Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products

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closed (20 October 2024)

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20 December 2024

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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

The total animal-derived milk production worldwide in 2020 was 886.9 million tonnes, of which cow milk accounted for approximately 81%. The most popular non-cow milk (NCM) was buffalo milk, accounting for 15.2% of global milk production. Other non-cow species, such as goats, sheep and camels, accounted for a much smaller share of global milk production: 2.3%, 1.2% and 0.4%, respectively. Milk from small ruminants and camels, which accounts for less than 5% of global milk production, is important for the economies of the Mediterranean and Southeast Asian countries. Non-cow milk derived from other animals, such as reindeer, donkey, mare, yak and llama, is not commonly consumed but is of great cultural importance in local communities.

Interest in animal-derived NCM and products is growing, among other reasons, due to the exceptional taste, good nutritional and pro-health values and low allergenicity compared to cow milk (also providing potential applications in infant formula). However, current information on unique aspects of non-cow milk and products in terms of biologically active compounds that support health is still scarce.

For this reason, we propose the topic of “Advances in Animal-Derived Non-cow Milk and Milk Products” and welcome original research and review article submissions from scholars.

The contents that can be covered in this Topic include, but are not limited to: 

• The social, economic, and environmental aspects of the production and distribution of non-cow milk and milk products;
• Current problems of NCM production, milking, raw milk microbial quality and animal health and welfare;
• The safety of non-cow milk;
• The composition and properties of NCMs and their products;
• Flavour and sensory characteristics;
• Consumer acceptance and preference for NCM in selected countries;
• Innovative functional NCM products from various mammal species;
• Health aspects of non-cow milk;
• Potential applications of NCM in infant nutrition.

Prof. Dr. Jacek Antoni Wójtowski
Prof. Dr. Jan Pikul
Dr. Maria Markiewicz-Kęszycka
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Agriculture agriculture	3.3	4.9	2011	20.2 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Animals animals	2.7	4.9	2011	16.1 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Dairy dairy	-	4.4	2020	21.5 Days	CHF 1200	Submit
Foods foods	4.7	7.4	2012	14.3 Days	CHF 2900	Submit
Nutrients nutrients	4.8	9.2	2009	17.5 Days	CHF 2900	Submit

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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19 pages, 5197 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Fermented Soymilk with Probiotic Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium Strains Ameliorates Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Colitis in Rats

by Ashwag Jaman Al Zahrani, Amal Bakr Shori and Effat Al-Judaibi

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3478; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203478 - 14 Oct 2024

Viewed by 907

Abstract

Background: Current treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are relatively futile and the extended use of drugs may reduce effectiveness. Several probiotic strains have shown promise in relieving/treating IBD symptoms. Objectives: The current study investigated the impact of fermented soymilk with [...] Read more.

Background: Current treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are relatively futile and the extended use of drugs may reduce effectiveness. Several probiotic strains have shown promise in relieving/treating IBD symptoms. Objectives: The current study investigated the impact of fermented soymilk with a mixture of probiotic starter cultures containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. casei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, and B. animalis subsp. lactis in rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis compared to control. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to five groups (5 rats/group; n = 25): G1: negative normal control; G2: positive control (DSS); G3: DSS with sulfasalazine (DSS-Z); G4: DSS with soymilk (DSS-SM), and G5: DSS with fermented soymilk (DSS-FSM). Parameters monitored included the following: the disease activity index (DAI), macroscopic and histological assessments of colitis, and a fecal microbial analysis performed to assess the severity of inflammation and ulceration. Results: The DSS-FSM rats group exhibited lower DAI scores (p < 0.05) than other treated groups during the induction period. A macroscopical examination revealed no ulceration or swelling in the intestinal mucosa of rats in the DSS-FSM-treated group, resembling the findings in the negative control group. In the positive control (DSS group), the colon tissue showed increased inflammation (p < 0.05), whereas those in the DSS-SM- and DSS-FSM-treated rats groups did not show significant macroscopic scores of colitis. The positive DSS control and DSS-Z groups had crypt erosion and ulceration areas, severe crypt damage, and epithelial surface erosion, which were absent in the negative control and DSS-FSM groups. The counts of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. remained stable in both G1 and G5 over 4 weeks. The consumption of fermented soymilk with a mixture of probiotics could minimize the severity of DSS-induced colitis in rats. Conclusion, it was found that fermented soymilk containing Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium might be an effective vehicle for reducing the severity of DSS-induced colitis in rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

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24 pages, 2346 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Omics Profiles of Small Intestine Organoids in Reaction to Breast Milk and Different Infant Formula Preparations

by Xianli Wang, Shangzhi Yang, Chengdong Zheng, Chenxuan Huang, Haiyang Yao, Zimo Guo, Yilun Wu, Zening Wang, Zhenyang Wu, Ruihong Ge, Wei Cheng, Yuanyuan Yan, Shilong Jiang, Jianguo Sun, Xiaoguang Li, Qinggang Xie and Hui Wang

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2951; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172951 - 2 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1710

Abstract

Ensuring optimal infant nutrition is crucial for the health and development of children. Many infants aged 0–6 months are fed with infant formula rather than breast milk. Research on cancer cell lines and animal models is limited to examining the nutrition effects of [...] Read more.

Ensuring optimal infant nutrition is crucial for the health and development of children. Many infants aged 0–6 months are fed with infant formula rather than breast milk. Research on cancer cell lines and animal models is limited to examining the nutrition effects of formula and breast milk, as it does not comprehensively consider absorption, metabolism, and the health and social determinants of the infant and its physiology. Our study utilized small intestine organoids induced from human embryo stem cell (ESC) to compare the nutritional effects of breast milk from five donors during their postpartum lactation period of 1–6 months and three types of Stage 1 infant formulae from regular retail stores. Using transcriptomics and untargeted metabolomics approaches, we focused on the differences such as cell growth and development, cell junctions, and extracellular matrix. We also analyzed the roles of pathways including AMPK, Hippo, and Wnt, and identified key genes such as ALPI, SMAD3, TJP1, and WWTR1 for small intestine development. Through observational and in-vitro analysis, our study demonstrates ESC-derived organoids might be a promising model for exploring nutritional effects and underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

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9 pages, 248 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Report on a Milking Mule: Milk Qualitative Characteristics during Lactation

by Mina Martini, Andrea Degl’Innocenti, Iolanda Altomonte, Irene Sodi, Carlotta Bocci, Diana Fanelli, Rebecca Moroni, Duccio Panzani, Francesco Camillo and Federica Salari

Animals 2024, 14(11), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111585 - 27 May 2024

Viewed by 759

Abstract

Despite their inability to reproduce naturally, mules can host embryos and be surrogate dams. The aim of this investigation was to increase our knowledge of the qualitative composition of mule’s milk and its variations throughout the whole lactation period—namely, from 6 h after [...] Read more.

Despite their inability to reproduce naturally, mules can host embryos and be surrogate dams. The aim of this investigation was to increase our knowledge of the qualitative composition of mule’s milk and its variations throughout the whole lactation period—namely, from 6 h after foaling to 180 days in milk (DIM). Milk was obtained from a mule dam that had foaled after receiving a mule embryo transfer. For each sample, the gross, mineral, and fatty acid composition was evaluated. The average quality of the mule milk was as follows: protein 1.97 g 100 mL⁻¹, fat 0.90 g 100 mL⁻¹, and ash 0.39 g 100 mL⁻¹. Saturated fatty acids made up, on average, 50.00 g 100 g⁻¹ of fat. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids made up half of the total fatty acid content (31.80 g 100 g⁻¹ and 18.2 g 100 g⁻¹ of fat, respectively). Linoleic acid and linolenic acid were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids in the milk. The milk composition changed throughout lactation. Dry matter, protein, fat, and ash decreased significantly from early lactation (6 h to 14 DIM). The n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased at the end of lactation. The changes in milk composition throughout lactation are probably due to adaptations to the growth requirements of the foal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

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17 pages, 3522 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Preventative Effects of Milk Fat Globule Membrane Ingredients on DSS-Induced Mucosal Injury in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

by Erica Kosmerl, Celeste Miller and Rafael Jiménez-Flores

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070954 - 26 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1214

Abstract

The goblet cells of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) produce glycoproteins called mucins that form a protective barrier from digestive contents and external stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and its milk phospholipid component (MPL) can benefit the GIT [...] Read more.

The goblet cells of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) produce glycoproteins called mucins that form a protective barrier from digestive contents and external stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and its milk phospholipid component (MPL) can benefit the GIT through improving barrier function. Our objective was to compare the effects of two digested MFGM ingredients with or without dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced barrier stress on mucin proteins. Co-cultured Caco-2/HT29-MTX intestinal cells were treated with in vitro digests of 2%, 5%, and 10% (w/v) MFGM or MPL alone for 6 h or followed by challenge with 2.5% DSS (6 h). Transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (FD4) permeability measurements were used to measure changes in barrier integrity. Mucin characterization was performed using a combination of slot blotting techniques for secreted (MUC5AC, MUC2) and transmembrane (MUC3A, MUC1) mucins, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and periodic acid Schiff (PAS)/Alcian blue staining. Digested MFGM and MPL prevented a DSS-induced reduction in secreted mucins, which corresponded to the prevention of DSS-induced increases in FD4 permeability. SEM and PAS/Alcian blue staining showed similar visual trends for secreted mucin production. A predictive bioinformatic approach was also used to identify potential KEGG pathways involved in MFGM-mediated mucosal maintenance under colitis conditions. This preliminary in silico evidence, combined with our in vitro findings, suggests the role of MFGM in inducing repair and maintenance of the mucosal barrier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

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12 pages, 1516 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Particles in Raw Sheep Milk Can Modulate the Inflammatory Response in THP-1, a Human Monocyte Cell Line, In Vitro

by Bigboy Simbi, Ryan C. Pink, Louise Whatford and Charlotte Lawson

Dairy 2024, 5(1), 161-172; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010013 - 8 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1718

Abstract

Background: The UK dairy sheep industry is relatively small but growing, particularly for cheese and yogurt products. Anecdotally, sheep milk (SM) may be better tolerated by humans than cows’ milk and could have environmental as well as health benefits. All milk contains sub-micron [...] Read more.

Background: The UK dairy sheep industry is relatively small but growing, particularly for cheese and yogurt products. Anecdotally, sheep milk (SM) may be better tolerated by humans than cows’ milk and could have environmental as well as health benefits. All milk contains sub-micron particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are mainly derived from the mammary epithelium. Physiologically, milk-derived EVs are thought to aid in the development of infant immunity and the microbiome, but may also have health benefits to adult humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether EVs could be isolated from raw sheep milk and whether they have any effect on inflammatory responses in THP-1, a human monocyte cell line, in vitro. Methods: Using sequential ultracentrifugation, vesicles of <1 µm (LEV) followed by <200 nm (sEVs) were isolated from six individual sheep during mid-lactation. RNA was extracted and microRNA analyzed by RTqPCR for sequences previously identified in cows’ milk. Human THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and incubated with SM-derived LEVs and sEVs in the presence of pro-inflammatory LPS to measure the effects on the secretion of the chemokine CCL-2 or in the presence of DMNQ and fluorescent dihydrorhodamine-1,2,3 to measure reactive oxygen species. Results: LEVs induced an increase in ROS in both monocytes and macrophages, whilst sEVs decreased DMNQ-mediated ROS in macrophages but not monocytes. Interestingly, the LEVs did not induce CCL2 release; however, they increased LPS-induced CCL2 secretion in monocytes but not macrophages. miR26a, miR92a, miR125b, miR155 and miR223 were identified in both sEVs and LEVs by RT-qPCR and could be responsible for the modulation of ROS and CCL2 expression. Conclusions: These findings suggest that like cows’ milk, sheep milk contains EVs, and they can influence human monocyte/macrophage responses, and so is worthy of further investigation for its potential human- and non-human-animal health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

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14 pages, 1856 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Milk Adulteration in Camel Milk Using FT-Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy and Machine Learning Models

by Zhiqiu Yao, Xinxin Zhang, Pei Nie, Haimiao Lv, Ying Yang, Wenna Zou and Liguo Yang

Foods 2023, 12(24), 4517; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12244517 - 18 Dec 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1936

Abstract

Camel milk, esteemed for its high nutritional value, has long been a subject of interest. However, the adulteration of camel milk with cow milk poses a significant threat to food quality and safety. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) has emerged as a rapid method [...] Read more.

Camel milk, esteemed for its high nutritional value, has long been a subject of interest. However, the adulteration of camel milk with cow milk poses a significant threat to food quality and safety. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) has emerged as a rapid method for the detection and quantification of cow milk adulteration. Nevertheless, its effectiveness in conveniently detecting adulteration in camel milk remains to be determined. Camel milk samples were collected from Alxa League, Inner Mongolia, China, and were supplemented with varying concentrations of cow milk samples. Spectra were acquired using the FOSS FT6000 spectrometer, and a diverse set of machine learning models was employed to detect cow milk adulteration in camel milk. Our results demonstrate that the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) model effectively distinguishes pure camel milk from adulterated samples, maintaining a 100% detection rate even at cow milk addition levels of 10 g/100 g. The neural network quantitative model for cow milk adulteration in camel milk exhibited a detection limit of 3.27 g/100 g and a quantification limit of 10.90 g/100 g. The quantitative model demonstrated excellent precision and accuracy within the range of 10–90 g/100 g of adulteration. This study highlights the potential of FT-MIR spectroscopy in conjunction with machine learning techniques for ensuring the authenticity and quality of camel milk, thus addressing concerns related to food integrity and consumer safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

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15 pages, 4983 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Quality of Donkey Milk during Lactation Stages

by Miaomiao Zhou, Fei Huang, Xinyi Du, Changfa Wang and Guiqin Liu

Foods 2023, 12(23), 4272; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234272 - 26 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1248

Abstract

The microbial community in donkey milk and its impact on the nutritional value of donkey milk are still unclear. We evaluated the effects of different lactation stages on the composition and function of donkey milk microbiota. The milk samples were collected at 1, [...] Read more.

The microbial community in donkey milk and its impact on the nutritional value of donkey milk are still unclear. We evaluated the effects of different lactation stages on the composition and function of donkey milk microbiota. The milk samples were collected at 1, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days post-delivery. The result showed that the microbial composition and functions in donkey milk were significantly affected by different lactation stages. The dominant bacterial phyla in donkey milk are Proteobacteria (60%) and Firmicutes (22%). Ralstonia (39%), Pseudomonas (4%), and Acinetobacter (2%) were the predominant bacterial genera detected in all milk samples. In the mature milk, the abundance of lactic acid bacteria Streptococcus (7%) was higher. Chloroplast (5%) and Rothia (3%) were more plentiful in milk samples from middle and later lactation stages (90–180 d). Furthermore, the pathogens Escherichia-Shigella and Staphylococcus and thermoduric bacteria Corynebacterium, Arthrobacter, and Microbacterium were also detected. Donkey milk is rich in beneficial bacteria and also poses a potential health risk. The above findings have improved our understanding of the composition and function changes of donkey milk microbiota, which is beneficial for the rational utilization of donkey milk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

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13 pages, 325 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Polymorphisms at Candidate Genes for Fat Content and Fatty Acids Composition: Effects on Sheep Milk Production and Fatty Acid Profile Using Two Dietary Supplementations

by Serena Tumino, Matteo Bognanno, Giorgio Chessari, Marco Tolone, Salvatore Bordonaro, Fabrizio Mangano, Donata Marletta and Marcella Avondo

Animals 2023, 13(15), 2533; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152533 - 6 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1619

Abstract

The nutritional value of sheep’s milk and its derivatives is influenced by the lipid fraction, which is affected by diet and genetics. This study aimed to explore the genetic variations in the DGAT1 and SCD genes and assessed the impact of the DGAT1 [...] Read more.

The nutritional value of sheep’s milk and its derivatives is influenced by the lipid fraction, which is affected by diet and genetics. This study aimed to explore the genetic variations in the DGAT1 and SCD genes and assessed the impact of the DGAT1 genotype on milk quality in Valle del Belìce sheep, considering diet supplementation with carob pulp and barley grain. Among the potentially polymorphic sites, only DGAT1 g.127 C > A and SCD g.87 C > A showed variability. The DGAT1 genotype did not significantly impact milk yield and composition, except for higher urea content in the CA genotypes than in the CC ones. Carob pulp increased the milk fat content compared to barley grain. Genetic variation in DGAT1 was associated with changes in the milk fatty acid profile; specifically, the CA genotype exhibited higher levels of short-chain fatty acids and lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to the CC genotype. Carob pulp supplementation increased saturated fatty acids and reduced unsaturated fractions, leading to milk with higher atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. No significant interaction was found between genotype and diet. This study provides insights into the genetic and dietary factors influencing sheep’s milk composition. Further research is needed to understand the impact of these genetic variations on milk production and composition, as well as to determine optimal levels of carob pulp for improving fat percentage and promoting sustainable sheep breeding practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

21 pages, 4571 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Herbal Feed Additives on Goat Milk Volatile Flavor Compounds

by Jacek Antoni Wójtowski, Małgorzata Majcher, Romualda Danków, Jan Pikul, Przemysław Mikołajczak, Marta Molińska-Glura, Joanna Foksowicz-Flaczyk, Agnieszka Gryszczyńska, Zdzisław Łowicki, Karolina Zajączek, Grażyna Czyżak-Runowska, Maria Markiewicz-Kęszycka and Daniel Stanisławski

Foods 2023, 12(15), 2963; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12152963 - 5 Aug 2023

Viewed by 2004

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of herbal supplements administered to goats on sensory quality and volatile flavor compounds in their milk. The experiment was conducted on sixty Polish white improved goats randomly allocated into five feeding groups (four [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of herbal supplements administered to goats on sensory quality and volatile flavor compounds in their milk. The experiment was conducted on sixty Polish white improved goats randomly allocated into five feeding groups (four experimental and one control) of twelve goats each. The trial lasted 12 weeks. The experimental animals received supplements containing a mixture of seven or nine different species of herbs at 20 or 40 g/animal/day. The control group received feed without any herbal supplements. Milk obtained from experimental and control groups of animals was characterized by a low content of aroma compounds, with only 11 chemical compounds being identified. Decanoic methyl ester, methylo 2-heptanone and methylo-butanoic methyl ester had the highest share in the total variability of the tested aroma compounds (PCA). During the sensory evaluation, the smell and taste of most of the samples were similar (p > 0.05). However, the addition of herbal feed supplements lowered the concentration of Caproic acid (C6:0), Caprylic acid (C8:0) and Capric acid (C10:0), which caused a significant reduction in the goaty smell of milk. The obtained results indicate that the studied herbal supplements can reduce the intensity of goaty smell and allow goat milk production without modification of other sensory features. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

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11 pages, 2603 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Multiscale Structural Insight into Dairy Products and Plant-Based Alternatives by Scattering and Imaging Techniques

by Theresia Heiden-Hecht, Baohu Wu, Marie-Sousai Appavou, Stephan Förster, Henrich Frielinghaus and Olaf Holderer

Foods 2023, 12(10), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12102021 - 17 May 2023

Viewed by 2500

Abstract

Dairy products and plant-based alternatives have a large range of structural features from atomic to macroscopic length scales. Scattering techniques with neutrons and X-rays provide a unique view into this fascinating world of interfaces and networks provided by, e.g., proteins and lipids. Combining [...] Read more.

Dairy products and plant-based alternatives have a large range of structural features from atomic to macroscopic length scales. Scattering techniques with neutrons and X-rays provide a unique view into this fascinating world of interfaces and networks provided by, e.g., proteins and lipids. Combining these scattering techniques with a microscopic view into the emulsion and gel systems with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) assists in a thorough understanding of such systems. Different dairy products, such as milk, or plant-based alternatives, such as milk-imitating drinks, and their derived or even fermented products, including cheese and yogurt, are characterized in terms of their structure on nanometer- to micrometer-length scales. For dairy products, the identified structural features are milk fat globules, casein micelles, CCP nanoclusters, and milk fat crystals. With increasing dry matter content in dairy products, milk fat crystals are identified, whereas casein micelles are non-detectable due to the protein gel network in all types of cheese. For the more inhomogeneous plant-based alternatives, fat crystals, starch structures, and potentially protein structures are identified. These results may function as a base for improving the understanding of dairy products and plant-based alternatives, and may lead to enhanced plant-based alternatives in terms of structure and, thus, sensory aspects such as mouthfeel and texture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

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14 pages, 3173 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Some Variation Factors of Freezing Point in Camel Milk

by Gaukhar Konuspayeva, Mubarak M. Al-Gedan, Fuad Alzuraiq and Bernard Faye

Animals 2023, 13(10), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101657 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1792

Abstract

The freezing point degree of milk (FPD) is a classical indicator of cow milk quality. In camel milk, few references are available in the literature regarding the main factors of variation. In the present paper, two methods of FPD determination were used: the [...] Read more.

The freezing point degree of milk (FPD) is a classical indicator of cow milk quality. In camel milk, few references are available in the literature regarding the main factors of variation. In the present paper, two methods of FPD determination were used: the Reference method (RM) (using Cryostar) and the Express method (EM), using a milk analyzer (Milkoscan-FT1). The RM was used to determine FPD in 680 bulk raw or pasteurized camel milk samples. Regarding EM, 736 individual milk samples, 1323 bulk samples, 635 samples of pasteurized milk and 812 samples of raw milk used for cheese making were available. The variability of FPD was investigated according to month, lactation stage, milk composition, milk production and microbiological status. Correlations between methods were explored. FPD was highly correlated with most of the milk components and tended to decrease in cases of high contamination by coliforms or high total flora count. However, the weak significant correlations between the two methods indicated the necessity to specifically calibrate an automatic milk analyzer for camel milk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)

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