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Structure
  • Properties
  • Additive manufacturing
  • Casting
  • Heat treatment
  • Surface engineering
  • Plastic deformation

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 2191 KiB  
Article
Nanostructured Cobalt Obtained by Combining Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approach
by Marcello Cabibbo
Metals 2018, 8(11), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8110962 - 18 Nov 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2909
Abstract
Nanostructured metallic materials can be obtained by two major processing strategies: a bottom-up approach that starts with powdered metals to be mechanically and chemically compacted via different compaction methodologies, and a top-down approach that starts with bulk conventional metallic materials that are induced [...] Read more.
Nanostructured metallic materials can be obtained by two major processing strategies: a bottom-up approach that starts with powdered metals to be mechanically and chemically compacted via different compaction methodologies, and a top-down approach that starts with bulk conventional metallic materials that are induced to a sometimes-extraordinary grain size reduction via different severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods. In the present study, a dual strategy was followed to obtain a sound and stable nanostructured commercially pure cobalt. Powdered cobalt of 2 μm was compacted by ball-milling (BM) followed by spark-plasma sintering (SPS) to obtain a bulk metallic material whose relative mass density reached a value of 95.8%. This process constituted a bottom-up strategy to obtain ultrafine submicrometer-grained bulk cobalt, and a top-down strategy of subjecting the BM + SPS submicrometer-grained cobalt to a specific SPD technique, namely equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). The latter was carried out in one to four passes following so-called route BC, reaching 98.4% density and a nanometric-grained microstructure. The material was microstructurally and mechanically characterized by TEM (transmission electron microscope) and nanoindentation. The obtained results are a representative solid example for obtaining nanostructured metallic materials using both grain-refining strategies, bottom-up and top-down. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials)
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8 pages, 4116 KiB  
Article
Grain Refinement by Extension Twin in Mg Alloy during Asymmetrical Rolling
by I Putu Widiantara, Hae Woong Yang, Muhammad Prisla Kamil, Dong Keun Yoon and Young Gun Ko
Metals 2018, 8(11), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8110891 - 01 Nov 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2547
Abstract
The work looked into the grain refinement process of Mg alloy during asymmetrical rolling with a focus on the role of twin. The present sample was deformed at ambient temperature by single operation with the height reduction of 50% at the roll speed [...] Read more.
The work looked into the grain refinement process of Mg alloy during asymmetrical rolling with a focus on the role of twin. The present sample was deformed at ambient temperature by single operation with the height reduction of 50% at the roll speed ratio of 1:4 for the upper and lower rolls having the same dimension. From the electron backscatter diffraction analysis in the surface region where intense shear strain was imparted, a number of { 10 1 ¯ 2 } extension twins with a width of ~1 µm were detected clearly in most of the deformed grains. Moreover, the average misorientation angle of the deformed grains in the top region was found to be ~32°, which was two times higher than that in the center area where the extension twin was detected rarely. As a result, the microstructure in the top region was refined significantly down to be ~1.1 µm with an aid of twin activities that would be discussed in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials)
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16 pages, 6008 KiB  
Article
Study of the Microstructure, Tensile Properties and Hardness of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy Subjected to Severe Plastic Deformation
by Ondřej Hilšer, Stanislav Rusz, Pavel Szkandera, Lubomír Čížek, Martin Kraus, Jan Džugan and Wojciech Maziarz
Metals 2018, 8(10), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8100776 - 28 Sep 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3067
Abstract
Hot extruded (EX) AZ61 magnesium alloy was processed by the twist channel angular pressing (TCAP) method, which combines equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and twist extrusion (TE) processes and significantly improves the efficiency of the grain refinement process. Both the initial hot extruded [...] Read more.
Hot extruded (EX) AZ61 magnesium alloy was processed by the twist channel angular pressing (TCAP) method, which combines equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and twist extrusion (TE) processes and significantly improves the efficiency of the grain refinement process. Both the initial hot extruded AZ61 alloy and the alloy after completion of TCAP processing were examined by using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and their corresponding micro-tensile testing (M-TT) and hardness testing at room temperature. The results showed that the microstructure of hot extruded alloy was refined well by TCAP due to dynamic recrystallization (DRX) caused by TCAP. The tensile properties, investigated by micro-tensile testing (M-TT), of the AZ61 alloy were significantly improved due to refined microstructure. The highest tensile properties including YS of 240.8 MPa, UTS of 343.6 MPa and elongation of 21.4% of the fine-grained alloy with average grain size below 1.5 µm was obtained after the third TCAP pass at 200 °C using the processing route Bc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials)
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13 pages, 4544 KiB  
Article
Role of Chemical Composition in Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys
by Lenka Kuchariková, Tatiana Liptáková, Eva Tillová, Daniel Kajánek and Eva Schmidová
Metals 2018, 8(8), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080581 - 26 Jul 2018
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7222
Abstract
Aluminum alloys are the most important part of all shaped castings manufactured, especially in the aerospace and automotive industries. This work focuses on the corrosion properties of the heat-hardening aluminum alloys commonly used for production of automotive castings AlSi7Mg0.3 and on self-hardening AlZn10Si8Mg. [...] Read more.
Aluminum alloys are the most important part of all shaped castings manufactured, especially in the aerospace and automotive industries. This work focuses on the corrosion properties of the heat-hardening aluminum alloys commonly used for production of automotive castings AlSi7Mg0.3 and on self-hardening AlZn10Si8Mg. Iron is a common impurity in aluminum cast alloy and its content increases by using secondary aluminum alloys. Therefore, experimental materials were developed, with chemical composition according to standards (primary alloys) and in states with an increasing content of Fe. The experimental aluminum alloys are briefly discussed in terms of their chemical composition, microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior. Corrosion properties were examined using three types of corrosion tests: exposure test, potentiodynamic tests, and Audi tests. Corrosion characteristics of materials were evaluated using stereo, optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, too. Correlation of pit initiation sites with microstructural features revealed the critical role of iron-rich phases, silicon particles and corresponding alloy matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials)
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10 pages, 6052 KiB  
Article
Effect of pH on Stress Corrosion Cracking of 6082 Al Alloy
by C. N. Panagopoulos, Emmanuel Georgiou, K. I. Giannakopoulos and P. G. Orfanos
Metals 2018, 8(8), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080578 - 26 Jul 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4200
Abstract
In this work, the effect of pH (3, 7 and 10) on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of 6082 aluminum alloy, in a 0.3 M sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous based solution was investigated. The stress corrosion cracking behavior was studied with slow strain [...] Read more.
In this work, the effect of pH (3, 7 and 10) on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of 6082 aluminum alloy, in a 0.3 M sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous based solution was investigated. The stress corrosion cracking behavior was studied with slow strain rate testing, whereas failure analysis of the fractured surfaces was used to identify the dominant degradation mechanisms. The experimental results clearly indicated that stress corrosion cracking behavior of this aluminum alloy strongly depends on the pH of the solution. In particular, the highest drop in ultimate tensile strength and ductility was observed for the alkaline pH, followed by the acidic, whereas the lowest susceptibility was observed in the neutral pH environment. This observation is attributed to a change in the dominant stress corrosion cracking mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials)
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14 pages, 3974 KiB  
Article
Final Heat Treatment as a Possible Solution for the Improvement of Machinability of Pb-Free Brass Alloys
by Anagnostis I. Toulfatzis, George A. Pantazopoulos, Constantine N. David, Dimitrios S. Sagris and Alkiviadis S. Paipetis
Metals 2018, 8(8), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080575 - 25 Jul 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4159
Abstract
Heat treatment was performed in order to improve the machinability of three lead-free extruded and drawn brasses, namely CuZn42 (CW510L), CuZn38As (CW511L), and CuZn36 (C27450), based on the concept of microstructural modification. The examined machinability criteria were the following: chip morphology, power consumption, [...] Read more.
Heat treatment was performed in order to improve the machinability of three lead-free extruded and drawn brasses, namely CuZn42 (CW510L), CuZn38As (CW511L), and CuZn36 (C27450), based on the concept of microstructural modification. The examined machinability criteria were the following: chip morphology, power consumption, cutting force, and surface roughness. All the above quality characteristics were studied in turning mode in “as received” and “heat treated” conditions for comparison purposes. The selected heat treatment conditions were set for CW510L (775 °C for 60 min), CW511L (850 °C for 120 min), and C27450 (850 °C for 120 min) lead-free brass alloys, according to standard specification and customer requirement criteria. The results are very promising concerning the chip breaking performance, since the heat treatment contributed to the drastic improvement of chip morphology for every studied lead-free brass. Regarding power consumption, heat treatment seems beneficial only for the CW511L brass, where a reduction by 180 W (from 1600 to 1420 W), in relation to the as-received condition, was achieved. Furthermore, heat treatment resulted in a marginal reduction by 10 N and 15 N in cutting forces for CW510L (from 540 to 530 N) and CW511L (from 446 to 431 N), respectively. Finally, surface roughness, expressed in terms of the average roughness value (Ra), seems that it is not affected by heat treatment, as it remains almost at the same order of magnitude. On the contrary, there is a significant improvement of maximum height (Rt) value of CW511L brass by 14.1 μm (from 40.1 to 26.0 μm), after heat treatment process performed at 850 °C for 120 min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials)
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9 pages, 3001 KiB  
Article
Influence of Intermetallic Particles on the Corrosion Properties of Extruded ZK60 Mg Alloy Containing Cu
by Soo-Min Baek, Beomcheol Kim and Sung Soo Park
Metals 2018, 8(5), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8050323 - 07 May 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3102
Abstract
The microstructure and corrosion behavior of the extruded ZK60 Mg alloys with different Cu content were comparatively investigated. The ZK60 alloy had a microstructure consisting of α-Mg grains with intermetallic MgZn2 and Zn2Zr3 particles. The addition of 1 wt [...] Read more.
The microstructure and corrosion behavior of the extruded ZK60 Mg alloys with different Cu content were comparatively investigated. The ZK60 alloy had a microstructure consisting of α-Mg grains with intermetallic MgZn2 and Zn2Zr3 particles. The addition of 1 wt % Cu resulted in the additional presence of CuMgZn particles. In a 0.6 M NaCl solution at 25 °C, the corrosion rate of the alloy with the added Cu appeared to be about 16% faster than that of the alloy without the addition of Cu. The factors affecting the degraded corrosion resistance of the Cu-added ZK60 alloy are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials)
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13 pages, 40873 KiB  
Article
Influence of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of NiCuCrMoTiAlNb Nickel-Based Alloy
by Shuyong Jiang, Dong Sun, Yanqiu Zhang and Bingyao Yan
Metals 2018, 8(4), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040217 - 27 Mar 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4722
Abstract
As-cast NiCuCrMoTiAlNb nickel-based alloys were subjected to two-stage heat treatment, including solution treatment and subsequent aging treatment. Furthermore, the influence of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of NiCuCrMoTiAlNb nickel-based alloys was further investigated. The as-cast NiCuCrMoTiAlNb Ni-based alloys are able to [...] Read more.
As-cast NiCuCrMoTiAlNb nickel-based alloys were subjected to two-stage heat treatment, including solution treatment and subsequent aging treatment. Furthermore, the influence of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of NiCuCrMoTiAlNb nickel-based alloys was further investigated. The as-cast NiCuCrMoTiAlNb Ni-based alloys are able to experience large plastic deformation at room temperature, where nanocrystalline phases are induced. In the case of heat-treated NiCuCrMoTiAlNb nickel-based alloys, with increasing Nb content, plenty of Ni3(Al, Ti) precipitates (γ′ phases) are distributed in the γ matrix and they are able to become the obstacles to impede the movement of dislocations, which is responsible for increasing the yield strength of NiCuCrMoTiAlNb nickel-based alloys. Pile-up of dislocations in the vicinity of γ′ precipitates adversely influences plasticity of NiCuCrMoTiAlNb nickel-based alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials)
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