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Volume 25
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Article

Staphylococcus aureus Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patients: Virulence Genes and Their Influence on Respiratory Epithelial Cells in Light of Risk of Severe Secondary Infection

by
Lidia Piechowicz
1,*,
Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka
1,*,
Tomasz Jarzembowski
1,
Agnieszka Daca
2,
Agnieszka Necel
1,
Ada Bonawenturczak
3,
Olesia Werbowy
3,
Małgorzata Stasiłojć
4 and
Anna Pałubicka
5
1
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 25, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
2
Department of Physiopathology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
3
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
4
Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
5
Specialist Hospital in Koscierzyna Sp. z o.o., Department of Laboratory and Microbiological Diagnostics, Koscierzyna, Alojzego Piechowskiego 36, 83-400 Koscierzyna, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 10050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810050
Submission received: 31 July 2024 / Revised: 15 September 2024 / Accepted: 16 September 2024 / Published: 18 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)
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Abstract

Pandemics from viral respiratory tract infections in the 20th and early 21st centuries were associated with high mortality, which was not always caused by a primary viral infection. It has been observed that severe course of infection, complications and mortality were often the result of co-infection with other pathogens, especially Staphylococcus aureus. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was also noticed that patients infected with S. aureus had a significantly higher mortality rate (61.7%) compared to patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 alone. Our previous studies have shown that S. aureus strains isolated from patients with COVID-19 had a different protein profile than the strains in non-COVID-19 patients. Therefore, this study aims to analyze S. aureus strains isolated from COVID-19 patients in terms of their pathogenicity by analyzing their virulence genes, adhesion, cytotoxicity and penetration to the human pulmonary epithelial cell line A549. We have observed that half of the tested S. aureus strains isolated from patients with COVID-19 had a necrotizing effect on the A549 cells. The strains also showed greater variability in terms of their adhesion to the human cells than their non-COVID-19 counterparts.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; adhesion Staphylococcus aureus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; adhesion

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MDPI and ACS Style

Piechowicz, L.; Kosznik-Kwaśnicka, K.; Jarzembowski, T.; Daca, A.; Necel, A.; Bonawenturczak, A.; Werbowy, O.; Stasiłojć, M.; Pałubicka, A. Staphylococcus aureus Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patients: Virulence Genes and Their Influence on Respiratory Epithelial Cells in Light of Risk of Severe Secondary Infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810050

AMA Style

Piechowicz L, Kosznik-Kwaśnicka K, Jarzembowski T, Daca A, Necel A, Bonawenturczak A, Werbowy O, Stasiłojć M, Pałubicka A. Staphylococcus aureus Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patients: Virulence Genes and Their Influence on Respiratory Epithelial Cells in Light of Risk of Severe Secondary Infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(18):10050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810050

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piechowicz, Lidia, Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka, Tomasz Jarzembowski, Agnieszka Daca, Agnieszka Necel, Ada Bonawenturczak, Olesia Werbowy, Małgorzata Stasiłojć, and Anna Pałubicka. 2024. "Staphylococcus aureus Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patients: Virulence Genes and Their Influence on Respiratory Epithelial Cells in Light of Risk of Severe Secondary Infection" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18: 10050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810050

APA Style

Piechowicz, L., Kosznik-Kwaśnicka, K., Jarzembowski, T., Daca, A., Necel, A., Bonawenturczak, A., Werbowy, O., Stasiłojć, M., & Pałubicka, A. (2024). Staphylococcus aureus Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patients: Virulence Genes and Their Influence on Respiratory Epithelial Cells in Light of Risk of Severe Secondary Infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(18), 10050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810050

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