Patient-Specific Dosimetry Evaluations in Theranostics Software for Internal Radiotherapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Volume delineation: Volume of interest (VOI) delineation of Organ at Risk (OAR) and/or lesions is performed using the Velocity contouring tool. This tool enables the user to choose among different options, such as manual contouring, adaptive semi-automatic and threshold-based.
- Image registration: Sequential SPECT/CT images are automatically registered with a deformable algorithm based on CT data.
- Activity quantification: The counts–to-activity calibration factor (CF) is entered by the user. It can be extrapolated by acquiring a homogeneous phantom filled with a radioactive solution with the SPECT clinical protocol.
- CT Calibration: The accuracy of the calibration of CT numbers in relation to electron density is a relevant factor for absorbed dose calculations in a not homogeneous medium. It is possible to verify and customize the conversion of Hounsfield units (HU) into material composition and mass density using a tissue characterization phantom.
- Partial Volume Effect (PVE) correction: This can be applied by entering an equation which allows to estimate the recovery coefficients for VOI statistics, that are specific for the SPECT scanner in use.
- Time-integrated activities (TIAs): The algorithm uses a fitting technique at voxel level, which estimates a fitting function (sums of exponentials) for each voxel, This process automatically selects the best model from a predefined list of possibilities, using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) [17]. The algorithm provides an error metrics statistics section based on the calculation of the symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE), which allows measuring the accuracy in terms of percentage (or relative) errors.
- Absorbed dose calculated with Acuros MRT algorithm: This deterministic solver is customized for internal therapies. It includes the solution of the linear Boltzmann transport equation (LBTE) for photons and the linear Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck transport equation (LBFPTE) for electrons and it takes into account that photon and electron energies for internal therapy applications are significantly lower than the energies used in external beam radiation therapy applications. The performances of the LBTE solver for internal therapies with 177Lu were considered and described in-depth by Kayal G. et al. [18]. The algorithm may perform voxel dosimetry. The resulting dose maps and dose-volume-histograms are then internally elaborated to provide the mean doses absorbed by the structures delineated on SPECT-CT images (organs and lesions). These values may be compared to the absorbed doses calculated by OLINDA 2.0.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phantom | Phantom Volume (mL) | Insert Name | Insert Volume (mL) | Insert Activity Concentration (MBq/mL) | Background Activity Concentration (MBq/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liqui-Phill phantom | Left kidney | 142 | 0.81 | ||
11,600 | Right kidney | 142 | 0.82 | 0.03 | |
Spleen Liver | 156 1470 | 1.10 0.53 |
Insert Name | TIA (MBq h/MBq) | Absorbed Dose (Gy) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Olinda 2.0 | Velocity Theranostics | Difference (%) | Olinda 2.0 | Velocity Theranostics | Difference (%) | |
Kidneys | 34.8 | 34.5 | −0.9 | 17.5 | 16.9 | −3.5% |
Spleen | 32.6 | 32.1 | −1.56 | 31.44 | 30.06 | −4.4% |
Liver | 136 | 149.8 | 10.2 | 13.68 | 14.46 | 5.7% |
Case | Kidneys | Liver | Spleen | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Olinda 2.0 | Velocity Theranostics | OLINDA(Theranostics TIA) | Olinda 2.0 | Velocity Theranostics | OLINDA(Theranostics TIA) | Olinda 2.0 | Velocity Theranostics | OLINDA(Theranostics TIA) | |
1 | 0.304 | 0.467 | 0.461 | 0.0605 | 0.705 | 0.643 | — | — | — |
2 | 0.440 | 0.373 | 0.464 | 0.295 | 0.259 | 0.316 | — | — | — |
3 | 0.575 | 0.464 | 0.529 | 0.136 | 0.187 | 0.195 | 0.563 | 0.341 | 0.459 |
4 | 0.321 | 0.341 | 0.448 | 0.398 | 0.341 | 0.396 | 0.619 | 0.574 | 0.851 |
5 | 0.253 | 0.551 | 0.719 | 0.110 | 0.176 | 0.203 | 0.145 | 0.383 | 0.427 |
6 | 0.519 | 0.483 | 0.567 | 0.0806 | 0.155 | 0.175 | 0.730 | 0.579 | 0.758 |
7 | 0.250 | 0.420 | 0.482 | 1.700 | 1.110 | 1.44 | 0.63 | 0.408 | 0.642 |
8 | 0.593 | 0.453 | 0.731 | 0.110 | 0.165 | 0.164 | — | — | — |
9 | 0.540 | 0.646 | 0.761 | 0.902 | 1.110 | 1.29 | 0.563 | 0.508 | 0.657 |
10 | 0.385 | 0.320 | 0.406 | 0.341 | 0.235 | 0.287 | 1.050 | 0.558 | 0.837 |
11 | 0.529 | 0.499 | 0.537 | 1.740 | 1.090 | 1.240 | 1.780 | 0.651 | 0.903 |
12 | 0.544 | 0.774 | 0.852 | 0.0793 | 0.112 | 0.112 | 0.410 | 0.330 | 0.302 |
13 | 0.620 | 0.646 | 0.752 | 0.0661 | 0.0793 | 0.0843 | 0.434 | 0.411 | 0.477 |
14 | 0.662 | 0.684 | 0.760 | 0.163 | 0.177 | 0.184 | 0.631 | 0.550 | 0.644 |
15 | 0.341 | 0.319 | 0.389 | 0.130 | 0.141 | 0.158 | 0.441 | 0.425 | 0.566 |
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Grassi, E.; Finocchiaro, D.; Fioroni, F.; Andl, G.; Filice, A.; Versari, A.; El Ouati, A.; Spezi, E.; Iori, M. Patient-Specific Dosimetry Evaluations in Theranostics Software for Internal Radiotherapy. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7345. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167345
Grassi E, Finocchiaro D, Fioroni F, Andl G, Filice A, Versari A, El Ouati A, Spezi E, Iori M. Patient-Specific Dosimetry Evaluations in Theranostics Software for Internal Radiotherapy. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7345. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167345
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrassi, Elisa, Domenico Finocchiaro, Federica Fioroni, George Andl, Angelina Filice, Annibale Versari, Ayman El Ouati, Emiliano Spezi, and Mauro Iori. 2024. "Patient-Specific Dosimetry Evaluations in Theranostics Software for Internal Radiotherapy" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7345. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167345