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Metals
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Solvent Extraction of Transition Metals
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Solvent Extraction of Transition Metals

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Extractive Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 29081

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Man Seung Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Rare Metal, Mokpo National University, Chonnam 534-729, Korea
Interests: hydrometallurgy; separation of metal ions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Solvent extraction plays an important role in the field of hydrometallurgy and analytical chemistry. Since metal ores are depleting, it is of importance to recover the valuable metals present in secondary resources to meet the demands for the manufacture of advanced materials. Compared to metal ores, the chemical properties of the valuable metals in secondary resources are very similar. Therefore, the development of an effective and environmentally-friendly separation process for the recovery of valuable metals is necessary.

In hydrometallurgy, solvent extraction is employed for the separation of a macro amount of metal ions in aqueous solutions. Recently, ionic liquids have been used as an extractant, which enlarges the scope and the feasibility of solvent extraction. Considering the diversity of the nature of metal ions in the leaching solution and the similarities in chemical properties, more fundamental research is needed to understand the reaction.

Papers on recent advances and review articles, particularly with regard to fundamental chemistry and the development of the solvent extraction of transition metals by employing commercial extractants and ionic liquids are invited for inclusion in this Special Issue on the "Solvent Extraction of Transition Metals".

Prof. Dr. Man Seung Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • solvent extraction
  • transition metals
  • commercial extractants
  • ionic liquids
  • separation
  • hydrometallurgy

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 22604 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Extraction Ability between a Mixture of Alamine 336/Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA and Ionic Liquid ALi-D2 from Weak Hydrochloric Acid Solution
by Viet Nhan Hoa Nguyen, Minh Nhan Le and Man Seung Lee
Metals 2020, 10(12), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121678 - 15 Dec 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2891
Abstract
The development of extraction systems to improve the extraction efficiency of metals using commercial extractants and ionic liquids is of importance. The extraction behavior of Co(II) between mixture of Alamine 336/Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA and synthesized ionic liquid ALi-D2 was compared in this [...] Read more.
The development of extraction systems to improve the extraction efficiency of metals using commercial extractants and ionic liquids is of importance. The extraction behavior of Co(II) between mixture of Alamine 336/Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA and synthesized ionic liquid ALi-D2 was compared in this work. Some factors, such as equilibrium pH, properties of the extractants, and concentration of components in the mixture had a remarkable effect on the extraction of Co(II). The interactions occurring in the mixtures as well as the change in solution pH were analyzed. Co(II) was completely extracted by ionic liquid when equilibrium pH was higher than 6.5, while it was difficult to extract Co(II) by employing the mixture of D2EHPA and Alamine 336/Aliquat 336. The formation of ionic liquid in the mixture of D2EHPA and Aliquat 336 was verified through FT-IR spectra. In addition, the competition extraction of hydrogen ion and Co(II) by ionic liquid ALi-D2 was explained. Among the three kinds of extractants, the ionic liquid showed the best extraction efficiency for Co(II) and pH control from weak acidic solutions. The present study provides valuable information on the extraction behavior of metal ion by the mixtures of commercial extractants, and thus can give some light on the development of metal extraction systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solvent Extraction of Transition Metals)
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29 pages, 2803 KiB  
Article
Extraction Chromatography Materials Prepared with HDEHP on Different Inorganic Supports for the Separation of Gadolinium and Terbium
by Fabiola Monroy-Guzman, Celia del Carmen De la Cruz Barba, Edgar Jaime Salinas, Vicente Garibay-Feblés and Tobias Noel Nava Entzana
Metals 2020, 10(10), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101390 - 19 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3382
Abstract
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) is frequently used as an extractant in the separation and recovery of lanthanides by solvent extraction and extraction chromatography, where HDEHP (stationary phase) is fixed on an inert support and the mobile phase is an aqueous solution. Because the results [...] Read more.
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) is frequently used as an extractant in the separation and recovery of lanthanides by solvent extraction and extraction chromatography, where HDEHP (stationary phase) is fixed on an inert support and the mobile phase is an aqueous solution. Because the results of extraction chromatography strongly depend on the support material, in this study, we aim to prepare solid extractants (extraction chromatography materials) with different inorganic supports impregnated with HDEHP for the adsorption of Gd and Tb from HCl solutions, putting emphasis on the effect of the supports on the solid extractant behavior. Gd and Tb partition data were determined in HCl solutions from the prepared extraction chromatography materials using elution analysis. Solid extractants were characterized by X-Ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy in order to determine their properties and to explain their extraction behavior. The characterization of the solid extractants showed a heterogeneous distribution of the HDEHP on the surfaces of the different supports studied. The irregular shape of the support particles produces discontinuous and heterogenous silanization and HDEHP coatings on the support surface, affecting the retention performance of the solid extractant and the chromatographic resolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solvent Extraction of Transition Metals)
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14 pages, 3586 KiB  
Article
Solvent Extraction of Ni and Co from the Phosphoric Acid Leaching Solution of Laterite Ore by P204 and P507
by Mingjun Rao, Tao Zhang, Guanghui Li, Qun Zhou, Jun Luo, Xin Zhang, Zhongping Zhu, Zhiwei Peng and Tao Jiang
Metals 2020, 10(4), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10040545 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6167
Abstract
An alternative process of pre-roasting, phosphoric acid leaching followed by solvent extraction of a limonitic laterite ore was described in this work, with emphasis on the solvent extraction of Ni and Co from the phosphoric acid leaching solution by P204 and P507. First, [...] Read more.
An alternative process of pre-roasting, phosphoric acid leaching followed by solvent extraction of a limonitic laterite ore was described in this work, with emphasis on the solvent extraction of Ni and Co from the phosphoric acid leaching solution by P204 and P507. First, the pH value of the leaching solution was adjusted using ammonia to reduce the content of Al3+ and Fe3+ by precipitation, then the content of Al3+, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were further decreased by extraction using P204. At last, Ni2+ and Co2+ were separated by three-stage extraction using P507. After extraction, the extraction ratio of Co2+ was 96.61%, while that of Ni2+ was 12.32%, and the selective extraction of Ni2+ and Co2+ could be realized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solvent Extraction of Transition Metals)
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6 pages, 927 KiB  
Article
Extraction of Rare Earth Metal Ions with an Undiluted Hydrophobic Pseudoprotic Ionic Liquid
by Michiaki Matsumoto, Takuya Yamaguchi and Yoshiro Tahara
Metals 2020, 10(4), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10040502 - 11 Apr 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2994
Abstract
Recovering and concentrating rare earth metals (Nd and Dy) from waste permanent magnets rather than discarding them into the environment without pretreatment is critical for metal recycling and environmental responsibility. In this work, we used an undiluted hydrophobic pseudoprotic ionic liquid composed of [...] Read more.
Recovering and concentrating rare earth metals (Nd and Dy) from waste permanent magnets rather than discarding them into the environment without pretreatment is critical for metal recycling and environmental responsibility. In this work, we used an undiluted hydrophobic pseudoprotic ionic liquid composed of trioctylamine and decanoic acid as an extractant to separate rare earth metals from aqueous media with a solvent extraction technique. This ionic liquid proved to be excellent with low viscosity and extractability reaching 100% for Nd and Dy in the presence of salts like sodium chloride and sodium nitrate. In acidic media, extractability decreased with increasing acid concentrations. Under all our experimental conditions, the rare earth metals (Nd and Dy) were found to be preferentially extracted compared to nickel with the distribution ratios of Dy higher than those of Nd. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solvent Extraction of Transition Metals)
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11 pages, 2004 KiB  
Article
Recoveries of Ru(III) and Co(II) by Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange from Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Scrap through a HCl Leaching Solution
by Hyeong Hun Ahn and Man Seung Lee
Metals 2019, 9(8), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9080858 - 06 Aug 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3515
Abstract
The addition of ruthenium to tungsten carbide-cobalt hard metals improves their mechanical properties. Since ruthenium is a platinum group metal, the recovery of ruthenium together with cobalt from the scrap of hard metals is of great importance. In order to develop a recovery [...] Read more.
The addition of ruthenium to tungsten carbide-cobalt hard metals improves their mechanical properties. Since ruthenium is a platinum group metal, the recovery of ruthenium together with cobalt from the scrap of hard metals is of great importance. In order to develop a recovery process of ruthenium and cobalt, separation experiments were performed from the synthetic HCl leaching solution of the scrap of hard metals. In this work, solvent extraction and ion exchange were employed to investigate the separation behavior of the two metal ions as a function of HCl concentration. Ru(III) was selectively extracted over Co(II) by Aliquat 336 (trioctyl methylammonium chloride) and Alamine 300 (tri-n-octyl amine) when HCl concentration was lower than 5 M. The highest separation factor between Ru(III) and Co(II) was obtained at 3 M HCl. The loaded Ru(III) was stripped from Aliquat 336 by dilute HCl solution. Only Ru(III) was loaded into the anion exchange resins employed in this work in the HCl concentration range from 1 to 9 M. The highest loading percentage of Ru(III) was obtained from 3 M HCl solution. The loading of Ru(III) into anion exchange resins followed Freundlich isotherm and the loading capacity of the resins were determined. The loaded Ru(III) was eluted by the mixture of HCl and thiourea. Compared to solvent extraction, ion exchange was found to be more efficient to separate Ru(III) and Co(II) from the HCl solution in terms of separation factor and the ease of operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solvent Extraction of Transition Metals)
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13 pages, 2579 KiB  
Article
Non-Dispersive Extraction of Ge(IV) from Aqueous Solutions by Cyanex 923: Transport and Modeling Studies
by Hossein Kamran Haghighi, Mehdi Irannajad, Maria Teresa Coll and Ana Maria Sastre
Metals 2019, 9(6), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9060676 - 11 Jun 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3010
Abstract
Transport process of germanium from an aqueous solution containing oxalic acid and 100 mg/L Ge was studied. Cyanex 923 immobilized in a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane was employed as a carrier in a flat-sheet supported liquid membrane (FSSLM) system. The speciation of the germanium ion [...] Read more.
Transport process of germanium from an aqueous solution containing oxalic acid and 100 mg/L Ge was studied. Cyanex 923 immobilized in a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane was employed as a carrier in a flat-sheet supported liquid membrane (FSSLM) system. The speciation of the germanium ion in the oxalic acid medium and related diagrams were applied to study the transport of germanium. The effective parameters such as oxalic acid, carrier concentration, and strip reagent composition were evaluated in this study. Based on the experimental data, the oxalic acid and carrier concentrations of 0.075 mol/L and 20% v/v were the condition in which the efficient germanium transport was achieved, respectively. The concentration range of 0.04–0.1 mol/L was selected for sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a strip reagent providing the best efficiency to transport germanium through the supported liquid membrane (SLM) system. Furthermore, the permeation model was obtained to calculate the mass transfer resistance of the membrane (Δm) and feed (Δf) phases. According to the results, the values of 1 and 1345 s/cm were found for Δm and Δf, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solvent Extraction of Transition Metals)
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Review

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19 pages, 8112 KiB  
Review
Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media
by Viet Nhan Hoa Nguyen, Thi Hong Nguyen and Man Seung Lee
Metals 2020, 10(8), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10081105 - 17 Aug 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6073
Abstract
Cyanex extractants, such as Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301, and Cyanex 302 have been commercialized and widely used in the extraction and separation of metal ions in hydrometallurgy. Since Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 are the derivatives of Cyanex 272, these extractants have similar [...] Read more.
Cyanex extractants, such as Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301, and Cyanex 302 have been commercialized and widely used in the extraction and separation of metal ions in hydrometallurgy. Since Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 are the derivatives of Cyanex 272, these extractants have similar functional groups. In order to understand the different extraction behaviors of these extractants, an understanding of the relationship between their structure and reactivity is important. We reviewed the physicochemical properties of these extractants, such as their solubility in water, polymerization degree, acidity strength, extraction performance of metal ions, and the interaction with diluent and other extractants on the basis of their chemical structure. Synthetic methods for these extractants were also introduced. This information is of great value in the synthesis of new kinds of extractants for the extraction of metals from a diverse medium. From the literature, the extraction and stripping characteristics of metals by Cyanex 272 and its derivatives from inorganic acids such as HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3 were also reviewed. The replacement of oxygen with sulfur in the functional groups (P = O to P = S group) has two opposing effects. One is to enhance their acidity and extractability due to an increase in the stability of metal complexes, and the other is to make the stripping of metals from the loaded Cyanex 301 difficult. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solvent Extraction of Transition Metals)
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