Current Oncology

13 pages, 833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adjuvant Treatment of Stage I–II Serous Endometrial Cancer: A Single Institution 20-Year Experience

by Aquila Akingbade, François Fabi, Rodrigo Cartes, James Tsui and Joanne Alfieri

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3758-3770; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070277 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Background: Serous endometrial carcinoma (SEC) is a high-risk subtype of endometrial cancer. The effectiveness of multiple adjuvant therapies, namely chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy (RT), and sequential/concurrent chemotherapy with radiotherapy (CRT), have previously been investigated. However, optimal management of early-stage SEC remains unclarified. Methods: All [...] Read more.

Background: Serous endometrial carcinoma (SEC) is a high-risk subtype of endometrial cancer. The effectiveness of multiple adjuvant therapies, namely chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy (RT), and sequential/concurrent chemotherapy with radiotherapy (CRT), have previously been investigated. However, optimal management of early-stage SEC remains unclarified. Methods: All cases of early-stage SEC (FIGO 2009 stages I–II) treated in our institution from 2002 to 2019 were identified. Patient data were documented until September 2023. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were computed using Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox’s proportional hazard model; descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: A total of 50 patients underwent total hysterectomy-bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and omentectomy, displaying stage IA (60%), IB (24%), and II (16%) disease. The median follow-up was 90.9 months. Patients underwent adjuvant CRT (n = 36, 72%), CT (n = 6, 12%), or RT (n = 6, 12%). Two patients were observed and excluded from analyses. The 42 patients who received radiotherapy had pelvic external beam radiotherapy (n = 10), vaginal brachytherapy (n = 21), or both (n = 11). CRT had better OS (HR 0.14, 95%CI 0.04–0.52, p < 0.005) and DFS (HR 0.25, 95%CI 0.07–0.97, p = 0.05) than CT alone. RT displayed no OS or DFS benefits compared to CT/CRT. Recurrences were mostly distant. Acute and late G3-4 toxicities were primarily hematologic. Conclusions: Our data underline the challenge of treating SEC. CRT appears to be superior to CT alone but not to RT. Most recurrences were distant, highlighting the need for optimized systemic treatment options. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Therapy for Gynecological Cancer)

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6 pages, 947 KiB

Open AccessProject Report

Leveraging Nursing Assessment for Early Identification of Post Operative Gastrointestinal Dysfunction (POGD) in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery

by Tessy Siby, Alice Shajimon, Daniel Mullen, Shahnaz Gillani, Jeffrey R. Ong, Nikki E. Dinkins, Brittany Kruse, Carla Patel, Craig Messick, Nicole Gourmelon, Mary R. Butler and Vijaya Gottumukkala

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3752-3757; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070276 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

Background: Postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction (POGD) remains a common morbidity after gastrointestinal surgery. POGD is associated with delayed hospital recovery, increased length of stay, poor patient satisfaction and experience, and increased economic hardship. The I-FEED scoring system was created by a group of experts [...] Read more.

Background: Postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction (POGD) remains a common morbidity after gastrointestinal surgery. POGD is associated with delayed hospital recovery, increased length of stay, poor patient satisfaction and experience, and increased economic hardship. The I-FEED scoring system was created by a group of experts to address the lack of a consistent objective definition of POGD. However, the I-FEED tool needs clinical validation before it can be adopted into clinical practice. The scope of this phase 1 Quality Improvement initiative involves the feasibility of implementing percussion into the nursing workflow without additional burden. Methods: All gastrointestinal/colorectal surgical unit registered nurses underwent comprehensive training in abdominal percussion. This involved understanding the technique, its application in postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction assessment, and its integration into the existing nursing documentation in the Electronic Health Record (EHR). After six months of education and practice, a six-question survey was sent to all inpatient GI surgical unit nurses about incorporating the percussion assessment into their routine workflow and documentation. Results: Responses were received from 91% of day-shift nurses and 76% of night-shift registered nurses. Overall, 95% of the nurses were confident in completing the abdominal percussion during their daily assessment. Conclusion: Nurses’ effective use of the I-FEED tool may help improve patient outcomes after surgery. The tool could also be an effective instrument for the early identification of postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction (POGD) in surgical patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Section "Oncology Nursing")

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14 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessReview

What Is Ailing Oncology Clinical Trials? Can We Fix Them?

by Abhenil Mittal, Sara Moore, Vishal Navani, Di Maria Jiang, David J. Stewart, Geoffrey Liu and Paul Wheatley-Price

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3738-3751; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070275 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Evidence from phase three clinical trials helps shape clinical practice. However, a very small minority of patients with cancer participate in clinical trials and many trials are not completed on time due to slow accrual. Issues with restrictive eligibility criteria can severely limit [...] Read more.

Evidence from phase three clinical trials helps shape clinical practice. However, a very small minority of patients with cancer participate in clinical trials and many trials are not completed on time due to slow accrual. Issues with restrictive eligibility criteria can severely limit the patients who can access trials, without any convincing evidence that these restrictions impact patient safety. Similarly, regulatory, organizational, and institutional hurdles can delay trial activation, ultimately making some studies irrelevant. Additional issues during trial conduct (e.g., mandatory in-person visits, central confirmation of standard biomarkers, and inflexible drug dosage modification) contribute to making trials non-patient-centric. These real-life observations from experienced clinical trialists can seem nonsensical to investigators and patients alike, who are trying to bring effective drugs to patients with cancer. In this review, we delve into these issues in detail, and discuss potential solutions to make clinical trials more accessible to patients Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Clinical Trials in Oncology: Design, Enrichment, Safety, Operations, Patient Centricity, and Endpoints)

25 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

To Reconstruct or Not to Reconstruct: Piloting a Vietnamese and Arabic Breast Reconstruction Decision Aid in Australia

by Patsy S. Soon, Khouloud Kamalmaz, Verena S. Wu, Neda Karimi, Martha Gerges, Kerry A. Sherman and Afaf Girgis

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3713-3737; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070274 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Currently, there are no resources to support culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) women with breast cancer to make decisions about undergoing breast reconstruction (BR). This study evaluated the usability and acceptability of decision aids (DAs) for Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking women. This two-phase qualitative [...] Read more.

Currently, there are no resources to support culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) women with breast cancer to make decisions about undergoing breast reconstruction (BR). This study evaluated the usability and acceptability of decision aids (DAs) for Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking women. This two-phase qualitative recruited Vietnamese- (Phase 1) and Arabic-speaking (Phase 2) adult (age ≥ 18 years) women who were diagnosed with breast cancer and could read Vietnamese/Arabic. Women participated in either think-aloud telephone interviews (Phase 1) or semi-structured telephone interviews (Phase 2) and provided feedback on the DA. Interviews were audio-recorded, translated, and transcribed from Vietnamese/Arabic to English, and inductive thematic analysis was undertaken. Additionally, Arabic-speaking women completed the Preparation for Decision Making (PrepDM) scale in Round 2. Twenty-five women were recruited in two phases (Phase 1: Vietnamese-speaking women, n = 14; Phase 2: Arabic-speaking, n = 11). Three themes were developed in Phase 1: (1) DA content and reception; (2) linguistic attributes and cultural appropriateness; and (3) factors that improve the DAs’ impact. Three themes were developed in Phase 2: (1) varying perceptions of DA content; (2) linguistic and cultural suitability of information; and (3) impact of DA on decision making. Women from both phases identified areas for improvement: minimising the use of medical terminology, considering the cultural taboos associated with the word ‘breast’, and addressing remaining information gaps. Both language DAs were generally perceived as acceptable and useful in providing information about BR options and prompting women’s reflections about the suitability of BR as part of their treatment. The mean PrepDM score for Arabic-speaking women in Round 2 was 4.8/5 (SD = 0.3). Further work is needed to ensure that culturally adapted DAs take into account the myriad of information needs and health literacy levels. The key role of healthcare professionals in shared decision making among CALD populations should also be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

15 pages, 1458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Navigation-Based Telehealth Informed Decision-Making for Prostate Cancer Screening in Black Men

by Djibril M. Ba, Chrispin Kayembe, Joe Littlejohn, Lauren J. Van Scoy, Erika VanDyke, James Williams, Avnish Katoch, Neil C. Shook, Yue Zhang, Craig Livelsberger, Alicia C. McDonald and Joshua E. Muscat

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3698-3712; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070273 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The rapid increase in telehealth has the potential to bring informed decision-making for prostate cancer screening (PCS) at the population level to high-risk individuals. We utilized a global technology platform of electronic health records data repositories (TriNetX) to determine its utility for Navigator-guided [...] Read more.

The rapid increase in telehealth has the potential to bring informed decision-making for prostate cancer screening (PCS) at the population level to high-risk individuals. We utilized a global technology platform of electronic health records data repositories (TriNetX) to determine its utility for Navigator-guided decision-making aid for PCS in Black men ages 45–79 years with no history of prostate cancer and PSA testing. Patients from Pennsylvania were invited to participate in a telehealth-delivered informed decision-making session for PCS. Focus groups, social learning theory, visual diagrams, and quantitative data on PCS risks and benefits were used to develop the content of the sessions, which included numerical discussions of risks vs. benefits in Black men. Participants completed several surveys, including baseline demographic and numeracy questionnaires, a one-on-one telehealth session with a trained Navigator, post-Navigation surveys, and an optional follow-up session with a urologist. Eighty-seven participants were consented and recruited. Although the mean numeracy score was only 1.9 out of 6, more than 90% rated as good or excellent that the sessions aided their PCS decision-making skills. This study indicates that Navigation by telehealth offers the ability to assist in informed decision-making for PCS at the population level. Full article

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8 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying the Dosimetric Impact of Proton Range Uncertainties on RBE-Weighted Dose Distributions in Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy for Bilateral Head and Neck Cancer

by Suresh Rana, Noufal Manthala Padannayil, Linh Tran, Anatoly B. Rosenfeld, Hina Saeed and Michael Kasper

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3690-3697; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070272 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 121

Abstract

Background: In current clinical practice, intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) head and neck cancer (HNC) plans are generated using a constant relative biological effectiveness (cRBE) of 1.1. The primary goal of this study was to explore the dosimetric impact of proton range uncertainties on [...] Read more.

Background: In current clinical practice, intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) head and neck cancer (HNC) plans are generated using a constant relative biological effectiveness (cRBE) of 1.1. The primary goal of this study was to explore the dosimetric impact of proton range uncertainties on RBE-weighted dose (RWD) distributions using a variable RBE (vRBE) model in the context of bilateral HNC IMPT plans. Methods: The current study included the computed tomography (CT) datasets of ten bilateral HNC patients who had undergone photon therapy. Each patient’s plan was generated using three IMPT beams to deliver doses to the CTV_High and CTV_Low for doses of 70 Gy(RBE) and 54 Gy(RBE), respectively, in 35 fractions through a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) technique. Each nominal plan calculated with a cRBE of 1.1 was subjected to the range uncertainties of ±3%. The McNamara vRBE model was used for RWD calculations. For each patient, the differences in dosimetric metrices between the RWD and nominal dose distributions were compared. Results: The constrictor muscles, oral cavity, parotids, larynx, thyroid, and esophagus showed average differences in mean dose (D_mean) values up to 6.91 Gy(RBE), indicating the impact of proton range uncertainties on RWD distributions. Similarly, the brachial plexus, brain, brainstem, spinal cord, and mandible showed varying degrees of the average differences in maximum dose (D_max) values (2.78–10.75 Gy(RBE)). The D_mean and D_max to the CTV from RWD distributions were within ±2% of the dosimetric results in nominal plans. Conclusion: The consistent trend of higher mean and maximum doses to the OARs with the McNamara vRBE model compared to cRBE model highlighted the need for consideration of proton range uncertainties while evaluating OAR doses in bilateral HNC IMPT plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer Treatment)

8 pages, 1220 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Durable Response to Atezolizumab in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer Leading to 60 Months Overall Survival: A Case Report

by Freeman Paczkowski, Jacques Raphael and Claire Browne

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3682-3689; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070271 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 147

Abstract

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a disease with poor prognosis, particularly in extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC). Current standard-of-care treatment includes chemotherapy with platinum agents and etoposide plus immunotherapy with atezolizumab or durvalumab, which has achieved a mean overall survival of 12–13 months in clinical [...] Read more.

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a disease with poor prognosis, particularly in extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC). Current standard-of-care treatment includes chemotherapy with platinum agents and etoposide plus immunotherapy with atezolizumab or durvalumab, which has achieved a mean overall survival of 12–13 months in clinical trials. However, long-term survival in ES-SCLC, even with the addition of immunotherapy, continues to be rare. We present the case of a middle-aged male patient diagnosed with ES-SCLC who was treated with four cycles of induction chemotherapy (carboplatin and etoposide) and atezolizumab, starting maintenance atezolizumab every 21 days thereafter, and thoracic radiotherapy. After 9 months, he experienced mild disease progression and was rechallenged with six cycles of carboplatin and etoposide with continued atezolizumab. Subsequent imaging showed near-complete disease resolution which has been sustained since. He has continued on maintenance atezolizumab since diagnosis and has achieved 60 months overall survival and 44 months progression-free survival. Throughout treatment, he has maintained a high functional capacity and only experienced one immune-related adverse event. Our patient is representative of a small subset who are capable of achieving durable responses to immunotherapy and his case highlights the need for further research to elucidate the clinical and biological factors driving this response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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13 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessReview

Salvage High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Prostate Cancer after Radiation Failure: A Narrative Review

by Sina Sobhani, Anosh Dadabhoy, Alireza Ghoreifi and Amir H. Lebastchi

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3669-3681; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070270 (registering DOI) - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 194

Abstract

For patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, there are multiple treatment options available. The traditional treatment modalities include radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, focal therapy, including high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy, has emerged as a less-invasive method in this setting. Some patients [...] Read more.

For patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, there are multiple treatment options available. The traditional treatment modalities include radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, focal therapy, including high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy, has emerged as a less-invasive method in this setting. Some patients undergoing primary radiation therapy experience recurrence, but there is currently no consensus on the optimal approach for salvage treatment in such cases. The lack of robust data and randomized controlled trials comparing different whole-gland and focal salvage therapies presents a challenge in determining the ideal treatment strategy. This narrative review examines the prospective and retrospective data available on salvage HIFU following radiation therapy. Based on the literature, salvage HIFU for radio-recurrent prostate cancer has promising oncological outcomes, with an overall 5-year survival rate of around 85%, as well as incontinence rates of about 30% based on the patient’s risk group, follow-up times, definitions used, and other aspects of the study. Salvage HIFU for prostate cancer proves to be an effective treatment modality for select patients with biochemical recurrence following radiotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

12 pages, 493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Outcomes Following Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of Colorectal Origin

by Kadhim Taqi, Jay Lee, Scott Hurton, Cecily Stockley, Lloyd Mack, Justin Rivard, Walley Temple and Antoine Bouchard-Fortier

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3657-3668; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070269 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Background: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a major treatment of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis (CPC). The aim was to determine the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients undergoing CRS–HIPEC for CPC and factors associated with long-term [...] Read more.

Background: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a major treatment of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis (CPC). The aim was to determine the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients undergoing CRS–HIPEC for CPC and factors associated with long-term survival (LTS). Methods: consecutive CPC patients who underwent CRS–HIPEC at a HIPEC center between 2007 and 2021 were included. Actual survival was calculated, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify factors associated with OS, DFS and LTS. Results: there were 125 patients with CPC who underwent primary CRS–HIPEC, with mean age of 54.5 years. Median follow-up was 31 months. Average intraoperative PCI was 11, and complete cytoreduction (CC-0) was achieved in 96.8%. Median OS was 41.6 months (6–196). The 2-year and 5-year OS were 68% and 24.8%, respectively, and the 2-year DFS was 28.8%. Factors associated with worse OS included pre-HIPEC systemic therapy, synchronous extraperitoneal metastasis, and PCI ≥ 20 (p < 0.05). Progression prior to CRS–HIPEC was associated with worse DFS (p < 0.05). Lower PCI, fewer complications, lower recurrence and longer DFS were associated with LTS (p < 0.05). Conclusion: CRS and HIPEC improve OS in CPC patients but they have high disease recurrence. Outcomes depend on preoperative therapy response, extraperitoneal metastasis, and peritoneal disease burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surgical Oncology)

14 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonspecific Signs and/or Symptoms of Cancer: A Retrospective, Observational Analysis from a Secondary Care, US Community Oncology Dataset

by Christopher B. Benton, Ding He, Karen Todoroff, Marie V. Coignet, Ying Luan, Jason C. Wong, Kathryn N. Kurtzman and Ira Zackon

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3643-3656; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070268 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2024

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Abstract

To help determine the unmet need for improved diagnostic tools to evaluate patients with nonspecific signs and/or symptoms (NSSS) and suspicion of cancer, we examined patient characteristics, diagnostic journey, and cancer incidence of patients with NSSS within The US Oncology Network (The Network), [...] Read more.

To help determine the unmet need for improved diagnostic tools to evaluate patients with nonspecific signs and/or symptoms (NSSS) and suspicion of cancer, we examined patient characteristics, diagnostic journey, and cancer incidence of patients with NSSS within The US Oncology Network (The Network), a secondary care community oncology setting. This retrospective, observational cohort study included patients aged ≥40 years with ≥1 NSSS in their problem list at their first visit within The Network (the index date) between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2020. Patients were followed longitudinally with electronic health record data for initial cancer diagnosis, new noncancer diagnosis, death, end of study observation period, or 12 months, whichever occurred first. Of 103,984 patients eligible for inclusion, 96,722 presented with only 1 NSSS at index date; 6537/103,984 (6.3%) were diagnosed with 1 primary cancer within 12 months after the index date; 3825/6537 (58.5%) with hematologic malignancy, and 2712/6537 (41.5%) with solid tumor. Among patients diagnosed with cancer (n = 6774), the median time to cancer diagnosis after their first visit within The Network was 5.13 weeks. This study provides a real-world perspective on cancer incidence in patients with NSSS referred to a secondary care setting and highlights the unmet need for improved diagnostic tools to improve cancer outcomes. Full article

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13 pages, 379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Prediction of Overall Survival for Patients with Osteosarcoma: A Retrospective Analysis of the EURAMOS-1 Clinical Trial Data

by Marta Spreafico, Audinga-Dea Hazewinkel, Hans Gelderblom and Marta Fiocco

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3630-3642; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070267 - 22 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Current prediction models for patients with ostosarcoma are restricted to predictions from a single, static point in time, such as diagnosis or surgery. These approaches discard information which becomes available during follow-up and may have an impact on patient’s prognosis. This study aims [...] Read more.

Current prediction models for patients with ostosarcoma are restricted to predictions from a single, static point in time, such as diagnosis or surgery. These approaches discard information which becomes available during follow-up and may have an impact on patient’s prognosis. This study aims at developing a dynamic prediction model providing 5-year overall survival (OS) predictions from different time points during follow-up. The developed model considers relevant baseline prognostic factors, accounting for where appropriate time-varying effects and time-varying intermediate events such as local recurrence (LR) and new metastatic disease (NM). A landmarking approach is applied to 1965 patients with high-grade resectable osteosarcoma from the EURAMOS-1 trial (NCT00143030). Results show that LR and NM negatively affected 5-year OS (HRs: 2.634, 95% CI 1.845–3.761; 8.558, 95% CI 7.367–9.942, respectively). Baseline factors with strong prognostic value (HRs > 2) included poor histological response (≥10% viable tumor), axial tumor location, and the presence of lung metastases. The effect of poor versus good histological response changed over time, becoming non-significant from 3.25 years post-surgery onwards. This time-varying effect, as well as the strong impact of disease-related time-varying variables, show the importance of including updated information collected during follow-up in the model to provide more accurate survival predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment of Bone Tumors in Children)

15 pages, 551 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integrating Molecular Insights into Biliary Tract Cancer Management: A Review of Personalized Therapeutic Strategies

by Mar Ros-Buxó, Ezequiel Mauro, Tamara Sauri, Gemma Iserte, Carla Fuster-Anglada, Alba Díaz, Laura Sererols-Viñas, Silvia Affo and Alejandro Forner

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3615-3629; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070266 - 21 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are rare and aggressive malignancies with an increasing incidence and poor prognosis. The standard systemic treatment for BTCs has evolved to include immune checkpoint inhibitors associated with gemcitabine–cisplatin as first-line therapies. However, survival rates remain low, highlighting the critical [...] Read more.

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are rare and aggressive malignancies with an increasing incidence and poor prognosis. The standard systemic treatment for BTCs has evolved to include immune checkpoint inhibitors associated with gemcitabine–cisplatin as first-line therapies. However, survival rates remain low, highlighting the critical need for personalized treatment strategies based on molecular profiling. Currently, significant advancements have been made in the molecular characterization of BTCs, where genetic alterations, such as IDH1 mutations and FGFR2 fusions, provide targets for therapy. Molecular profiling is crucial early in the management process to identify potential candidates for clinical trials and guide treatment strategy. The integration of these molecular insights into clinical practice has allowed for the development of targeted therapies, although many of them are still in the phase 2 trial stage without definitive survival benefits demonstrated in phase 3 trials. This integration of comprehensive molecular profile insights with traditional treatment approaches offers a new horizon in the personalized medicine landscape for BTCs, with the aim of significantly improving patient outcomes through precision oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers and Precision Medicine in Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies)

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Curr. Oncol., Volume 31, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 12 articles

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