Nutrients

19 pages, 679 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Dietary Knowledge, Income and Students’ Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in China: Evidence from Longitudinal Study

by Yi Cui, Yunli Bai and Chengfang Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3356; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213356 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption has increased globally among children and adolescents, posing significant health risks. Parental dietary knowledge and income play important roles in shaping children’s food-choice and consumption behaviors. This study aimed to examine the effects of parental dietary knowledge and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption has increased globally among children and adolescents, posing significant health risks. Parental dietary knowledge and income play important roles in shaping children’s food-choice and consumption behaviors. This study aimed to examine the effects of parental dietary knowledge and income on students’ SSB consumption at both extensive and intensive margins. Methods: A two-way fixed-effects model was estimated using longitudinal data from 3962 primary and junior high school students in the Jining District of Ulanqab City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northern China, collected in 2019 and 2020. Results: SSB consumption among Chinese students increased from 2019 to 2020 in both extensive (82.51% to 86.90%) and intensive margins (686.09 mL/week to 891.21 mL/week). Each one-point increase in parental dietary knowledge score was linked to a 13.39 mL (p < 0.05) reduction in weekly SSB consumption, and 9.90 mL (p < 0.05) reduction in juice beverages, correspondingly reductions in weekly added sugar intake from SSBs (1.26 g, p < 0.10) and juice beverages (0.79 g, p < 0.05), with stronger association among rural hukou students. Parental income showed minimal association with students’ SSB consumption, but had a stronger association among rural hukou and junior high school students. Conclusions: Parental dietary knowledge plays a crucial role in reducing students’ SSB consumption, with particularly strong association in rural hukou students. Targeted interventions enhancing parental dietary knowledge could reduce SSB consumption and added sugar intake among school-aged children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Labeling and Consumer Behaviors)

22 pages, 759 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Importance of Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Maternal Nutrition Knowledge and Undernutrition Among Children Under Five

by Arie Dwi Alristina, Rizky Dzariyani Laili, Éva Nagy and Helga Judit Feith

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213355 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Socioeconomic factors may influence maternal nutrition knowledge (MNK), which directly affects the nutritional status of children under five. This study aims to explore the importance of socioeconomic factors associated with MNK and nutritional status. Methods: This cross-sectional study focused on [...] Read more.

Background: Socioeconomic factors may influence maternal nutrition knowledge (MNK), which directly affects the nutritional status of children under five. This study aims to explore the importance of socioeconomic factors associated with MNK and nutritional status. Methods: This cross-sectional study focused on mothers of children aged 36–59 months (n = 657). A structured questionnaire was employed to collect data on socioeconomic factors. Anthropometric measurements were taken to assess nutritional status. The Boruta algorithm, implemented using R Studio version R.4.5.1, was used to identify the most important socioeconomic factors associated with MNK and nutrition status. Results: The analysis revealed that socioeconomic status (SES) emerged as an important factor associated with MNK and nutrition status, particularly stunting and wasting. However, SES was not confirmed as an important factor associated with underweight. This study uncovered a bidirectional relationship between child nutrition outcomes; underweight was found to be an important factor related to stunting and wasting, whereas stunting and wasting were important factors for underweight. Furthermore, infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators, such as weaning practices and exclusive breastfeeding (BF), were found to be important factors for stunting and wasting. Conclusions: The interlinkage among forms of undernutrition, where each nutritional outcome is related to other outcomes, underscores the importance of comprehensively addressing child undernutrition, rather than focusing on single outcomes independently. Moreover, the association between SES and MNK, wasting, and stunting supports approaches based on holistic and multi-sectoral strategies to reduce poverty by WASH programs, promote IYCF practices, and improve healthcare access by providing health insurance coverage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Complications of Childhood Malnutrition)

15 pages, 952 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of the Dietary Practices and Food Safety Literacy Scale for Older Adults

by Ye-Rin Lee, Gi-Moon Nam, Young-Sun Kim, Hye-Ri Shin, Yoo-Kyung Park, Ji-Hye Mun, Su-Hyeun Cho and Hee-Sook Lim

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3354; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213354 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a Dietary Practices and Food Safety Literacy Scale comprehensively assessing competencies among Korean older adults in healthy dietary practices, hygiene, and food safety. Methods: Item development was informed by a literature review, national dietary guidelines, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a Dietary Practices and Food Safety Literacy Scale comprehensively assessing competencies among Korean older adults in healthy dietary practices, hygiene, and food safety. Methods: Item development was informed by a literature review, national dietary guidelines, and existing literacy frameworks. Content validity was reviewed by a 10-member expert panel using the Delphi method. Construct validity was tested using exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), and reliability was assessed through Cronbach’s α, composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE). Results: EFA identified three factors—management, decision-making, and moderation competencies—comprising 13 items. Internal consistency was acceptable (α = 0.69–0.83), and CFA supported the three-factor structure (CFI = 0.919, RMSEA = 0.087). CR values exceeded 0.70, and AVE were close to or exceeded the recommended threshold. Conclusions: The scale demonstrates sound psychometric properties and provides a practical tool for identifying competency gaps in Dietary Practices and Food Safety Literacy. Its application may guide tailored health education and community-based interventions to promote healthy aging and support public health strategies in aging societies. By translating health information literacy into measurable, behavior-oriented domains, this tool bridges the gap between theoretical constructs and practical assessment. It can be incorporated into routine health monitoring, enabling policymakers and practitioners to design evidence-based interventions that enhance older adults’ dietary self-management and food safety awareness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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15 pages, 786 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Disruption in Osteoporotic Sheep: Evaluating Vitamin D Deficiency and Cortisone Effects via Biochemical Markers

by Gero Knapp, Judith Langenstein, Natali Bauer, Sabine Stötzel, Christian Heiss, Vahid Jahed, Muhammad Alzweiri, Christoph Biehl and Thaqif El Khassawna

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213353 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: We evaluated serum and urinary biomarkers of bone and energy metabolism in an ovine osteoporosis model (Control, OVX, OVXD, OVXDS) at 0/3/8 months (M). Methods: Morning sampling; DXA (ROI ‘abdominal width’) and linear mixed models for repeated measures. Results: Only OVXDS showed [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: We evaluated serum and urinary biomarkers of bone and energy metabolism in an ovine osteoporosis model (Control, OVX, OVXD, OVXDS) at 0/3/8 months (M). Methods: Morning sampling; DXA (ROI ‘abdominal width’) and linear mixed models for repeated measures. Results: Only OVXDS showed severe DXA loss (Z-scores −3.29 at 3 M; −4.86 at 8 M), with ≈20% and ≈30% BMD reductions at 3 M and 8 M versus controls. OVX and OVXD remained within age-expected Z-score ranges at 8 M. At 3 M, OVXDS had hypocalcemia, markedly elevated UFEP, near-zero 25-OH-vitamin-D, and suppressed osteocalcin/NTX (depressed turnover). By 8 M, osteocalcin rose in OVXDS while NTX stayed low, consistent with altered coupling under chronic glucocorticoids and vitamin D deficiency. OVXD showed milder, later changes. Fructosamine and insulin were transiently higher in OVXDS at 3 M; IGF-1 was stable across groups/time. Conclusions: Combined ovariectomy, calcium/vitamin-D-deficient diet, and glucocorticoids produce the clearest biomarker signature and DXA loss. Assay cross-reactivity limited PTH/DKK-1/cathepsin-K measurement in sheep; we summarize DXA outcomes and expand assay limitations and future validation plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

13 pages, 504 KB

Open AccessArticle

Body Composition Analysis in Postoperative Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy and Its Association with Physical Activity and Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Pilot Study

by Joanna Grupińska, Marika Wlazło, Mateusz Grajek, Magdalena Budzyń, Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko and Tomasz Jurys

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213352 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer survivors often experience adverse body composition changes and reduced quality of life (QoL) after chemotherapy. This study aimed to assess changes in body composition in postoperative breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and to examine their associations with physical activity [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer survivors often experience adverse body composition changes and reduced quality of life (QoL) after chemotherapy. This study aimed to assess changes in body composition in postoperative breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and to examine their associations with physical activity and QoL. Methods: This longitudinal observational pilot study included two repeated assessments (after surgery and before the third chemotherapy cycle – six weeks period). Sixty women (mean age 57 ± 10 years) who had undergone breast cancer surgery and were scheduled for chemotherapy were assessed twice: after surgery and prior to the third chemotherapy cycle. Body composition was analyzed using anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance methods. Physical activity was evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Long Form (IPAQ-L), while QoL was measured with the World Health Organization Quality of Life–bref version (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire as well. Results: During chemotherapy, participants showed significant increases in body weight (p = 0.001), BMI (p = 0.001), and muscle mass (p = 0.001), with stable fat percentage. Physical activity levels improved overall, particularly in moderate activity (p = 0.001), while sedentary time decreased (p = 0.020). QoL remained generally stable, with significant improvement in the environmental domain (p = 0.028). Higher fat percentage correlated negatively with physical (p = 0.040) and social (p = 0.049) QoL, while BMI correlated inversely with psychological well-being (p = 0.020). Waist-to-hip ratio was also negatively associated with psychological QoL (p = 0.017). Conclusions: Vigorous activity showed an association with more favorable body composition, whereas sedentary behavior correlated with higher BMI and muscle mass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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13 pages, 967 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Practices and Knowledge of Patients with Phenylketonuria

by Eirini Kaloteraki, Eleni C. Pardali, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Varvara Mylona, Eleni Fotiadou, Kyriaki Papa, Aristea Gioxari, Martha Spilioti, Dimitrios P. Bogdanos and Maria G. Grammatikopoulou

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213351 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) that requires a specialized medical nutrition therapy (MNT) to maintain blood phenylalanine concentrations within a safe range. This study aimed to assess nutrition practices, knowledge, and PKU diet adherence in patients with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) that requires a specialized medical nutrition therapy (MNT) to maintain blood phenylalanine concentrations within a safe range. This study aimed to assess nutrition practices, knowledge, and PKU diet adherence in patients with PKU. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 27 patients (n = 19 women) with PKU, recruited from clinics of IEM in Greece, ranging in age between 14 and 60 years, with PKU diagnosis via neonatal screening. Each participant completed the questionnaire independently. For the two patients with age below 18 years old, caregivers provided written informed consent. All participants were questioned regarding their dietary practices, nutritional knowledge, and perceptions. Results: More than half (66.7%) of patients complied with the PKU diet and the recommended daily protein substitutes. However, 25.9% reported being unaware of their blood phenylalanine levels, and 40.7% didn’t know how many PKU exchanges they consumed daily. Most patients (88.8%) perceived the recommended PKU diet as “healthy”, and reported feeling well when adhering to it. Several concerns were raised regarding protein substitutes, with 10.5% of patients feeling that the amount of prescribed protein substitutes was too high, while 25.9% perceived it as being too low. Additionally, 14.8% of patients expressed concerns regarding the protein amount required for building muscle mass. Overall, the majority of participants perceived the PKU diet as being adequate in energy, carbohydrates, lipids, and protein. Conclusions: Although patients with PKU generally possess a good understanding of PKU nutritional principles, significant potential for improvement in dietary education is apparent. To support optimal management of blood phenylalanine concentrations, it is essential to implement novel communication strategies that facilitate patient adherence to the MNT for PKU. Such strategies should also empower caregivers to provide effective support, including the proper use of protein substitutes and accurate protein exchanges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Phenylketonuria (PKU) Nutrition and Diet Research (2nd Edition))

25 pages, 725 KB

Open AccessReview

The Gut Microbiome and Its Impact on Mood and Decision-Making: A Mechanistic and Therapeutic Review

by Pierluigi Diotaiuti, Francesco Misiti, Giulio Marotta, Lavinia Falese, Giovanna Elisa Calabrò and Stefania Mancone

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3350; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213350 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as a key modulator of central nervous system function through the gut–brain axis. Dysbiosis has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, impulsivity, cognitive decline, and addiction. This review aims to synthesize mechanistic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as a key modulator of central nervous system function through the gut–brain axis. Dysbiosis has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, impulsivity, cognitive decline, and addiction. This review aims to synthesize mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspectives on how gut microbiota influence mood regulation, decision-making, and cognitive processes. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to August 2025. Studies were included if they explored microbiota-related effects on behavior, mood, cognition, or decision-making using human or animal models. Emphasis was placed on molecular mechanisms, microbiome-targeted therapies, and multi-omics approaches. Results: Evidence indicates that gut microbiota modulate neurochemical pathways involving serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and glutamate, as well as immune and endocrine axes. Microbial imbalance contributes to low-grade systemic inflammation, impaired neuroplasticity, and altered stress responses, all of which are linked to mood and cognitive disturbances. Specific microbial taxa, dietary patterns, and interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, psychobiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have shown promise in modulating these outcomes. The review highlights methodological advances including germ-free models, metagenomic profiling, and neuroimaging studies that clarify causal pathways. Conclusions: Gut microbiota play a foundational role in shaping emotional and cognitive functions through complex neuroimmune and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Microbiome-based interventions represent a promising frontier in neuropsychiatric care, although further translational research is needed to define optimal therapeutic strategies and address individual variability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

31 pages, 2861 KB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Interventions for Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Clinical Outcomes, Guideline Alignment, and Research Gaps—A Scoping Review

by Beata Małgorzata Sperkowska, Agnieszka Chrustek, Anna Gryn-Rynko and Anna Proszowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3349; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213349 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is a crucial component of type 1 diabetes (T1D) management; however, the effectiveness of specific dietary approaches in adults remains unclear due to variations in study design, terminology, and reported outcomes. This scoping review summarizes evidence published between [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is a crucial component of type 1 diabetes (T1D) management; however, the effectiveness of specific dietary approaches in adults remains unclear due to variations in study design, terminology, and reported outcomes. This scoping review summarizes evidence published between 2015 and 2025 on dietary interventions in adults with T1D, focusing on metabolic and psychosocial outcomes and adherence to international nutritional guidelines. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, following the PRISMA-ScR recommendations, to identify observational studies, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and guidelines involving adults (≥18 years) with T1D. Extracted data included metabolic outcomes (glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycemic variability (GV), insulin dose (ID), lipids, blood pressure, body weight, and others), as well as psychosocial indicators (i.e., quality of life, diabetes-related stress, and fear of hypoglycemia). Results: In total, 41 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 18 observational, 14 randomized, and 9 studies that evaluated psychosocial aspects. A low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) reduced HbA1c by 0.3–0.9% and total ID by approximately 15–20% without increasing the incidence of severe hypoglycemia. A low-fat vegan diet and structured carbohydrate counting (CC) programs also improved glycemic and lipid profiles. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and plant-based diet mainly improved diet quality and well-being. The results showed an association between better metabolic control and lower carbohydrate (CHO) intake, as well as higher intakes of fiber and protein. In contrast, a Western diet and high intake of sweets were linked to poorer outcomes. Conclusions: Combining an LCD with education, CC, and modern diabetes technology provides the most consistent benefits for adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D adults). The MedDiet and plant-based diet support diet quality and psychosocial well-being, although current evidence remains limited, primarily due to small sample sizes and short follow-up periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Diabetes Diet: Making a Healthy Eating Plan)

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21 pages, 2064 KB

Open AccessReview

CYP24A1 in Small Intestinal Vitamin D Metabolism and Clinical Implications

by Agnieszka Nowacka, Maciej Śniegocki, Dominika Bożiłow and Ewa A. Ziółkowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3348; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213348 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

CYP24A1, a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme, plays a critical role in the catabolism of active vitamin D metabolites and is a key regulator of local vitamin D signaling in the small intestine. While traditionally studied in the context of renal physiology, increasing evidence [...] Read more.

CYP24A1, a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme, plays a critical role in the catabolism of active vitamin D metabolites and is a key regulator of local vitamin D signaling in the small intestine. While traditionally studied in the context of renal physiology, increasing evidence highlights its distinct regulatory mechanisms and functional significance within the intestinal epithelium. This review explores the molecular architecture, tissue-specific expression patterns, and multifactorial regulation of CYP24A1 in enterocytes, encompassing nuclear receptor signaling, epigenetic and post-transcriptional control, and environmental influences such as inflammation, diet, and the gut microbiota. We discuss how intestinal CYP24A1 modulates the expression of vitamin D target genes involved in transcellular calcium absorption and epithelial barrier function, and how its dysregulation contributes to gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases, celiac disease, microbiota dysbiosis, and colorectal cancer. In addition, we examine preclinical and translational evidence supporting CYP24A1 as a potential therapeutic target. Emerging strategies such as selective enzyme inhibitors, microbiota modulation, RNA-based technologies, and personalized supplementation approaches are considered in the context of restoring local vitamin D bioactivity and mineral homeostasis. Together, this review underscores the clinical importance of intestinal CYP24A1 and highlights novel opportunities for targeted interventions in vitamin D-responsive gastrointestinal pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Vitamin Deficiency and Benefits of Vitamin Supplementation for Human Health)

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14 pages, 1207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Appetite–Validation of a Picture-Based Appetite Assessment Tool for Children Aged 6–9 Years—A Pilot Study

by Sigal Eilat-Adar, Yoav Zeevi, Efrat Shaked, Yael Rabih and Sima Zach

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213347 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Recognizing and balancing internal and external appetite cues is critical for controlling food intake in young children. The main aim of this pilot study was to validate a Hebrew-language Picture-Based Appetite Assessment (PBAA) for 6–9-years-old children. Specifically, the scale’s ability to reflect [...] Read more.

Background: Recognizing and balancing internal and external appetite cues is critical for controlling food intake in young children. The main aim of this pilot study was to validate a Hebrew-language Picture-Based Appetite Assessment (PBAA) for 6–9-years-old children. Specifically, the scale’s ability to reflect changes in perceptions of hunger and satiety based on a story and on their actual eating experiences. Methodology: In Part 1 (n = 99), a PBAA was used to rate a character’s hunger level according to a story. In Part 2 (n = 46), the child’s hunger level before and after lunch was assessed, and in Part 3 (n = 55), the child’s hunger level before and after unrestricted snack consumption was assessed. Results: After hearing a story, participants could identify whether a character in a story was hungry (95%) or full (85%) (Part 1). Their reported appetite levels decreased after consuming lunch (p-value < 0.001) (Part 2). When participants were given unrestricted access to snacks, they preferred highly processed sweets with no difference in hunger level before (Part 3). There were no differences between girls and boys except for the reported satiety after lunch, which was greater in older girls compared to younger girls, yet similar between older and younger boys. Conclusions: Participants successfully interpreted the PBAA scale based on the story character and reported lower hunger after eating lunch. Among girls, older age was associated with a greater difference in hunger levels before and after lunch. Most participants reported satiety after consuming unrestricted snacks, which was not related to their hunger level before. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Children’s and Adolescents’ Diet, Nutrition and Lifestyle Habits on Physical and Mental Health: From the Latest Perspective)

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13 pages, 265 KB

Open AccessReview

Protein and Macronutrient Metabolism in Liver Cirrhosis: About Sarcopenia

by Seul Ki Han, Soon Koo Baik and Moon Young Kim

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3346; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213346 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty are highly prevalent in patients with chronic liver disease and are closely associated with poor clinical outcomes. This review highlights the complex interplay between macronutrient metabolism and muscle wasting in liver cirrhosis. We explore the alterations in glucose, lipid, [...] Read more.

Malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty are highly prevalent in patients with chronic liver disease and are closely associated with poor clinical outcomes. This review highlights the complex interplay between macronutrient metabolism and muscle wasting in liver cirrhosis. We explore the alterations in glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism that occur in cirrhosis, including the role of skeletal muscle in compensatory ammonia detoxification. The review also discusses the emerging evidence on sarcopenia as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target, with a focus on the role of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation. While several studies have demonstrated the clinical benefits of BCAA in improving muscle mass, hepatic encephalopathy, and quality of life, results remain mixed, emphasizing the need for further well-designed clinical trials. Understanding the muscle–liver–gut axis may offer novel insights into therapeutic strategies for managing sarcopenia in liver disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Nutrition on Metabolic Liver Diseases)

16 pages, 873 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Vitamin Intake and Blood Biomarkers in Relation to Muscle Activation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Jose Enrique de la Rubia Ortí, Guillermo Bargues-Navarro, Jesús Privado, Rubén Menarques-Ramírez, Claudia Emmanuela Sanchis-Sanchis, Sandra Sancho-Castillo, Camila Peres Rubio, Luis Pardo-Marin, María Benlloch and Julio Martín-Ruiz

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3345; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213345 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor function, which affects mobility and leads to secondary complications, including altered dietary intake due to dysphagia, fatigue, and hypermetabolism, particularly affecting vitamin consumption, which are essential micronutrients [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor function, which affects mobility and leads to secondary complications, including altered dietary intake due to dysphagia, fatigue, and hypermetabolism, particularly affecting vitamin consumption, which are essential micronutrients for neuromuscular performance. The specific relationship between vitamin intake and muscle activation is not well understood in patients with ALS; thus, it is relevant to identify blood biomarkers that reflect muscle status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 61 patients with bulbar- or spinal-onset ALS. The dietary intake of B vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, folate, and niacin); vitamins C, A, D, and E; and the B6/protein ratio were assessed using a seven-day dietary record and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Blood concentrations of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), albumin, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) were determined. Basal muscle activation was measured using surface electromyography of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior muscles. Two confirmatory predictive models were developed to evaluate the effects of muscle damage and vitamin intake on muscle strength. Results: Arm muscle activation was negatively predicted by the B6/protein ratio (β = −0.33). Leg activation was positively predicted by vitamin B9 (β = 0.39) and B6/protein (β = 0.17) and negatively predicted by vitamin A (β = −0.24). For biomarkers, albumin (β = 0.18) and PON1 (β = 0.28) positively predicted activation. For legs, albumin predicted activation (β = 0.31), whereas BuChE and haptoglobin predicted negative activation (β = −0.32 and β = −0.15, respectively). Conclusions: Weak associations were observed in patients with ALS: vitamin B9 intake showed a modest association with leg activation, the B6/protein ratio exhibited inconsistent associations across muscle groups, and vitamin A showed a negative association with leg activation. Albumin demonstrated the most consistent association as a potential biomarker of muscle function. These findings are exploratory and require validation in larger, longitudinal studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of B and D Vitamins in Degenerative Diseases)

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14 pages, 991 KB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Approaches in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Mini Scoping Review with Emphasis on SPG11-Related Conditions

by Paulo Renato Ribeiro, Carmen Ferreira, Carlos Antunes, Gonçalo Dias, Maria João Lima, Raquel Guiné and Edite Teixeira-Lemos

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3344; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213344 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Neurodegenerative diseases, including spastic paraplegia type 11 (SPG11), are complex disorders characterized by progressive neurological decline and significant metabolic disturbances. Spatacsin, the protein encoded by the SPG11 gene, plays a critical role in autophagy and lysosomal homeostasis, which are essential for neuronal [...] Read more.

Background: Neurodegenerative diseases, including spastic paraplegia type 11 (SPG11), are complex disorders characterized by progressive neurological decline and significant metabolic disturbances. Spatacsin, the protein encoded by the SPG11 gene, plays a critical role in autophagy and lysosomal homeostasis, which are essential for neuronal health. Its impairment leads to defective cellular clearance and neurodegeneration. Recently, personalized and precision nutrition have emerged as promising approaches to enhance clinical outcomes by tailoring dietary interventions to individual genetic, metabolic, and phenotypic profiles. Objectives: This mini scoping review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the application of personalized and precision nutrition in SPG11 and to explore how insights from related neurodegenerative diseases could inform the development of future dietary and metabolic interventions for this rare disorder. Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a scoping review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (2020–2024). Eligible studies included investigations addressing nutritional, genomic, or metabolic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases. Of 30 screened papers, nine met the inclusion criteria, primarily focusing on nutritional and metabolic interventions related to neurodegenerative and neuromuscular conditions. Results: To date, no dietary intervention trials have been conducted specifically for SPG11. However, evidence from studies on related neurodegenerative diseases suggests that antioxidant, mitochondrial-supportive, and microbiota-targeted dietary approaches may beneficially influence key pathological processes such as oxidative stress, lipid dysregulation, and autophagy—core mechanisms that are also central to SPG11 pathophysiology. Conclusions: Although current evidence remains preliminary, personalized nutrition is a promising supplementary strategy for managing neurodegenerative diseases, including SPG11. Future research should incorporate systems-based approaches that combine dietary, metabolic, and neuroimaging assessments, with sex and comorbidity-stratified analyses, multi-omics profiling, and predictive modeling. These frameworks could help design safe, effective, and personalized nutritional interventions aimed at enhancing metabolic resilience and slowing disease progression in SPG11. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals’ Role in Promoting Human Health and Well-Being: An Evidence-Based Perspective)

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14 pages, 521 KB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Quality of Life in Parkinson Disease: An Integrative Review

by Maria Giulia Golob, Stefano Mancin, Diego Lopane, Chiara Coldani, Daniela Cattani, Alessandra Dacomi, Giuseppina Tomaiuolo, Fabio Petrelli, Giovanni Cangelosi, Simone Cosmai, Alice Maria Santagostino and Beatrice Mazzoleni

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3343; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213343 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Aims: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms that significantly impair quality of life (QoL). Oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation play a key role in its progression. The [...] Read more.

Background/Aims: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms that significantly impair quality of life (QoL). Oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation play a key role in its progression. The ketogenic diet (KD) may have neuroprotective effects by reducing these factors through ketosis. The primary aim of this narrative review is to examine the impact of the ketogenic diet on the quality of life and symptomatology of patients with PD, evaluating its effects on motor and non-motor symptoms, as well as on certain metabolic parameters. Secondary aims included assessing the feasibility of and adherence to the diet, as well as its tolerability and safety. Methods: A search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane databases up to June 2025 was performed. Eligible studies included adults with PD following a KD regimen. Data were extracted regarding QoL outcomes, adverse events, and risk of bias included for synthesis. Results: A total of 152 patients were included across 6 studies. KD showed a small to moderate effect size on QoL improvements, particularly in non-motor domains such as fatigue and sleep quality. However, findings were inconsistent across studies. Risk of bias was rated moderate to high due to small sample sizes, heterogeneous methodologies, and lack of blinding. The most frequently reported adverse events were gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, constipation), weight loss, and transient fatigue. Conclusions: Although preliminary evidence suggests a potential benefit of KD on QoL in PD patients, the small number of participants, short follow-up, and high heterogeneity significantly limit generalizability. Further large, controlled trials with rigorous methodology are warranted before relevant conclusion benefits can be drawn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship Between Neurodevelopment and Nutritional Intake)

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16 pages, 4115 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Randomized Controlled Crossover Lifestyle Intervention to Improve Metabolic and Mental Health in Female Healthcare Night-Shift Workers

by Laura A. Robinson, Sarah Lennon, Alexandrea R. Pegel, Kelly P. Strickland, Christine A. Feeley, Sarah O. Watts, William J. Van Der Pol, Michael D. Roberts, Michael W. Greene and Andrew D. Frugé

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3342; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213342 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Circadian rhythm disruption caused by shift work alters metabolic and hormonal pathways, which accelerates chronic disease onset, leading to decreased quality and quantity of life. This study aimed to determine whether a practical lifestyle intervention emphasizing nutrition timing and recovery habits could [...] Read more.

Background: Circadian rhythm disruption caused by shift work alters metabolic and hormonal pathways, which accelerates chronic disease onset, leading to decreased quality and quantity of life. This study aimed to determine whether a practical lifestyle intervention emphasizing nutrition timing and recovery habits could mitigate the metabolic and psychological effects of night-shift work. We conducted a randomized, open-label, crossover trial with two 8-week periods. Methods: Female healthcare workers (n = 13) aged 18–50 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 27 and 40 kg/m² and working predominantly night shifts (≥30 h/week for ≥6 months) were randomized. During the 8-week intervention phase, participants received daily text messages with guidance on food, sleep/rest, and physical activity and were provided with whey protein isolate powder and grain-based snack bars to consume during work shifts. The program targeted improved nutrient timing, adequate protein intake, and structured rest without formal exercise training, allowing evaluation of dietary and behavioral effects feasible for this population. Total caloric (~30 kcal/kg lean mass) and protein (2 g/kg lean mass) needs were measured, along with sleep/rest goals of 6–8 h/24 h. Primary outcome measures were change in visceral fat percentage (VF%) by DXA and mental/physical quality of life (RAND SF-12). Secondary outcomes included fasting triglycerides, ALT, blood glucose, LDL, actigraphy, and fecal microbiome. Mixed-design two-way ANOVA was conducted to assess the effects of group (immediate [IG] and delayed [DG]), time (baseline, 8-week crossover, and week 16), and Group

\times

Time (GxT) interactions, and Bonferroni correction was applied to post hoc t-tests. Results: Eleven participants completed the study. Both groups increased dietary protein intake (p < 0.001), and a GxT interaction for VF% (p = 0.039) indicated DG reduced VF% to a greater extent (−0.335 ± 0.114% (p = 0.003) vs. 0.279 ± 0.543% (p = 0.158)). Mental and physical QOL, objectively measured physical activity and sleep, serum lipids and inflammatory markers, and fecal microbiota remained unchanged (p > 0.05 for all GxT). Conclusions: The findings suggest that targeted nutrition and recovery strategies can modestly improve dietary intake and visceral fat; however, consistent with prior work, interventions without structured exercise may be insufficient to reverse broader metabolic effects of circadian disruption. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT06158204, first registered: 28 November 2023. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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20 pages, 1174 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Child Digital Dietary Self-Monitoring via Positive Reinforcement: Proof-of-Concept Trial

by Lauren G. León, Elizabeth Anderson Steeves, Jeffrey Reinbolt, Tami H. Wyatt and Hollie Raynor

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3341; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213341 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dietary self-monitoring (DSM) is an essential behavior change strategy in pediatric nutrition interventions, but engagement is poor. Positive reinforcement (PR) techniques are used to improve behaviors in children. This proof-of-concept trial examined the ability to implement two types of PR, caregiver praise [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dietary self-monitoring (DSM) is an essential behavior change strategy in pediatric nutrition interventions, but engagement is poor. Positive reinforcement (PR) techniques are used to improve behaviors in children. This proof-of-concept trial examined the ability to implement two types of PR, caregiver praise and gamification, using a digital DSM log. Methods: Families were recruited between February and October 2024. Children aged 8–12 years (n = 19) and an adult caregiver were randomly assigned to DSM conditions with or without caregiver praise and/or gamification (2 × 2 factorial design). Children tracked intake of fruits, vegetables, sweet/salty snack foods, and sugar-sweetened beverages for 4 weeks in a digital log. Feasibility focused on examining the amount of PR delivered. DSM behaviors (frequency and timing), child intrinsic motivation, and log usability and acceptability were also examined. Results: Gamification was implemented significantly more than caregiver praise. Caregiver praise was delivered on 12.2 ± 5.8 of 28 days, whereas gamification was delivered on 20.8 ± 12.3 of 28 days. There were no differences in DSM behaviors between PR conditions. Overall, children tracked on 23.6 ± 4.6 of 28 days, recorded 69.3% ± 45.1% of items on day of intake, and completed 23.1 ± 8.2 logging sessions. Additionally, there were no differences in child intrinsic motivation between PR conditions, and children and caregivers generally found the log usable and acceptable. Conclusions: The automation of gamification, which provides immediate, consistent, and convenient PR, may provide unique advantages for reinforcing child behaviors compared to praise, which relies on caregiver implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Assessments for Weight Management)

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26 pages, 663 KB

Open AccessArticle

Probiotic Sheep Milk: Physicochemical Properties of Fermented Milk and Viability of Bacteria Under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

by Małgorzata Pawlos, Katarzyna Szajnar and Agata Znamirowska-Piotrowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3340; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213340 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Within the spectrum of lactic acid bacteria, Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lactobacillus johnsonii are of particular technological and nutritional significance. Protein fortification of fermented dairy systems offers dual benefits: it improves product quality while enhancing probiotic resilience. Supplementary proteins supply bioavailable nitrogen and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Within the spectrum of lactic acid bacteria, Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lactobacillus johnsonii are of particular technological and nutritional significance. Protein fortification of fermented dairy systems offers dual benefits: it improves product quality while enhancing probiotic resilience. Supplementary proteins supply bioavailable nitrogen and peptides that stimulate bacterial metabolism and contribute to a viscoelastic gel matrix that buffers cells against gastric acidity and bile salts. The aim of this study was to clarify the functional potential of such formulations by assessing probiotic survival under in vitro digestion simulating oral, gastric, and intestinal phases. Methods: Sheep milk was fermented with L. casei 431 or L. johnsonii LJ in the presence of whey protein isolate (WPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), or pea protein isolate (PPI) at concentrations of 1.5% and 3.0%. Physicochemical parameters (pH, titratable acidity, color, syneresis), organoleptic properties, and microbiological counts were evaluated. The viability of L. casei and L. johnsonii was determined at each digestion stage, and probiotic survival rates were calculated. Results: Samples with L. johnsonii consistently exhibited lower pH values compared to L. casei. Across both bacterial strains, the addition of 1.5% protein isolate more effectively limited syneresis than 3.0%, regardless of protein type. Samples fortified with WPI at 1.5% (JW1.5) and 3.0% (JW3.0) were rated highest by the panel, demonstrating smooth, homogeneous textures without grittiness. The greatest bacterial survival (>70%) was observed in WPI-fortified samples (JW1.5, JW3.0) and in SPI-fortified JS3. Conclusions: Protein isolates of diverse origins are suitable for the enrichment of fermented sheep milk, with 1.5% supplementation proving optimal. Such formulations maintained desirable fermentation dynamics and, in most cases, significantly improved the survival of L. casei and L. johnsonii under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, underscoring their potential in the development of functional probiotic dairy products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics, Postbiotics, Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Health)

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17 pages, 5573 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Vitamin D Levels on Markers Related to Amyloidogenesis and Neuroinflammation in db/db Mice

by Jisu Kim, Dain Wi, Sung Nim Han and Chan Yoon Park

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3339; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213339 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Low vitamin D levels are associated with an elevated risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Given the rising prevalence of diabetes and its association with AD, this study investigated whether vitamin D modulates amyloidogenesis and inflammation in the brains of diabetic mice. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Low vitamin D levels are associated with an elevated risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Given the rising prevalence of diabetes and its association with AD, this study investigated whether vitamin D modulates amyloidogenesis and inflammation in the brains of diabetic mice. Methods: Five-week-old male C57BLKS/J-m+/m+(con) and C57BLKS/J-db/db (db) mice received diets with low or high vitamin D (LVD or HVD) for 8 weeks. Hippocampal neuronal morphology was assessed using H&E and Nissl staining, and Aβ levels, along with the mRNA expression of genes related to amyloidogenesis, amyloid degradation, inflammation, antioxidation, and neurotrophic factors, were measured in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Results: High dietary vitamin D levels attenuated neuronal necrosis in db/db mice. Hippocampal App and Bace1 expression levels were higher in db/db mice; however, amyloidogenic gene (App, Bace1, Ps1) expression levels in both the hippocampus and PFC were significantly lower in db_HVD group compared with those in db_LVD group (all p < 0.05). Among control mice, PFC App and Ps1 expression levels were lower in con_HVD group than in con_LVD group. Nonetheless, Aβ42 protein levels were not affected by either diabetes or dietary vitamin D levels. Furthermore, lower hippocampal Iκbα and PFC Mcp-1 expression levels in db_HVD group than those in db_LVD group were observed, both upregulated in diabetic mice. Amyloid degradation-related gene or Vdr expression was not altered by dietary vitamin D levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that vitamin D may exert neuroprotective effects on the hippocampus and PFC in diabetic mice by mitigating neuronal damage and suppressing amyloidogenic and inflammatory gene expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D and Age-Related Diseases)

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24 pages, 477 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence to Mediterranean Healthy Lifestyle Patterns and Potential Barriers: A Comparative Study of Dietary Habits, Physical Activity, and Social Participation Between German and Turkish Populations

by Achraf Ammar, Ayse Merve Uyar, Atef Salem, Ludwig Álvarez-Córdova, Mohamed Ali Boujelbane, Khaled Trabelsi, Bekir Erhan Orhan, Juliane Heydenreich, Christiana Schallhorn, Giuseppe Grosso, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Haitham Jahrami, Piotr Zmijewski, Hamdi Chtourou and Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3338; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213338 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) has declined even within Mediterranean regions, while its adoption has become more common in non-Mediterranean contexts. This study compares Germany and Türkiye, two culturally contrasting contexts traditionally classified as non-Mediterranean and Mediterranean, respectively, to examine [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) has declined even within Mediterranean regions, while its adoption has become more common in non-Mediterranean contexts. This study compares Germany and Türkiye, two culturally contrasting contexts traditionally classified as non-Mediterranean and Mediterranean, respectively, to examine cross-cultural differences and patterns in MedDiet adherence and related lifestyle behaviors. Specifically, it aims to compare adherence to the Mediterranean lifestyle (MedLife), physical activity, and social participation, and to analyze their associations within each country. Methods: Using data from the MEDIET4ALL survey, 1184 valid responses (609 from Germany and 575 from Türkiye) were analyzed for dietary behaviors, perceived barriers to MedDiet adherence, physical activity, and social engagement, with adherence assessed via the MEDLIFE index. Results: The majority of respondents were healthy (79%), employed (67%), young adults (56%), of normal weight (51%), living in urban environments (72%), and showed a gender balance (52.5% female). Most were classified as medium MedDiet adherent in both Germany (45%) and Türkiye (56%), with no significant difference in total MedLife scores. However, block- and item-level analyses revealed that Turkish participants showed higher adherence to Mediterranean food consumption (p < 0.001), particularly in limiting processed meat and consuming legumes, dairy, nuts/olives, and olive oil. In contrast, German participants adhered more closely to recommendations for red meat and cereal intake. German participants also scored higher on lifestyle-related behaviors (e.g., regular napping and recommended sleep duration), while no significant differences were found in the dietary habits block. Awareness of the MedDiet was significantly higher among German participants (p < 0.001), with country-specific differences in perceived barriers (i.e., higher total score among Germans with p = 0.03). Germans reported more barriers related to social norms and health conditions, while Turkish respondents more often cited attitudes, cost, and individual beliefs. Physical activity levels were significantly higher in Germany, whereas Turkish respondents reported greater social participation (p < 0.001). Weak to moderate correlations (r = 0.09 to 0.035) were found between MedLife adherence and both physical activity and social participation, with stronger associations observed among German participants. Conclusions: These findings highlight the culturally embedded nature of lifestyle behaviors related to MedDiet adherence. Despite similar overall adherence levels, Germans and Turks differ in specific dietary patterns, lifestyle practices, and perceived barriers, underscoring the need for culturally tailored interventions to improve adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Chronic Diseases)

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18 pages, 3299 KB

Open AccessArticle

ROS-Mediated Nematocidal Activity and Reproductive Toxicity of Herbal Extracts in Caenorhabditis elegans

by Anna Hu, Qinghao Meng, Zifei Liu, Yuxuan Wu, Robert P. Borris and Hyun-Min Kim

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3337; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213337 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Traditional medicinal plants are a rich source of phytochemicals with diverse biological effects, yet their safety and mechanistic impact on reproductive health remain underexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ruscus hyrcanus, Juniperus oblonga, and Stachys lavandulifolia extracts [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Traditional medicinal plants are a rich source of phytochemicals with diverse biological effects, yet their safety and mechanistic impact on reproductive health remain underexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ruscus hyrcanus, Juniperus oblonga, and Stachys lavandulifolia extracts on survival, fertility, and germline integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods: Synchronized young adult worms were exposed to each extract, and survival and reproductive parameters were statistically analyzed using two-tailed Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Through LC-MS analysis, we identified that all three extracts shared 78 compounds, mainly including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Our findings indicate that reactive oxygen species generation is a major driver of nematocidal and fertility-reducing effects, while modulation of DNA damage response pathways further contributes to germline defects. Conclusions: Taken together, these results demonstrate that exposure to the extracts significantly (p < 0.05) reduces survival, impairs larval development, elevates the High Incidence of Males phenotype, and disrupts germline integrity in a dose-dependent manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbal Extracts and Phytochemicals: Nutrition, Bioactivity, and Safety Assessment)

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17 pages, 3864 KB

Open AccessArticle

α-Ketoglutarate Ameliorates Sarcopenia in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice by Modulating Protein Homeostasis and Optimizing Mitochondrial Function

by Yangguang Zhang, Huihui Wang, Yijia Zhang, Xintong Wang, Ziyu Qiao, Jiayu Wang, Yixuan Li and Yanan Sun

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3336; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213336 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia is an age-related condition marked by a progressive decline in muscle mass, weakened strength, and decreased physical performance in the elderly. Methods: In this research, we used D-galactose (D-gal)-induced 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice to establish a sarcopenia model. This model was [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia is an age-related condition marked by a progressive decline in muscle mass, weakened strength, and decreased physical performance in the elderly. Methods: In this research, we used D-galactose (D-gal)-induced 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice to establish a sarcopenia model. This model was utilized to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of α-ketoglutaric acid (AKG), a key intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, on sarcopenia. Results: Our findings demonstrated that AKG significantly ameliorated muscle mass, exercise endurance, grip strength, and cold tolerance in D-gal-induced aging mice. AKG could regulate protein homeostasis, thereby enhancing the protein composition and size of myofibers in D-gal-induced aging mice. Additionally, AKG enhanced SOD activity in the skeletal muscle of D-gal-induced aging mice and scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway, thereby improving mitochondrial function. Conclusions: In conclusion, AKG combated sarcopenia by regulating protein homeostasis and optimizing mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. This study provides a scientific foundation for developing therapeutic interventions using AKG to target muscle aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Features and Nutritional Interventions in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 12507 KB

Open AccessArticle

Steamed Panax notoginseng Saponins Ameliorate Cyclophosphamide-Induced Anemia by Attenuating Gut-Liver Injury and Activating the cAMP/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway

by Cuiping Xu, Hao Cui, Qionglian Fang, Pengfei Tu and Xiuming Cui

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3335; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213335 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Steamed Panax notoginseng saponins (SPNSs) can alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced anemia. However, the hepatointestinal effects of SPNSs and their role in ameliorating cyclophosphamide-induced anemia remain unexplored. Objective: To elucidate the hepatointestinal effects of SPNSs and their role in ameliorating cyclophosphamide-induced anemia. Methods: Blood samples [...] Read more.

Background: Steamed Panax notoginseng saponins (SPNSs) can alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced anemia. However, the hepatointestinal effects of SPNSs and their role in ameliorating cyclophosphamide-induced anemia remain unexplored. Objective: To elucidate the hepatointestinal effects of SPNSs and their role in ameliorating cyclophosphamide-induced anemia. Methods: Blood samples were collected and analyzed on days 7 and 14. Liver tissues and small intestinal villi structures were observed via HE staining. Liver and colon content metabolites were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Liver proteins were analyzed by using an Orbitrap Astral mass spectrometer. Colon content microbiota composition was assessed via metagenomics. Signaling pathway protein expression was analyzed via Western blotting (WB). Results: SPNSs significantly increased the red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (HGB) level by day 14 and alleviated hepatointestinal damage. Hepatic metabolomics revealed: the most abundant metabolites were fatty acids and stachyose on day 7 and amino acid and arachidonic acid derivatives on day 14. KEGG analysis implicated cAMP signaling. Proteomics revealed upregulated immune-related proteins and enhanced PI3K pathway activity (WB-validated). Colon content metabolomics showed increased daidzein, 3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) propanoic acid, γ-CEHC, and adenosine in SPNS groups on day 14. Metagenomics indicated differential abundances of Heminiphilus faecis, Phocaeicola sartorii, and s-bacterium_J10.2018 on day 14. Multiomics integration demonstrated significant correlations between hepatic metabolites, hematopoietic proteins, colon content metabolites, and probiotic bacteria. Conclusions: SPNS alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced hepato-intestinal injury in anemic mice by modulating the gut microbiota and enhancing hepato-intestinal immune defense. Additionally, SPNSs ameliorate anemia in cyclophosphamide-treated mice by activating the cAMP/PI3K/AKT pathway, promoting hepatocyte proliferation, and increasing hematopoietic protein expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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15 pages, 633 KB

Open AccessReview

Synergistic Effects of Exercise and Nano-Curcumin Supplementation in Women with Lifestyle-Related Diseases: A Scoping Review

by Nafih Cherappurath, Muhammed Navaf, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Masilamani Elayaraja, Kappat Valiyapeediyekkal Sunooj, Saranya T. Satheesan, Muhammed Ali Thoompenthodi, Shamshadali Perumbalath, Serdar Bayrakdaroğlu, Raul Ioan Muntean, Nikolaos Mavritsakis and Dilshith A. Kabeer

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3334; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213334 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and osteoarthritis disproportionately affect women due to hormonal, metabolic, and socio-cultural factors. Emerging evidence suggests that combining structured exercise with nano-curcumin, a bioavailable phytochemical formulation with potent antioxidant [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and osteoarthritis disproportionately affect women due to hormonal, metabolic, and socio-cultural factors. Emerging evidence suggests that combining structured exercise with nano-curcumin, a bioavailable phytochemical formulation with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, may provide synergistic benefits. This scoping review systematically synthesizes available evidence on the combined effects of nano-curcumin supplementation and exercise interventions on health outcomes in women with lifestyle-related diseases. Methods: Following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the PRISMA-ScR framework, a comprehensive database search was conducted in March 2025 and updated in June 2025. Records were retrieved from Scopus (n = 30), Web of Science (n = 22), PubMed (n = 18), and other sources (n = 71), yielding a total of 141 studies. After screening and deduplication, eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. All the studies were conducted in Iran with small sample sizes (12–53 participants) and short intervention durations (6–16 weeks). Therefore, the current evidence is geographically and demographically limited. Results: Across the included trials, the combined interventions produced additive or synergistic improvements in oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, lipid and glucose metabolism, cardiovascular function, pulmonary capacity, muscle fitness, and psychological outcomes (e.g., depression). When paired with nano-curcumin supplementation at different concentrations, high-intensity interval training, aerobic exercise, Pilates, and resistance training consistently outperformed exercise or supplementation alone in modulating antioxidant defenses, reducing systemic inflammation, and improving metabolic risk factors. Conclusions: The integration of exercise and nano-curcumin supplementation appears to confer superior benefits for women with lifestyle-related diseases compared with either approach alone. These findings highlight the potential of combining phytochemicals with lifestyle interventions to optimize women’s health outcomes. However, most available evidence originates from small, short-term studies in single geographic regions. Large-scale, multicenter, randomized controlled trials with diverse populations are warranted to establish standardized protocols and optimal dosing strategies, and to assess long-term safety and efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Botanicals and Nutritional Approaches in Metabolic Disorders)

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17 pages, 718 KB

Open AccessReview

Combating Sarcopenia Through Nutrition: Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Aronia melanocarpa

by Kalina Metodieva, Iliyan Dimitrov and Anelia Bivolarska

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3333; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213333 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Sarcopenia, the progressive age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, represents a major contributor to morbidity, frailty, and reduced quality of life in older adults. Oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation are increasingly recognized as central mechanisms driving its onset [...] Read more.

Introduction: Sarcopenia, the progressive age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, represents a major contributor to morbidity, frailty, and reduced quality of life in older adults. Oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation are increasingly recognized as central mechanisms driving its onset and progression, through pathways involving mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired satellite cell activity, and dysregulated protein turnover. Objective: The purpose of the following manuscript is to summarize current research on the molecular and cellular interactions between oxidative stress and inflammation in sarcopenia, as well as to assess Aronia melanocarpa’s potential as a nutritional intervention. Methods: A narrative review was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2024. Keywords included “sarcopenia”, “oxidative stress”, “inflammation”, “Aronia melanocarpa”, “polyphenols”, and even “functional foods”. Eligible publications provided mechanistic, preclinical, or clinical findings on skeletal muscle biology and A. melanocarpa bioactivity. Results: This narrative review examines the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in sarcopenia, focusing on NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling, Nrf-2-dependent antioxidant defenses, myokines like myostatin and irisin, and macrophage polarization in muscle homeostasis. Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry) is highlighted as a polyphenol-rich fruit with a distinct profile of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins that have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. According to preclinical, clinical, and nutritional studies, A. melanocarpa bioactives modulate redox balance, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production, increase antioxidant enzyme activity, and regulate metabolic and regenerative signaling pathways important for skeletal muscle health. Conclusions: Overall, the data suggest A. melanocarpa’s potential as a functional food and nutraceutical candidate for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. However, further translational and clinical research is needed to determine the appropriate intake, bioavailability, and long-term efficacy in human populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Foods and Nutritional and Botanical Supplements for the Enhancement of Human Health and Performance)

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27 pages, 6075 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Grifola frondosa Polysaccharides and Their Enhancement of GABA Production via Gut Microbiota Modulation

by Qingchi Wang, Yuhang Luo, Huabo Zhu, Xiaoyang Liu, Mingyuan Xue, Guiling Yang, Yue Chen, Shiguo Chen and Zhengshun Wen

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3332; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213332 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The water-soluble Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (GFPs) are the primary bioactive component of the edible and medicinal fungus Grifola frondosa. However, the digestive behavior of GFPs in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their subsequent interaction with gut microbiota (GM) to [...] Read more.

Background: The water-soluble Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (GFPs) are the primary bioactive component of the edible and medicinal fungus Grifola frondosa. However, the digestive behavior of GFPs in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their subsequent interaction with gut microbiota (GM) to exert health effects remain unclear. Methods: In this study, GFPs were extracted based on a traditional hot water decoction. An in vitro simulated GI digestion model and a human fecal microbiota fermentation model were established to systematically investigate the digestive stability of GFPs, GM modulation, and metabolite changes. Results: Results showed that GFPs remained structurally stable during in vitro oral, gastric, and small intestinal digestion, allowing them to reach the colon intact for microbial fermentation. During colonic fermentation, GFPs were efficiently degraded by GM, and significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Lactobacillus while reducing the abundance of pathogenic Escherichia-Shigella. Meanwhile, GFPs enriched metabolites beneficial for intestinal health, among which γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was the most significantly upregulated. Single-strain fermentation confirmed that Lactobacillus (L. plantarum) was the core GABA-producing genus. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of GFPs as prebiotics for GM modulation, expands the understanding of the health-promoting effects of fungal polysaccharides, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of GFP-based functional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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16 pages, 1490 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Bioavailability of Vitamin C After Short-Term Consumption of Raw Fruits and Vegetables and Their Juices: A Randomized Crossover Study

by Mijoo Choi, Juha Baek, Jung-Mi Yun, Young-Shick Hong and Eunju Park

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3331; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213331 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vitamin C plays a vital role in human health, functioning as a powerful antioxidant and enzymatic cofactor. Although vitamin C bioavailability from food versus supplements has been debated, few studies have examined how intake form affects absorption and physiological markers. Methods: This [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vitamin C plays a vital role in human health, functioning as a powerful antioxidant and enzymatic cofactor. Although vitamin C bioavailability from food versus supplements has been debated, few studies have examined how intake form affects absorption and physiological markers. Methods: This randomized, controlled, crossover trial aimed to compare the bioavailability of vitamin C consumed as a supplement, through raw fruits and vegetables, or through fruit and vegetable juice. Twelve healthy adults underwent three 1-day crossover trials, each separated by a 2-week washout. Participants consumed 101.7 mg of vitamin C via powder, raw fruits and vegetables (186.8 g), or juice (200 mL). Plasma and urinary vitamin C concentrations, urinary metabolites (¹H NMR), and antioxidant activity (ORAC and TRAP) were assessed over 24 h. Results: All interventions elevated plasma vitamin C levels, with juice yielding the highest AUC (25.3 ± 3.2 mg/dL·h). Urinary vitamin C increased in all groups. Metabolomics revealed increased urinary excretion of mannitol, glycine, taurine, dimethylglycine (DMG), and asparagine, and decreased choline and dimethylamine (DMA). Notably, urinary mannitol increased only in the morning. Choline significantly decreased after powder intake (p = 0.001), with similar trends observed in the other groups. DMG and glycine increased following raw and juiced vegetable intake. Antioxidant activity showed transient ORAC elevation post-powder but no sustained improvements. Conclusions: Vitamin C is bioavailable from all intake forms, with juice providing the most efficient absorption. Urinary metabolite changes suggest microbiota-related modulation, while antioxidant activity improvements were limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant-Rich Natural Fruit and Vegetable Foods and Human Health)

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14 pages, 565 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Vitamins in Sepsis: A Narrative Review

by Paweł Radkowski, Anna Gogojewicz, Joanna Charasna, Łucja Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak and Łukasz Grabarczyk

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3330; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213330 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Sepsis remains one of the major challenges in modern intensive care, characterized by high mortality and complex metabolic and immunological disturbances. Given the limited effectiveness of current therapeutic strategies, increasing attention has been directed toward supportive interventions aimed at restoring metabolic homeostasis. Particular [...] Read more.

Sepsis remains one of the major challenges in modern intensive care, characterized by high mortality and complex metabolic and immunological disturbances. Given the limited effectiveness of current therapeutic strategies, increasing attention has been directed toward supportive interventions aimed at restoring metabolic homeostasis. Particular interest has been focused on selected vitamins that exhibit pleiotropic biological effects. Thus, we summarized the current evidence on the role of selected vitamins (C, D, B1, B9, B12) in the treatment and supportive management of sepsis, highlighting their mechanisms of action, potential clinical benefits, and limitations derived from available studies. A comprehensive analysis of the literature was performed, including clinical trials and meta-analyses evaluating the efficacy of vitamin supplementation in sepsis, with particular emphasis on combined interventions and randomized controlled trials in severe sepsis and septic shock. Vitamin D might demonstrate the greatest therapeutic potential, particularly in patients with severe sepsis and respiratory failure, with benefits associated with achieving appropriate therapeutic concentrations. Thiamine (vitamin B1) appears to provide potential advantages primarily in deficient patients, improving mitochondrial function and reducing the risk of renal failure. Evidence regarding folic acid (vitamin B9) and cobalamin (vitamin B12) remains inconclusive, as both deficiency and elevated serum levels have been linked to adverse outcomes. Vitamin C, despite its well-documented antioxidant and microcirculatory effects, has not yet shown consistent evidence of mortality reduction. In conclusion, current evidence suggests that vitamin supplementation might represent an adjunct to standard sepsis therapy, particularly within a personalized approach that considers nutritional status and metabolic phenotype. The development of standardized dosing protocols and well-designed clinical trials is essential to determine the efficacy and safety of phenotype-driven individualized approaches in sepsis management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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13 pages, 4256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Cell RNA-Seq Identifies Immune Remodeling in Lungs of β-Carotene Oxygenase 2 Knockout Mice with Improved Antiviral Response

by Yashu Tang, William Lin, Xiang Chi, Huimin Chen, Dingbo Lin, Winyoo Chowanadisai, Xufang Deng and Peiran Lu

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3329; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213329 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: β-Carotene oxygenase-2 (BCO2) is a mitochondrial carotenoid-cleaving enzyme expressed in multiple tissues, including the lungs. While BCO2 regulates carotenoid handling, its role in shaping pulmonary immune architecture and antiviral responses is unknown. We hypothesized that BCO2 deficiency reprograms epithelial–innate circuits and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: β-Carotene oxygenase-2 (BCO2) is a mitochondrial carotenoid-cleaving enzyme expressed in multiple tissues, including the lungs. While BCO2 regulates carotenoid handling, its role in shaping pulmonary immune architecture and antiviral responses is unknown. We hypothesized that BCO2 deficiency reprograms epithelial–innate circuits and alters antiviral outcomes. Methods: BCO2-knockout (KO) and C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice underwent lung single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), immunoblotting, and intranasal SARS-CoV-2 challenge to assess cell-type heterogeneity, pathway programs (by gene set variation analysis, GSVA), and antiviral responses. Results: scRNA-seq resolved 14 major lung cell populations with cell-type-specific pathway shifts. Compared with WT, BCO2 KO lungs showed increased conventional dendritic cells and natural killer (NK) cells, with reductions in macrophages, B cells, and endothelial cells. In KO alveolar type II cells, GSVA indicated a stress-adapted metabolic program. Ciliated epithelium exhibited vitamin-K-responsive and axoneme-remodeling signatures with attenuated glucocorticoid and very-low-density lipoprotein remodeling. Innate lymphoid type 2 cells favored fatty acid oxidation and chromatin dynamics with reduced mitochondrial activity. NK cells were biased toward constitutive chemokine/cytokine secretion and counter-inflammatory signaling. Immunoblotting confirmed the elevated level of interferon regulatory factor-3 protein in BCO2-KO lungs. Functionally, BCO2-KO mice had improved outcomes after intranasal SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Conclusions: Loss of BCO2 reconfigures the pulmonary immune landscape and enhances antiviral responsiveness in mice. These findings identify BCO2 as a nutrient-linked enzyme with immunomodulatory impact and highlight cell-state changes as candidate mechanisms for improved antiviral tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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14 pages, 755 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Digestibility, Bioavailability and Utilization of Protein Blends in Older Adults Using a Dual Stable Isotope Tracer Technique

by Jake Cox, Bethan E. Phillips, James Bunce, Thomas Smart, Joshua Wall, Hannah Crossland, Daniel J. Wilkinson, Kenneth Smith and Philip J. Atherton

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3328; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213328 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The impact of combining animal and plant protein sources on digestibility is unclear, despite their increasing clinical use. Using a non-invasive dual stable isotope tracer approach, we assessed the digestibility, bioavailability and utilization of distinct protein blends in older adults, and associated [...] Read more.

Objectives: The impact of combining animal and plant protein sources on digestibility is unclear, despite their increasing clinical use. Using a non-invasive dual stable isotope tracer approach, we assessed the digestibility, bioavailability and utilization of distinct protein blends in older adults, and associated plasma amino acid profiles and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. Methods: Thirty-two older men (69 ± 3 y) consumed one of four protein blends (A (51:49, casein/soy); B and C (35:25:20:20, whey/casein/soy/pea); D (80:20, casein/whey)) alongside primed constant infusions of [1,2-¹³C₂] leucine for 8 h. Arterialized blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected during a trickle feed protocol with all blends providing 20 g total protein, universally labeled ¹³C-spirulina, and ²H-cell free amino acid mix to determine digestibility. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ID-NCT07038655). Results: No differences (¹³C:²H ratios) were found in digestibility between the protein blends (p > 0.05). Mean (±SEM) fed state MPS at 2.5 h was 0.078 ± 0.009%/h, 0.075 ± 0.012%/h, 0.085 ± 0.007%/h and 0.065 ± 0.011%/h for drinks A, B, C and D, respectively, with a main time effect observed (p < 0.01), but no significant differences between drinks. Plasma essential amino acids (EAAs) increased significantly from baseline for all blends by 40 min (p < 0.05), with no differences between blends at any time point. Conclusions: These findings suggest that protein quantity (and/or leucine content), rather than composition, appears to be the most important factor driving MPS. Future work should focus on clinical populations where protein requirements and digestibility characteristics may differ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Proteins and Amino Acids in Relation to Human Health)

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28 pages, 1457 KB

Open AccessArticle

Opinions on Ketogenic Diets Among Students and Academic Teachers at the University of Pécs, Hungary: A Cross-Sectional Survey

by Nicole Hunter, János Girán, Gergely Márovics, Károly Berényi, Balázs Németh and Katalin Szendi

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3327; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213327 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The ketogenic diet (KD) is one of the most widely followed dietary approaches worldwide, frequently promoted in popular media for weight loss and chronic disease management, although it also has established therapeutic applications in clinical medicine. However, our previous reviews have shown [...] Read more.

Background: The ketogenic diet (KD) is one of the most widely followed dietary approaches worldwide, frequently promoted in popular media for weight loss and chronic disease management, although it also has established therapeutic applications in clinical medicine. However, our previous reviews have shown that existing clinical studies and meta-analyses on KD suffer from serious methodological limitations, raising concerns about their reliability. Considering this, the present study aimed to assess knowledge and opinions on KD among university students and academic staff. Methods: Cross-sectional, self-developed online questionnaire was distributed to 23,330 students and academic teachers at the University of Pécs, Hungary. Data was collected in October 2024. A total of 891 responses were included (710 students, 123 academic staff). Knowledge scores were calculated (maximum 17 points, including penalties for incorrect answers) and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, chi-square tests, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression. Results: Only 7.3% of students and 13.5% of staff achieved ≥60% of the maximum knowledge score. Health-related faculties did not consistently outperform non–health-related ones; in fact, some non-health-related faculties achieved the highest mean scores. Completion of nutrition-related courses and reliance on PubMed were associated with higher knowledge, while current KD adherence among staff was negatively associated. Most participants (over 65%) were uncertain about the reliability of KD research. Conclusions: Knowledge of KD among both students and staff was limited, highlighting susceptibility to misinformation. Critical appraisal skills and reliable nutrition education are urgently needed at the population level to support disease prevention and to counterbalance misleading claims about KD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health, Nutritional Behavior and Nutritional Status—3rd Edition)

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Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 21 (November-1 2025) – 42 articles

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