Land | October 2025 - Browse Articles

23 pages, 10343 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Impact of Urban Parks on Bird Habitats and Diversity Through Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Chengdu City (China)

by Chenyang Liao, Yumeng Jiang, Mingle Yang, Kexin Feng and Jiazhen Zhang

Land 2025, 14(10), 2086; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102086 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accelerated urbanization has induced marked biodiversity loss in metropolitan regions, with urban parks emerging as critical habitat patches for avian species within intensively developed built environments. As a global pioneer in park city conceptualization, Chengdu (China) has achieved notable advancements in urban green [...] Read more.

Accelerated urbanization has induced marked biodiversity loss in metropolitan regions, with urban parks emerging as critical habitat patches for avian species within intensively developed built environments. As a global pioneer in park city conceptualization, Chengdu (China) has achieved notable advancements in urban green space extent and quality through systematic planning efforts. This investigation examines the avian–habitat relationships in Chengdu’s central urban area (2010–2020) using multispectral remote sensing data, employing the ENVI5.6 (Environment for Visualizing Images) software for spatial analysis, and applying the InVEST3.2.0 (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) model to identify high-quality habitats, evaluate landscape connectivity, and analyze community composition dynamics. Through a correlation analysis of seven environmental characteristic factors with avian biodiversity in 24 urban parks, the impact mechanism of avian habitat functions was explored. On this basis, measures such as optimizing the plant community structure of riverside greenways and road green spaces, expanding small-scale green spaces near parks, and so on are proposed to promote the enhancement of urban park habitat functions and the protection of avian biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Green Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services in Relation to Landscape Design, Planning and Management)

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27 pages, 9934 KB

Open AccessArticle

Generative AI for Biophilic Design in Historic Urban Alleys: Balancing Place Identity and Biophilic Strategies in Urban Regeneration

by Eun-Ji Lee and Sung-Jun Park

Land 2025, 14(10), 2085; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102085 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Historic urban alleys encapsulate cultural identity and collective memory but are increasingly threatened by commercialization and context-insensitive redevelopment. Preserving their authenticity while enhancing environmental resilience requires design strategies that integrate both heritage and ecological values. This study explores the potential of generative artificial [...] Read more.

Historic urban alleys encapsulate cultural identity and collective memory but are increasingly threatened by commercialization and context-insensitive redevelopment. Preserving their authenticity while enhancing environmental resilience requires design strategies that integrate both heritage and ecological values. This study explores the potential of generative artificial intelligence (AI) to support biophilic design in historic alleys, focusing on Daegu, South Korea. Four alley typologies—path, stairs, edge, and node—were identified through fieldwork and analyzed across cognitive, emotional, and physical dimensions of place identity. A Flux-based diffusion model was fine-tuned using low-rank adaptation (LoRA) with site-specific images, while a structured biophilic design prompt (BDP) framework was developed to embed ecological attributes into generative simulations. The outputs were evaluated through perceptual and statistical similarity indices and expert reviews (n = 8). Results showed that LoRA training significantly improved alignment with ground-truth images compared to prompt-only generation, capturing both material realism and symbolic cues. Expert evaluations confirmed the contextual authenticity and biophilic effectiveness of AI-generated designs, revealing typology-specific strengths: the path enhanced spatial legibility and continuity; the stairs supported immersive sequential experiences; the edge transformed rigid boundaries into ecological transitions; and the node reinforced communal symbolism. Emotional identity was more difficult to reproduce, highlighting the need for multimodal and interactive approaches. This study demonstrates that generative AI can serve not only as a visualization tool but also as a methodological platform for participatory design and heritage-sensitive urban regeneration. Future research will expand the dataset and adopt multimodal and dynamic simulation approaches to further generalize and validate the framework across diverse urban contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Landscapes in Transition: Balancing Heritage, Development, and Sustainability)

29 pages, 5640 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deriving RRR Elements from the Integration of Land Registration and Spatial Planning

by Gabriel Triwibawa, Trias Aditya and Heri Sutanta

Land 2025, 14(10), 2084; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102084 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Integrating Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRR) information within land administration presents a significant challenge. Currently, land rights management and spatial planning in Indonesia are handled by separate institutions within land administration services, leading to fragmented information and potentially inconsistent decisions, and the information [...] Read more.

Integrating Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRR) information within land administration presents a significant challenge. Currently, land rights management and spatial planning in Indonesia are handled by separate institutions within land administration services, leading to fragmented information and potentially inconsistent decisions, and the information about them is siloed. While land registration data typically provide information regarding land rights, the restrictions and responsibilities are derived from spatial planning data, primarily from Detailed Spatial Plans (RDTR). This fragmented data landscape complicates landowners understanding of their rights and obligations, as well as local government in issuing the development permits. This paper proposes a method to integrate RRR elements by overlaying parcel data (representing Rights) with spatial planning data from RDTR (representing Restrictions and Responsibilities). The analysis reveals that challenges arise from discrepancies between parcel boundaries and spatial plan delineations. To address these challenges, problem scenarios have been developed, illustrating situations where a parcel may fall within a single sub-zone, multiple sub-zones, partly outside sub-zone, and no planning zone. The integrated approach herein aims to empower landowners, ease the issuing of development permits by local government, and align with the government’s digital transformation initiatives. Full article

32 pages, 2389 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Urban Segregation with GeoAI: Street View Perceptions and Socio-Spatial Inequality in Thessaloniki, Greece

by Aristotelis Vartholomaios and Apostolos Lagarias

Land 2025, 14(10), 2083; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102083 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines the statistical and spatial alignment between urban place perceptions and the census-based evidence of socio-spatial segregation. We process a large dataset of geotagged images from Mapillary and KartaView with ZenSVI to score six place perception dimensions (safety, liveliness, wealth, beauty, [...] Read more.

This study examines the statistical and spatial alignment between urban place perceptions and the census-based evidence of socio-spatial segregation. We process a large dataset of geotagged images from Mapillary and KartaView with ZenSVI to score six place perception dimensions (safety, liveliness, wealth, beauty, boredom, depression) for the metropolitan area of Thessaloniki, Greece. The socio-economic structure is derived from census indicators and property values using Location Quotients and principal component analysis. We assess alignment through Pearson’s correlation (r) to capture statistical association, and bivariate Moran’s I to test spatial correspondence while accounting for spatial dependence. Results reveal a robust northwest–southeast divide: southeastern and central districts are perceived as safer, livelier, wealthier, and more beautiful, while northwestern and industrial zones score higher on boredom and depression. The historic city center emerges as vibrant and affluent, acting as a key interface between social groups, especially students, the elderly, and migrants. Perceptual dimensions vary in spatial form: safety, beauty, and depression cluster locally, whereas wealth and vibrancy extend over broader sectors. The study demonstrates the combined use of perceptual and socio-economic data for urban analysis and provides a replicable framework for monitoring inequalities and guiding participatory and inclusive planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GeoAI for Urban Sustainability Monitoring and Analysis)

16 pages, 5747 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Influence of Urban Compactness on Transportation: A Comparative Analysis of Average Commuting Duration and Velocity

by Fan Wang, Yuan Cao, Zhen Wang, Junchen Li and Hongmei Xu

Land 2025, 14(10), 2082; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102082 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Compact urban land use planning and smart growth are essential strategies for tackling the issues of sustainable urban transportation development. In the context of swift global urbanization, examining the intrinsic relationship between urban spatial structure and transport systems might furnish a measurable foundation [...] Read more.

Compact urban land use planning and smart growth are essential strategies for tackling the issues of sustainable urban transportation development. In the context of swift global urbanization, examining the intrinsic relationship between urban spatial structure and transport systems might furnish a measurable foundation for urban planning decisions. This study utilizes various data sources, including Chinese city compactness and the Didi traffic index, to integrate exploratory spatial analysis and regression analysis methods. It examines the influence of city compactness on urban transportation by comparing average commuting time and speed relative to city compactness. The following findings are derived: The compactness of Chinese cities demonstrates notable regional differentiation, with western cities expanding uniformly and efficiently, whereas eastern cities display multi-centered, differentiated development in their spatial structures. Furthermore, Chinese cities exhibit a pronounced high-value agglomeration in commuting patterns, where major cities are characterized by high speeds and extended durations. The study reveals that city compactness creates a “concentration paradox” in commuting efficiency, which may reduce commuting distances but significantly decreases speed and extends travel time. The solution to this conflict is to prioritize the enhancement of public transport systems, as the increase in passenger volume is strongly positively connected with improved commuting speed and reduced commuting time. These findings offer a crucial scientific foundation for developing diverse regional spatial plans and transport development strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Spatial Modeling in Urban Land Dynamics and Planning)

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24 pages, 6032 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Coupling Coordination and Driving Mechanism of Urban Pseudo and Reality Human Settlements in the Coastal Cities of China

by Xueming Li, Linlin Feng, Meishuo Du and Shenzhen Tian

Land 2025, 14(10), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102081 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

The accelerated development of digital technologies during the 21st century has intensified requirements for Human Settlements (HS) infrastructure advancement in China’s maritime urban centers, driven by national objectives to forge a cohesive, technologically integrated state framework. This transformation has changed people’s work, learning, [...] Read more.

The accelerated development of digital technologies during the 21st century has intensified requirements for Human Settlements (HS) infrastructure advancement in China’s maritime urban centers, driven by national objectives to forge a cohesive, technologically integrated state framework. This transformation has changed people’s work, learning, and entertainment patterns, leading to the rise in complex networks of pseudo human settlements (PHS). Traditional approaches to environmental research are insufficient for understanding the interactions between PHS and reality human settlements (RHS), which are interdependent and shape urban development. This study utilizes advanced methods such as the entropy weight method to determine indicator weights, the coupling coordination degree model to quantify the interaction intensity, the geo-detector to identify driving factors, and ArcGIS for spatial analysis to assess the interaction between PHS and RHS in 53 coastal cities from 2011 to 2022. The results show: (1) The coupling coordination degree rose initially but later declined, reflecting temporal differentiation; (2) The coordination of settlements varies across regions; (3) A migration trend from the northeast to southwest, with faster coordination improvement in the southwest; (4) Socio-economic development drives the coupling coordination, with big data technology enhancing the relationship. The findings guide sustainable urban development in coastal cities. Full article

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31 pages, 1700 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Digitalization and Scale Influence Agricultural Carbon Emission Reduction: Evidence from Jiangsu, China

by Degui Yu, Ying Cao, Suyan Tian, Jiahao Cai and Xinzhuo Fang

Land 2025, 14(10), 2080; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102080 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

In order to alleviate the constraints of global warming and sustainable development, digitalization has made significant contributions to promoting agricultural carbon reduction through resources, technology, and platforms. Under this situation, China insists on developing agricultural scale management. However, what impact will scale management [...] Read more.

In order to alleviate the constraints of global warming and sustainable development, digitalization has made significant contributions to promoting agricultural carbon reduction through resources, technology, and platforms. Under this situation, China insists on developing agricultural scale management. However, what impact will scale management in agricultural digital emission reduction have on mechanisms and pathways? Based on three rounds of follow-up surveys conducted by the Digital Countryside Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University in Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2024, in this study a total of 258 valid questionnaires on the rice and wheat industry were collected. Methods such as member checking and audit trail were employed to ensure data reliability and validity. Using econometric approaches including Tobit, mediation, and moderation models, this study quantified the Scale Management Level (SML), examined the mechanism pathways of digital emission reduction in a scaled environment, further demonstrated the impact of scale management on digital emission reduction, and verified the mediating and moderating effects of internal and external scale management. We found that: (1) In scale and carbon reduction, the SBM-DEA model calculates that the scale of agricultural land in Jiangsu showed an “inverted S” trend with SML and an “inverted W” trend with the overall agricultural green production efficiency (AGPE), and the highest agricultural green production efficiency is 0.814 in the moderate scale range of 20–36.667 hm². (2) In digitalization and carbon reduction, the Tobit regression model results indicate that Network Platform Empowerment (NPE) significantly promotes carbon reduction (p < 1%), but its squared terms exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship with agricultural green production efficiency (p < 1%), and SML is significant at the 5% level. From a local regression perspective, the strength of SML’s impact on the three core variables is: NPE > DRE > DTE. (3) Adding scale in agricultural digital emission reduction, the intermediary mechanism results showed that the significant intensity (p < 5%) of the mediating role of Agricultural Mechanization Level (AML) is NPE > DTE > DRE, and that of the Employment of Labor (EOL) is DRE > NPE > DTE. (4) Adding scale in agricultural digital emission reduction, the regulatory effect results showed that the Organized Management Level (OML) and Social Service System (SSS) significantly positively regulate the inhibitory effect of DRE and DTE on AGPE. Finally, we suggest controlling the scale of land management reasonably and developing moderate agricultural scale management according to local conditions, enhancing the digital literacy and agricultural machinery training of scale entities while encouraging the improvement of organizational level and social service innovation, and reasonably reducing labor and mechanization inputs in order to standardize the digital emission reduction effect of agriculture under the background of scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)

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26 pages, 2218 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Calcimetry Dynamics to Resolve Weathering Flux in Wollastonite-Amended Croplands

by Francisco S. M. Araujo and Rafael M. Santos

Land 2025, 14(10), 2079; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102079 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW) is a promising carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy that accelerates mineral dissolution, sequestering atmospheric CO₂ while improving soil health. This study builds on prior applications of soil calcimetry by investigating its ability to resolve short-term carbonate fluxes and [...] Read more.

Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW) is a promising carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy that accelerates mineral dissolution, sequestering atmospheric CO₂ while improving soil health. This study builds on prior applications of soil calcimetry by investigating its ability to resolve short-term carbonate fluxes and rainfall-modulated weathering dynamics in wollastonite-amended croplands. Conducted over a single growing season (May–October 2024) in temperate row-crop fields near Port Colborne, Ontario—characterized by fibric mesisol soils (Histosols, FAO-WRB)—this study tests whether calcimetry can distinguish between dissolution and precipitation phases and serve as a proxy for weathering flux within the upper soil horizon, under the assumption that rapid pedogenic carbonate cycling dominates alkalinity retention in this soil–mineral system. Monthly measurements of soil pH (Milli-Q and CaCl₂) and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) were conducted across 10 plots, totaling 180 composite samples. Results show significant alkalinization (p < 0.001), with average pH increases of ~+1.0 unit in both Milli-Q and CaCl₂ extracts over the timeline. In contrast, CCE values showed high spatiotemporal variability (−2.5 to +6.4%) without consistent seasonal trends. The calcimetry-derived weathering proxy, log (Σ ΔCCE/Δt), correlated positively with pH (r = 0.652), capturing net carbonate accumulation, while the kinetic dissolution rate model correlated strongly and negatively with pH (r ≈ −1), reflecting acid-promoted dissolution. This divergence confirms that the two metrics capture complementary stages of the weathering–precipitation continuum. Rainfall strongly modulated short-term carbonate formation, with cumulative precipitation over the previous 7–10 days enhancing formation rates up to a saturation point (~30 mm), beyond which additional rainfall yielded diminishing returns. In contrast, dissolution fluxes remained largely independent of rainfall. These results highlight calcimetry as a direct, scalable, and dynamic tool not only for monitoring solid-phase carbonate formation, but also for inferring carbonate migration and dissolution dynamics. In systems dominated by rapid pedogenic carbonate cycling, this approach captures the majority of alkalinity fluxes, offering a conservative yet comprehensive proxy for CO₂ sequestration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Degradation in Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) : Assessment and Conservation (Second Edition))

28 pages, 2054 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Sprawl in the Yangtze River Delta: Spatio-Temporal Characteristics and Impacts on PM_2.5

by Ning Ruan, Jianhui Xu and Huarong He

Land 2025, 14(10), 2078; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102078 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Over the past three decades, the Yangtze River Delta has undergone a rapid urbanization phenomenon, resulting in pronounced urban sprawl that has significantly impacted regional sustainable development and air quality. This study constructs an urban sprawl index based on nighttime light data spanning [...] Read more.

Over the past three decades, the Yangtze River Delta has undergone a rapid urbanization phenomenon, resulting in pronounced urban sprawl that has significantly impacted regional sustainable development and air quality. This study constructs an urban sprawl index based on nighttime light data spanning 2000–2020 and employs exploratory spatio-temporal analysis, panel data models, and spatial econometric models to examine the evolution of urban sprawl and its effects on PM_2.5 concentrations. The results reveal four key findings: (1) Urban sprawl is spatially heterogeneous, exhibiting a ‘high in the centre-east, low in the north-west’ pattern, with high-intensity sprawl expanding from the central region towards the north-west and south-west; (2) The dominant growth pattern is characterized by relatively rapid expansion. The global Moran’s I index fluctuates between 0.428 and 0.214, indicating a gradual decline in the global clustering effect of urban sprawl. Meanwhile, the share of local high–high agglomeration zones decreases to 21.9%, whereas low–low zones increase to 24.3%; (3) Spatio-temporal transitions of urban sprawl show strong spatial dependence while overall relocation exhibits inertia; (4) Before the implementation of the Ten Key Measures for Air Pollution Prevention and Control in 2013, urban sprawl significantly intensified PM_2.5 pollution. Following the policy, this relationship notably reversed, with sprawl exhibiting pollution-mitigating effects in certain regions. The spatial diffusion of pollution is evident, as urban sprawl influences air quality through both local development and inter-regional interactions. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution of urban sprawl and establishes a framework to examine the interactive mechanisms between urban expansion and air pollution, thereby broadening perspectives on atmospheric pollution research and offering scientific and policy guidance for sustainable land use and air quality management in the Yangtze River Delta. Full article

49 pages, 4679 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating China’s National Park Pilots: Constructing an Indicator System for Performance Assessment

by Jiao Li, Gaoyuan Hu and Fei Wang

Land 2025, 14(10), 2077; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102077 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

With the designation of the first cohort of national parks and the continued operation of remaining pilots, China’s national park reform has entered a critical stage requiring consolidation and adaptive improvement. A key challenge lies in the ambiguous status of five pilot zones, [...] Read more.

With the designation of the first cohort of national parks and the continued operation of remaining pilots, China’s national park reform has entered a critical stage requiring consolidation and adaptive improvement. A key challenge lies in the ambiguous status of five pilot zones, which lack a standardized evaluation mechanism to guide decisions on future inclusion or exit. This study develops a comprehensive indicator system specifically tailored to assess the construction and development of national park pilots, thereby supporting evidence-based governance beyond initial entry criteria. Drawing on relevant theories and China’s institutional context, the framework employs Analytic Hierarchy Process, expert consultation, and fuzzy scoring to determine indicator weights and evaluation standards. The resulting system integrates three dimensions—ecological protection system, management system, and public service system. Nanshan National Park was selected as a case study, scoring 87.77 in 2024 (Class II, “Proficient”), with strong overall performance but notable weaknesses in landscape connectivity, recreational product diversity, and regional integration. These findings suggest the need for targeted improvements in ecological corridors, service enrichment, and community benefit-sharing. Overall, the proposed framework provides a replicable tool for evaluating pilot zones, offering practical insights for refining China’s national park development and enhancing governance effectiveness. Full article

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25 pages, 19035 KB

Open AccessArticle

Revealing Multiscale Characteristics of Ecosystem Service Flows: Application to the Yangtze River Economic Belt

by Yiyang Li, Hongrui Wang, Li Zhang, Yafeng Yang, Ziyang Zhao and Xin Jiang

Land 2025, 14(10), 2076; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102076 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Assessing ecosystem service (ES) supply–demand relationships and identifying their driving forces are essential for ecological security and sustainable ecosystem development. Using ES supply–demand mismatches as a basis, this study characterized the spatiotemporal evolution of ES supply and demand from 2000 to 2023. Additionally, [...] Read more.

Assessing ecosystem service (ES) supply–demand relationships and identifying their driving forces are essential for ecological security and sustainable ecosystem development. Using ES supply–demand mismatches as a basis, this study characterized the spatiotemporal evolution of ES supply and demand from 2000 to 2023. Additionally, a SHAP-informed Stacking Bayesian optimization model was employed to identify key drivers of supply–demand imbalances. Building on this, threshold-aware spatial optimization of ecosystem service flows was performed using an improved minimum-cost algorithm within an NSGA-II multi-objective framework. The results showed that: (1) The YREB’s supply–demand balance (SDB) exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. Water SDB declined with fluctuations, decreasing from 5.343 × 10¹¹ m³ to 4.433 × 10¹¹ m³, whereas carbon SDB shifted from a surplus (+1.514 × 10⁹ t) to a deficit (−1.673 × 10⁹ t) during the study period. Crop SDB rose from 1.361 × 10⁸ to 1.450 × 10⁸ t across the study period. (2) Nighttime light intensity (NLI) was the dominant factor for water SDB and carbon SDB, while cropland area was the key driver for crop SDB. (3) Over 2000–2023, water SDB flow increased from 8.5 × 10⁹ m³ to 1.43 × 10¹⁰ m³. Carbon SDB flows more than tripled from 9.576 × 10⁷ tons to 2.89 × 10⁸ tons. Crop SDB flow increased nearly twelvefold over 2000–2023, from 3.3 × 10⁵ t to 3.93 × 10⁶ t. The findings provide scientific support for coordinating ecological conservation and high-quality development across the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land–Water–Energy–Food (LWEF) System Coupling and Sustainable Development of Watersheds)

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21 pages, 480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Trends of a Network for Landscape Conservation

by Jennifer M. Thomsen and Molly C. McDevitt

Land 2025, 14(10), 2075; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102075 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Landscape conservation has grown in popularity over the past few decades and is widely recognized as essential for achieving conservation outcomes. However, there are many challenges to operating at the landscape scale, and little research assesses the trends of Landscape Conservation Initiatives (LCIs) [...] Read more.

Landscape conservation has grown in popularity over the past few decades and is widely recognized as essential for achieving conservation outcomes. However, there are many challenges to operating at the landscape scale, and little research assesses the trends of Landscape Conservation Initiatives (LCIs) within a network. To address this gap, we surveyed a nationwide sample of LCIs that are connected through the Network for Landscape Conservation in 2016 and in 2021. Our research presents findings on the focus of these initiatives (often wildlife habitat and watershed protection), the strategies and approaches employed to achieve goals (often coordinating community activities and networking/information sharing), the factors that support or challenge the LCI success (ranging from political support to trust/respect), and how LCIs perceive their biggest successes (often a combination of Collaborative, Ecological, and Human categories). The main findings highlight how some of these trends changed over a five-year period and with the age range of the LCI. These findings contribute to our greater understanding of unique aspects of LCIs and changing trends for LCIs within a network and have implications for emerging and established LCIs as they evolve over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife Conservation and Habitat Management in the Anthropocene)

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32 pages, 726 KB

Open AccessArticle

Organic Rice Transition in a Changing Environment: Linking Farmers’ Benefits to Adaptation and Mitigation

by Jack O’Connor, Joachim H. Spangenberg, Ngan Ha Nguyen, Gioia Emidi, Arne Kappenberg, Linda Klamann, Nick Kupfer, Huynh Ky, Nguyen Thi Thu Nga, Chau Minh Khoi, Cao Dinh An Giang, Jürgen Ott, Björn Thiele, Bei Wu and Lutz Weihermüller

Land 2025, 14(10), 2074; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102074 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Organic rice farming (ORF) can support both climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, a deeper understanding of its specific benefits and challenges is needed. This paper synthesises current knowledge on the potential of ORF to enhance resilience in regions exposed to natural hazards, [...] Read more.

Organic rice farming (ORF) can support both climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, a deeper understanding of its specific benefits and challenges is needed. This paper synthesises current knowledge on the potential of ORF to enhance resilience in regions exposed to natural hazards, with particular attention to the climate-vulnerable region of the Mekong Delta (MKD), Vietnam. ORF can deliver multiple benefits: reducing production costs, revitalising degraded and pesticide-contaminated soils, improving water and soil quality, enhancing biodiversity, and contributing to human health and sustainable livelihoods. In the context of MKD, where rice production intersects with acute vulnerability to salinity intrusion, storms, and drought, ORF also presents opportunities for long-term adaptation by improving ecosystem health and reducing socio-ecological vulnerability. Despite these benefits, ORF remains limited in scale and impact due to the lack of integrated, landscape-level implementation strategies. Challenges like chemical contamination, limited access to certified organic inputs, and insufficient institutional and technical support leave many existing ORF initiatives vulnerable and constrain further expansion. To fully realise ORF’s resilience and sustainability potential, more targeted research and policy attention are needed. An integrated governance approach that considers both biophysical and socio-economic dimensions is essential to support a meaningful and scalable transition to organic rice farming in climate-sensitive regions like the MKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Systems and Global Change)

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19 pages, 13759 KB

Open AccessArticle

University Campuses as Vital Urban Green Infrastructure: Quantifying Ecosystem Services Based on Field Inventory in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

by Basil N. Yakimov, Nataly I. Zaznobina, Irina M. Kuznetsova, Angela D. Bolshakova, Taisia A. Kovaleva, Ivan N. Markelov and Vladislav V. Onishchenko

Land 2025, 14(10), 2073; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102073 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study provides the first comprehensive, field-inventory-based assessment of urban ecosystem services within a Russian university campus, focusing on the woody vegetation of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod. Utilizing a detailed field tree inventory combined with the i-Tree framework (including i-Tree [...] Read more.

This study provides the first comprehensive, field-inventory-based assessment of urban ecosystem services within a Russian university campus, focusing on the woody vegetation of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod. Utilizing a detailed field tree inventory combined with the i-Tree framework (including i-Tree Eco, i-Tree Canopy, UFORE, and i-Tree Hydro models), we quantified the campus’s capacity for carbon storage and sequestration, air pollutant removal, and stormwater runoff mitigation. The campus green infrastructure, comprising 1887 trees across 32 species with a density of 145.5 stems per hectare, demonstrated significant ecological value. Results show a carbon storage density of 26.61 t C ha⁻¹ and an annual gross carbon sequestration of 11.43 tons. Furthermore, the campus trees removed 1213.7 kg of air pollutants annually (a deposition rate of 9.35 g m⁻²), with ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide showing the highest deposition. The campus also retained 956.1 m³ of stormwater annually. These findings, particularly the high carbon sequestration rates, are attributed to the dominance of relatively young, fast-growing tree species. This research establishes a critical baseline for understanding urban ecosystem services in a previously under-researched geographical context. The detailed, empirical data offers crucial insights for urban planners and policymakers in Nizhny Novgorod and beyond, advocating for the strategic integration of ecosystem services assessments into campus planning and broader urban green infrastructure development across Russian cities. The study underscores the significant role of university campuses as vital components of urban green infrastructure, contributing substantially to environmental sustainability and human well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)

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26 pages, 7275 KB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Designing Accessible Urban Public Spaces Through Geodesign: A Case Study of Alicante, Spain

by Mariana Huskinson, Álvaro Bernabeu-Bautista, Michele Campagna and Leticia Serrano-Estrada

Land 2025, 14(10), 2072; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102072 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ensuring accessibility in urban public spaces is a key challenge for contemporary cities, particularly in the context of ageing populations, socio-spatial inequalities, and the global call for inclusive urban development. Despite its importance, accessibility is often treated as a cross-cutting issue rather than [...] Read more.

Ensuring accessibility in urban public spaces is a key challenge for contemporary cities, particularly in the context of ageing populations, socio-spatial inequalities, and the global call for inclusive urban development. Despite its importance, accessibility is often treated as a cross-cutting issue rather than as a central objective in planning practice. This study examines how accessibility can be addressed in participatory urban public space design through a geodesign workshop conducted with architecture students from the University of Alicante. Focusing on the area along Line 2 of the TRAM light-rail network in Alicante, Spain, the workshop applied the geodesign framework in four iterative phases: system analysis, stakeholder role-play, design negotiation, and consensus building. The workshop participants represented six stakeholder groups with varying objectives and priorities, proposing micro-interventions in vulnerable urban areas aimed at improving walkability, surface conditions, and access to services. The role-play phase highlighted contrasting views on accessibility, particularly emphasised by groups representing older adults and people with disabilities. Negotiation revealed both alliances and tensions, while the final consensus reflected a moderate but meaningful inclusion of wide accessibility concerns. The resulting proposals showed spatial awareness of socio-territorial inequalities. The findings suggest that geodesign fosters critical thinking, collaboration, and empathy in future urban professionals; however, challenges persist regarding inclusivity, contextual adaptation, and integration into practice. Future work should explore long-term impacts and co-creation of accessibility standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reimagining Public Spaces in Europe: Towards Inclusive, Livable, and Resilient Human-Scale Urban Environments)

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25 pages, 857 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Multidimensional Regional Integration on Low-Carbon Development: Empirical Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta

by Fang Zhang, Jianjun Zhang and Muhammad Hussain

Land 2025, 14(10), 2071; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102071 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Amid the deep integration of China’s “dual-carbon” goals with regional coordinated development strategies, this study develops a multidimensional analytical framework of regional integration based on panel data from 41 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2009 to 2023. The [...] Read more.

Amid the deep integration of China’s “dual-carbon” goals with regional coordinated development strategies, this study develops a multidimensional analytical framework of regional integration based on panel data from 41 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2009 to 2023. The framework encompasses five dimensions: urban–rural integration, innovation coordination, infrastructure connectivity, ecological co-governance, and public service sharing. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), the study empirically investigates the mechanisms and pathways through which regional integration shapes low-carbon development. The results indicate that different dimensions exert differentiated impacts: urban–rural integration and infrastructure connectivity significantly promote low-carbon development, whereas public service sharing has an adverse effect due to a phenomenon known as “carbon lock-in”. By contrast, the impact of innovation coordination and ecological co-governance is not statistically significant. Moreover, substantial regional heterogeneity exists: Jiangsu Province demonstrates the leading performance in the manifest development level; Zhejiang Province shows strong systemic capacity level, but limited conversion into manifest outcomes. At the same time, most cities in Anhui Province lag in both aspects. Coordination analysis further identifies four typical development patterns: dual-high, system-driven, performance-dominant, and dual-low. Drawing on these findings, this study proposes policy recommendations across four dimensions—regional coordination, low-carbon pathway optimization, targeted empowerment, and collaborative governance—to facilitate the green and low-carbon transition of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)

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29 pages, 880 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review Analysis of Heirs’ Property Challenges in Sustainable Land Use

by Raksha Khadka, Lila Karki and Prem Bhandari

Land 2025, 14(10), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102070 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Heirs’ property is a form of collective land ownership arising from intestate succession, often resulting in clouded titles, fractional ownership, and legal vulnerability. This tenure system is especially prevalent among African American landowners in the Southern United States and poses significant challenges for [...] Read more.

Heirs’ property is a form of collective land ownership arising from intestate succession, often resulting in clouded titles, fractional ownership, and legal vulnerability. This tenure system is especially prevalent among African American landowners in the Southern United States and poses significant challenges for sustainable land use, agricultural development, forest management, and conservation. This paper presents an interdisciplinary review, research, and analysis encompassing legal studies, environmental policies, and rural social science to examine how heirs’ property status leads to diminished productivity, land underutilization, disinvestment, and involuntary land loss. Key issues include barriers to accessing USDA and NRCS programs, an inability to implement long-term land management plans, and an increased risk of partition sales and tax foreclosures. This review also examines demographic trends, regional concentration, and the broader socio-environmental impacts of insecure land tenure. Current policy responses, such as the Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act (UPHPA), USDA land access provisions, and community-based legal interventions, are assessed for their effectiveness and limitations. The article concludes with policy and programmatic strategies to support title clearing, promote equitable land retention, and enhance participation in conservation and climate resilience initiatives. By highlighting the intersection of property law, racial equity, and environmental sustainability, this review contributes to a growing body of research aimed at securing land tenure for historically marginalized communities. Full article

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26 pages, 9496 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Approach to Identify Functional Areas for Bicycle Use with Spatial–Temporal Information: A Case Study of Seoul, Republic of Korea

by Jiwon Lee and Jiyoung Kim

Land 2025, 14(10), 2069; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102069 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Identifying urban functional areas increasingly relies on data-driven approaches that utilize multimodal spatial information. There is a growing focus on purpose-oriented functional area identification with greater policy relevance. This paper proposes a data-driven methodology to identify functional areas from the perspective of bicycle [...] Read more.

Identifying urban functional areas increasingly relies on data-driven approaches that utilize multimodal spatial information. There is a growing focus on purpose-oriented functional area identification with greater policy relevance. This paper proposes a data-driven methodology to identify functional areas from the perspective of bicycle users. To achieve this, line-based road network units were defined around bicycle stations, and spatial–temporal data such as Origin–Destination flows and Point of Interest information were semantically integrated to delineate functional areas. An experiment was conducted on 2628 public bicycle stations in Seoul, Republic of Korea, for May 2022, and a total of five functional areas were identified via a Co-Matrix Factorization-based fusion approach. Additionally, the proposed method was validated through visual evaluation and comparison with actual bicycle usage data. The results demonstrate that by simultaneously incorporating spatial–temporal information and latent connectivity, this approach identifies bicycle-friendly areas, even with low observed usage, highlighting its potential for policy applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)

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24 pages, 4230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regionalization of the Croatian Landscape: An Integrative Approach to Methods and Criteria for Defining Boundaries

by Lara Bogovac, Monika Kamenečki, Petra Pereković, Ines Hrdalo and Dora Tomić Reljić

Land 2025, 14(10), 2068; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102068 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to examine how existing regionalizations in the Republic of Croatia differ in their criteria for region separation, to identify their similarities and differences, and to outline the key characteristics of each defined region. As landscape research is [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how existing regionalizations in the Republic of Croatia differ in their criteria for region separation, to identify their similarities and differences, and to outline the key characteristics of each defined region. As landscape research is broad and interdisciplinary, regionalization plays an important role in developing landscape typology. This is particularly relevant in Croatia, where landscape studies are still at an early stage, making it necessary to establish clear starting points for a unified approach in future research. The method included overlapping two landscape, four geographic, one natural, and three cultural regionalizations in two subject areas in Lika and in Bilogora and the Kalnik foothills. The results showed that there are greater similarities between regionalizations based on natural features (relief and hydrological features), while there are greater differences between cultural regionalizations, as these also include human perception of the landscape. Furthermore, there are greater similarities between regions in the Lika area, while in Bilogora and the Kalnik foothills a quite different understanding of regional boundaries through various aspects is evident. It was determined that the scope of areas carrying the identity of both regions (obtained by an intersectional methodological approach) differs from the scope of regions as perceived by the local population. In conclusion, the contemporary identity of the landscape is subject to constant review due to new scientific knowledge and changes in perception, where it is crucial to consider all available data and include the public in defining regional boundaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Landscape Analysis and Landscape Protection)

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20 pages, 12689 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Land Use-Carbon Storage Nexus Along G318: A Coupled SD-PLUS-InVEST Model Approach for Spatiotemporal Coordination Optimization

by Xiaotian Xing, Qi Wang, Fei Meng, Pudong Liu, Li Huang and Wei Zhuo

Land 2025, 14(10), 2067; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102067 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Revealing the coordination relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) and carbon storage (CS) under diverse climate scenarios is crucial for climate change adaptation in topographically complex regions. This study developed an integrated framework combining the System Dynamics (SD) model, Patch-generating Land Use Simulation [...] Read more.

Revealing the coordination relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) and carbon storage (CS) under diverse climate scenarios is crucial for climate change adaptation in topographically complex regions. This study developed an integrated framework combining the System Dynamics (SD) model, Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model, and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model, enabling a closed-loop analysis of driving forces, spatial simulation, and ecological feedback. This study systematically assessed LULC evolution and ecosystem CS along China’s National Highway 318 (G318) from 2000 to 2020, and projected LULC and CS under three SSP-RCP scenarios (SSP1-1.9, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) for 2030. Results show the following: (1) Historical LULC change was dominated by rapid urban expansion, cropland loss, and nonlinear grassland fluctuation, exerting strong impacts on ecosystem dynamics. Future scenario simulations revealed distinct thresholds of ecological pressure. (2) Regional CS exhibited a decline–recovery pattern during 2000–2020, with all 2030 scenarios projecting CS reduction, although ecological-priority pathways could mitigate losses. (3) Coordination between land-use intensity and CS improved gradually, with SSP2-4.5 emerging as the optimal strategy for balancing development and ecological sustainability. Overall, the coupled SD-PLUS-InVEST framework provides a practical tool for policymakers to optimize land use patterns and enhance CS in complex terrains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Landscape Patterns Under Land Use Change)

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20 pages, 2086 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transforming Public Space with Nature-Based Solutions: Lessons from Participatory Regeneration in Lorca, Spain

by Dionysis Latinopoulos, Sara Pelaez-Sanchez, Patricia Briega Martos, Enrique Berruezo and Pablo Outón

Land 2025, 14(10), 2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102066 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Mediterranean cities are increasingly exposed to climate hazards, water scarcity, and social vulnerabilities, demanding integrative approaches for sustainable regeneration. This study examines how participatory governance and co-design processes can shape nature-based solutions (NbS) for climate resilience in Barrios Altos, a socially and environmentally [...] Read more.

Mediterranean cities are increasingly exposed to climate hazards, water scarcity, and social vulnerabilities, demanding integrative approaches for sustainable regeneration. This study examines how participatory governance and co-design processes can shape nature-based solutions (NbS) for climate resilience in Barrios Altos, a socially and environmentally fragile district of Lorca, Spain. Within the framework of the NATUR-W project, the interventions reimagine a degraded hillside and adjacent public spaces into a multifunctional urban forest, complemented by green retrofits of social housing and the adaptive reuse of a historic prison. Methods combined baseline community assessments, stakeholder mapping, co-design workshops, and the establishment of a multi-stakeholder governance board, ensuring inclusive participation from residents, civil society, and municipal authorities. Results demonstrate that the co-created design addressed key community priorities—such as shade provision, safe accessibility, cultural venues, and child-friendly spaces—while integrating sustainable water management systems for irrigation and stormwater control. The participatory process enhanced local ownership, balanced technical feasibility with community aspirations, and fostered governance structures that increase transparency and accountability. Overall, the study illustrates how NbS, when embedded in collaborative governance frameworks, can deliver climate, social, and cultural co-benefits while advancing resilient, inclusive, and human-scale urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reimagining Public Spaces in Europe: Towards Inclusive, Livable, and Resilient Human-Scale Urban Environments)

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24 pages, 2726 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria from Different Genera, Host Plants, and Climates: Influence of Soil pH on Plant Growth and Biochemistry

by Jacinta Santos, Paulo Cardoso, Ricardo Rocha, Ricardo Pinto, Tiago Lopes, Carla Patinha, Rosa Guilherme, António Ferreira and Etelvina Figueira

Land 2025, 14(10), 2065; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102065 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth, yet it is only available to plants in the form of orthophosphate. In most soils, P occurs predominantly in insoluble forms, such as calcium phosphates in alkaline soils and aluminum/iron phosphates in acidic soils, [...] Read more.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth, yet it is only available to plants in the form of orthophosphate. In most soils, P occurs predominantly in insoluble forms, such as calcium phosphates in alkaline soils and aluminum/iron phosphates in acidic soils, limiting plant uptake. Fertilization is commonly used to overcome this limitation; however, large fractions of applied P rapidly become unavailable. Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) are a sustainable alternative to enhance P availability. This study evaluated the P-solubilization capacity of bacterial strains belonging to different genera isolated from different host plants, soil types, and climates (mainland Portugal, Cape Verde, and Angola). Following initial screening, the most efficient strains were tested under greenhouse conditions in soils with pH 7 and 8. Strains exhibited diverse solubilization capacities, with highly efficient PSB (phosphate solubilization index ≥ 2) accounting for 5% of the total isolates, predominantly originating from the Namib Desert (Angola) and Southern Portugal, and mainly belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Enterobacter, Chryseobacterium and Pantoea. At pH 7, most PSB promoted maize growth, with strain C11 increasing plant P content around 2-fold compared to the control. At pH 8, fewer strains were effective, but strains F and C11 enhanced shoot weight and M shoot length by 28%, 27%, and 10%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of selected PSB strains as next-generation bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture. However, strain selection must consider geography, crop type, and management practices to ensure consistent efficacy, thereby supporting the broader application of PSB as a precision tool for improving food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for "Land, Soil and Water" Section)

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20 pages, 4711 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Associations Between Built Environment and Overweight: Gender and Marital Status Differences in Urban China

by Xiaohua Zhong, Yang Xiao and Yihui Huang

Land 2025, 14(10), 2064; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102064 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Overweight has become a major public health concern in China’s rapidly urbanizing cities. Patterns of environmental exposure differ notably between men and women, both before and after marriage. This study examines how built environment characteristics influence the risk of overweight, with particular attention [...] Read more.

Overweight has become a major public health concern in China’s rapidly urbanizing cities. Patterns of environmental exposure differ notably between men and women, both before and after marriage. This study examines how built environment characteristics influence the risk of overweight, with particular attention to nonlinear associations as well as variations by marital status and gender. Drawing on survey data from 2634 Shanghai residents, we applied extreme gradient boosting to model complex environment–health relationships. The results indicate that greenness, park accessibility, population density, and transit conditions are associated with overweight through nonlinear pathways, with threshold and plateau effects suggesting that benefits taper off, or risks escalate, beyond certain levels. These optimal ranges differ across gender–marriage groups: moderate density and green exposure were generally protective, but the effective ranges were narrower for women and unmarried individuals. Married men benefited more consistently, likely supported by healthier routines reinforced through spousal support, whereas married women showed weaker or even adverse effects, potentially due to greater family responsibilities. Overall, the findings reveal that overweight is shaped by socially differentiated nonlinearities in environmental exposures. Urban planning and public health policies should therefore optimize built environment attributes within effective ranges and tailor interventions to diverse demographic groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Ageing, Gender and Environment: Problems and Challenges from Different Disciplines II)

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31 pages, 1927 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Combining Resilience and Sustainability in Urban Mobility: A Scoping Review and Thematic Analysis

by Mariana Luiza da Silva Sassaron, Antônio Nélson Rodrigues da Silva, Fernando Fonseca, Daniel Rodrigues, Paulo J. G. Ribeiro and Camila Mayumi Nakata-Osaki

Land 2025, 14(10), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102063 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 34

Abstract

The need to address long-term sustainability goals while ensuring short-term resilience to unexpected disruptions is placing an increasing challenge on urban mobility systems. This study organizes an analytical framework that compares and integrates the concepts of sustainability and resilience in urban mobility. A [...] Read more.

The need to address long-term sustainability goals while ensuring short-term resilience to unexpected disruptions is placing an increasing challenge on urban mobility systems. This study organizes an analytical framework that compares and integrates the concepts of sustainability and resilience in urban mobility. A scoping review and thematic analysis were conducted to identify and compare the definitions, dimensions, and operational features of these two paradigms. The results reveal that, although they are conceptually distinct, sustainability and resilience share subjects of analysis, including multimodality and diversity of transport modes, the impacts of climate change, and social equity issues. However, they also present tensions between the dimensions of efficiency and redundancy, speed of recovery and sustainability of implemented solutions, and new vulnerabilities introduced by sustainable technologies. These synergies and trade-offs underscore the necessity of an integrated, systemic and holistic approach to urban mobility planning. The study emphasizes that building resilient and sustainable urban mobility requires coherent policies across government levels, technical capacity, public engagement, and comprehensive indicators. Recommendations for future research include developing integrated metrics and planning tools to support evidence-based decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Urban Planning and Sustainable Mobility)

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26 pages, 12698 KB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Multi-Type Identification System for Cropland Abandonment on the Loess Plateau: Spatiotemporal Dynamics, Driver Shifts (2000–2023) and Implications for Food Security

by Wei Song

Land 2025, 14(10), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102062 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 146

Abstract

As a critical ecological barrier and key dryland agricultural zone in China, the Loess Plateau is faced with acute tensions between food security risks arising from cropland abandonment (CA) and the imperatives of ecological conservation. Yet, existing research has failed to adequately capture [...] Read more.

As a critical ecological barrier and key dryland agricultural zone in China, the Loess Plateau is faced with acute tensions between food security risks arising from cropland abandonment (CA) and the imperatives of ecological conservation. Yet, existing research has failed to adequately capture the long-term, high-spatiotemporal-resolution dynamics of abandonment in this region or to quantitatively couple its driving mechanisms with implications for food security. To address these gaps, this study establishes a high-precision identification system for CA tailored to the Plateau’s complex topographic conditions, distinguishing among interannual abandonment, multiyear abandonment, conversion to forest/grassland, and reclamation. Leveraging long-term data from 2000 to 2023 and integrating the Mann–Kendall test with the random forest algorithm, we examine the spatiotemporal trajectories, driving forces, and food security consequences of CA. Guided by a “type differentiation–grade classification–temporal tracking” framework, the analysis reveals a marked transition in dominant drivers from “socioeconomic factors” to “topographic–climatic factors.” It further identifies an “increasing loss–slowing growth” effect of abandonment on grain production, alongside a “pressure alleviation” trend in per capita carrying capacity. The results showed that: (1) Between 2000 and 2023, the area of CA on the Loess Plateau expanded from 2.72 million ha to 6.96 million ha, with high-grade abandonment (≥8 years) accounting for 58.9% of the total and being spatially concentrated in the hilly–gully regions of northern Shaanxi and eastern Gansu; (2) The Grain for Green Project (GFGP) peaked at approximately 340,000 hectares in 2018, followed by a slight decline, but has generally remained at around 300,000 hectares since then; (3) The reclamation rate of CA remained between 5% and 12% during 2003–2015, with minimal overall fluctuations, but after 2016, it gradually increased and peaked at 23.4% in 2022; (4) In terms of driving forces, population density (14.99%) was the primary determinant in 2005, whereas by 2020, slope (15.43%) and mean annual precipitation (15.63%) emerged as core factors; and (5) Grain yield losses attributable to abandonment increased from less than 100 t to nearly 450 t, though the growth rate slowed after 2016, accompanied by gradual alleviation of pressure on per capita carrying capacity. Overall, the study offers robust empirical evidence to inform cropland protection, food security strategies, and sustainable agricultural development policies on the Loess Plateau. Full article

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29 pages, 12766 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Ecosystem Service Value–Urbanization Coupling Coordination in the Yangtze River Delta

by Xiaoyao Gao and Chunshan Zhou

Land 2025, 14(10), 2061; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102061 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 143

Abstract

The interactive coupling mechanism between ecosystem service value (ESV) and urbanization has emerged as a critical research focus in ecological security and sustainable development. This study quantifies the ESV of prefecture-level cities by leveraging remote sensing data and socioeconomic statistics from the Yangtze [...] Read more.

The interactive coupling mechanism between ecosystem service value (ESV) and urbanization has emerged as a critical research focus in ecological security and sustainable development. This study quantifies the ESV of prefecture-level cities by leveraging remote sensing data and socioeconomic statistics from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region spanning 2006—2020. It constructs a multidimensional evaluation index system for urbanization. We systematically assess both systems’ spatiotemporal evolution and interactions by employing entropy weighting, comprehensive indexing, and coupling coordination models. Furthermore, Geo-detectors and Geographical and Temporal Weighted Regression (GTWR) models are applied to identify driving factors influencing their coordinated development. Key findings include (1) the total amount of ESV in the YRD exhibits a fluctuating decline, primarily due to a steady increase in urbanization levels; (2) the coordination degree between ESV and urbanization demonstrates phased growth, transitioning to a “basic coordination” stage post-2009; (3) spatially, coordination patterns follow a “core–periphery” hierarchy, marked by radial diffusion and gradient disparities, with most cities being of the ESV-guidance type; (4) GTWR analysis reveals spatiotemporal heterogeneity in driving factors, ranked by intensity as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) > Economic density (ECON) > Degree of openness (OPEN) > Scientific and technological level (TECH) > Industrial structure upgrading index (ISUI) > Government investment efforts (GOV). This study advances methodological frameworks for analyzing ecosystem–urbanization interactions in metropolitan regions, while offering empirical support for ecological planning, dynamic redline adjustments, and territorial spatial optimization in the YRD, particularly within the Ecological Green Integrated Development Demonstration Zone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: A Holistic Approach to Pursue Multiple Benefits)

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38 pages, 4197 KB

Open AccessArticle

Territorial Functional Pattern Reconstruction Integrating Set-Theoretic and Functional Mappings with Game-Theoretic Analysis to Reconcile Development and Conservation in China

by Dinghua Ou, Xiaofan Cheng, Zijia Yan, Kun Ruan, Qingyan Huang, Zhi Zhao, Ziheng Yang, Jing Qin and Jianguo Xia

Land 2025, 14(10), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102060 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 94

Abstract

The contradiction between economic development and ecological protection has become a common challenge for territorial governance in developing countries around the world. However, extant studies have neglected the coupling and symbiotic relationship between humans and nature, resulting in significant functional conflicts, insufficient stability, [...] Read more.

The contradiction between economic development and ecological protection has become a common challenge for territorial governance in developing countries around the world. However, extant studies have neglected the coupling and symbiotic relationship between humans and nature, resulting in significant functional conflicts, insufficient stability, and imbalances in ecological and economic benefits in the reconstruction of territorial spatial functional pattern (TSFP), making it difficult to achieve synergies between development and protection. The question that arises is how the TSFP can be reconstructed in order to achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. This remains a challenging problem in the context of the synergizing development and protection of the TSFP. This study innovatively integrates set-theoretic principles and functional mappings with game-theoretic analysis to develop Territorial Spatial Functional Pattern Reconstruction (TSFPR) model designed to foster harmonious human–nature coexistence, and validates the model using geospatial data from Qionglai City, China. Empirical evidence demonstrates that, in comparison with conventional methods, TSFPR model significantly mitigates the territorial spatial functional conflicts (TSFCs), enhances stability and ecological and economic benefits, and achieves the expected harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. The analysis confirms that the territorial spatial functional conflict (TSFC) coordination index established in this study provides a reliable criterion for identifying superior territorial spatial functions (TSFs). The proposed TSFPR model is an expansion of the theory of spatial optimization modelling, and it provides a tool for reconstructing the TSFP for the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. In summary, the utilization of the TSFPR model to reconstruct the TSFP for harmonious coexistence between humans and nature provides a novel solution for coordinating the development and protection of territorial space governance. Full article

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27 pages, 5860 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Through Non-Landslide Sampling Strategies

by Liping Tu, Meiqiu Chen, Peng Leng, Shengwei Liu, Mei’e Liu, Wang Luo and Yaqin Mao

Land 2025, 14(10), 2059; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102059 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 101

Abstract

Landslides are a prevalent geological hazard in China, posing significant threats to life and property. Landslide susceptibility assessment is essential for disaster prevention, and the quality of non-landslide samples critically affects model accuracy. This study takes Yongxin County, Jiangxi Province, as a case, [...] Read more.

Landslides are a prevalent geological hazard in China, posing significant threats to life and property. Landslide susceptibility assessment is essential for disaster prevention, and the quality of non-landslide samples critically affects model accuracy. This study takes Yongxin County, Jiangxi Province, as a case, selecting ten susceptibility factors and applying the Random Forest (RF) model with six non-landslide sampling methods for comparison. Results indicate that non-landslide sample selection substantially influences model performance, with the RF model using the IV method achieving the highest accuracy (AUC = 0.9878). SHAP analysis identifies NDVI, slope, lithology, land cover, and elevation as the primary contributing factors. Statistical results show that RF_IV non-landslide sample predictions are lowest, mainly below 0.18, with a median of 0.18, confirming that the IV method effectively excludes landslide-prone areas and accurately represents non-landslide regions. These findings provide practical guidance for landslide risk managers, local authorities, and policymakers, and offer methodological insights for researchers in geological hazard modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Disaster and Environment Monitoring Based on Multisource Remote Sensing Images)

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4 pages, 132 KB

Open AccessEditorial

GeoAI for Land Use Observations, Analysis, and Forecasting

by Wenfeng Zheng, Kenan Li and Xuan Liu

Land 2025, 14(10), 2058; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102058 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 138

Abstract

Geographic artificial intelligence (GeoAI) is reshaping how we observe, understand, and govern land systems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GeoAI for Land Use Observations, Analysis and Forecasting)

20 pages, 2132 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Influencing Factors of the Cropland Abandonment Behavior of Different Typical Types of Farming Households: Based on a Survey in Mountainous Areas

by Yingbin Feng, Jingjing Li and Dedong Feng

Land 2025, 14(10), 2057; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102057 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 185

Abstract

Cropland abandonment (CA) is a critical environmental issue globally, with balancing food security and ecological protection vital for sustainable development. This study explores CA behavior differences and drivers between out-of-poverty farming households (OPFHs) and non-poverty farming households (NPFHs) in China′s mountainous areas, using [...] Read more.

Cropland abandonment (CA) is a critical environmental issue globally, with balancing food security and ecological protection vital for sustainable development. This study explores CA behavior differences and drivers between out-of-poverty farming households (OPFHs) and non-poverty farming households (NPFHs) in China′s mountainous areas, using stepwise regression on survey data from 321 households in Liping County, Guizhou. The results show that: (1) The differences in CA behaviors between the two types of farming households are mainly reflected at the farmer level and the plot level. Plot integrity is a common influencing factor of CA areas for both types of farming households. (2) The driving factors affecting the area of CA by OPFHs also include the average age of the labor force, the proportion of the resident population in the total household registration population, and plot type, while the drivers affecting the area of CA by NPFHs include per capita income, non-agricultural income, per capita cropland area, and commuting time. (3) The differences in CA behavior and its driving factors between OPFHs and NPFHs in mountainous areas are characterized by diversity and interaction. Based on the results of the study, we propose the management of farming households and cropland, which can contribute to rural revitalization in China and the world, to a certain extent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Global Farmland Protection, Food Security and Land Use Planning)

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