Studies Regarding the Pharmaceutical Potential of Derivative Products from Plantain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Bioproducts
- (a)
- A quantity of 500 g of plantain powder firstly was extracted with 5000 mL of distilled water, by boiling under reflux. The aqueous extract was concentrated at 250 mL at 50 °C, using a rotary evaporator (Heidolph, Schwabach, Germany); then, the concentrate was treated with 1250 mL of 96% methanol solvent. The resulting precipitate was then dissolved into 250 mL distilled water and then treated with 1250 mL methanol (the operation was repeated twice). The final precipitate was dried in the oven (Gallenkamp, UK) at 45 °C and resulted in a fine gray powder, which was considered as the polysaccharidic fraction (PP).
- (b)
- The solid vegetal material from the first extraction was re-extracted with the me-thanolic solution resulting from the polysaccharides precipitation (approx. 4500 mL total volume) for 1 h, at boiling temperature under reflux, in a continuous stirring system operated at 300 rpm. The resulting methanolic extract was concentrated at solid residue at 50 °C using a rotary evaporator after that, the residue was dissolved into 250 mL of distilled water. The aqueous solution was further extracted (three times) with 250 mL ethyl acetate, at boiling, under reflux, and the combined ethyl acetate fractions were concentrated in a rotary evaporator at 50 °C. The residue obtained was dissolved into ethanol and precipitated with ethyl ether. The final precipitate was considered the flavonoidic fraction (PF).
- (c)
- The three aqueous fractions resulting from (a) and (b) were combined and then filtrated on the active charcoal. The resulting aqueous extract was concentrated in a rotary evaporator at 50 °C and the obtained solid residue was considered the iridoidic fraction (PI).
2.2. Regents Used in HPTLC Analysis
2.3. Qualitative Determination
2.4. Antioxidant Activity Estimation
2.5. Antifungal Activities
2.5.1. Strains Used in Antifungal Studies
- (a)
- micromycetes: Aspergillus niger ATTC 1015, (A. niger), Aspergillus terreus ATTC 1012 (A. terreus), Penicillium citrinum ATTC 10105 (P. citrinum), Penicillium digitatum ATTC 9849 (P. digitatum), Penicillium sp. 1, and Penicillium sp. 2 (the last two species were isolated from infected wood).
- (b)
- dermatophytes: Microsporum canis ATTC 10214 (M. canis), Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATTC 18748 (T. mentagrophytes), Microsporum gypseum ATTC 24102 (M. gypseum), and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis ATTC 1102 (S. brevicaulis).
2.5.2. Methodology Used in Antifungal Studies
2.6. Antitumor Activities
2.6.1. Cell Viability Assay by Flow Cytometry Analysis
2.6.2. Cell Cultures
2.6.3. Apoptosis Assay—Annexin V-FITC/PI Double Staining
2.7. Prebiotic Activities
2.7.1. Microorganisms
2.7.2. Methodology Used in Prebiotic Activities
3. Results
3.1. Plant Bioproduct Characterization
3.2. Antioxidant Properties
3.3. Antifungal Properties of Plantago Bioproducts
3.4. Antitumor Properties of Plantago Bioproducts
3.5. Prebiotic Activity of Plantain Bioproducts
4. Discussion
- -
- the PP fraction reduced the cell viability of the THP-1 tumor cell line in a concentration-dependent manner. This PP fraction has antitumor properties which are sustained by its ability to induce apoptosis or necrosis of THP-1 tumor cells;
- -
- in the case of the PF fraction, the antitumor effect seems to be higher, this being supported by the mathematical analysis of the results which shows a significant increase in both the apoptotic process and the necrosis that correlates with the decrease in viability;
- -
- the fraction containing iridoidic compounds (PI) has a strong antitumor effect on THP-1 cells, which is demonstrated by the significant decrease of cell viability depending on the increase in concentration and by the amplification of apoptosis and necrosis processes leading to tumor cell death.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MRS | cultivation media for Lactobacillus species |
YPG | cultivation media that contain yeast extract, peptone, and glucose |
DPPH | 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (i.e., 2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazin-1-yl) |
GAE | Galic Acid equivalents |
MRC-5 | diploid cell culture line composed of fibroblasts |
HeLa | cervical cancer cell line |
MCF-7 | human breast cancer cell line |
HT-9 | colorectal tumor cell line |
HL-60 | promyelocytic leukemia cell line |
K562 | human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line |
CCRF-CEM | acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line |
P3HRI | Burkitt lymphoma cells |
P338 | murine leukemia cell line |
Bax | proapoptotic protein; apoptosis regulator |
Bcl-2 | proapoptotic protein apoptosis regulator |
p53 | tumor suppressor gene |
p21 | protein which regulates cell proliferation by inhibiting the cell cycle through the cyclin kinase pathway |
G1 | cell phase in which the cell grows physically larger copies of organelles and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps |
G0 | cell phase also known as the resting phase is the phase of the cell cycle during which a cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide |
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Peak | 2θ (°) | θ (°) | d, Å | Peak Intensity |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.8883 | 2.4442 | 18.0626 | 456.9 |
2 | 25.5078 | 12.7539 | 3.4892 | 51.02 |
3 | 27.2186 | 13.6093 | 3.2736 | 79.41 |
4 | 27.9222 | 13.9611 | 3.1927 | 321.18 |
5 | 28.3559 | 14.1780 | 3.1449 | 21501.72 |
6 | 40.5385 | 20.2693 | 2.2235 | 14142.32 |
7 | 47.7775 | 23.8888 | 1.9021 | 40.15 |
8 | 50.1652 | 25.0826 | 1.8170 | 162.86 |
9 | 58.5917 | 29.2959 | 1.5742 | 2821.06 |
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Zaharie, M.-G.O.; Radu, N.; Pirvu, L.; Bostan, M.; Voicescu, M.; Begea, M.; Constantin, M.; Voaides, C.; Babeanu, N.; Roman, V. Studies Regarding the Pharmaceutical Potential of Derivative Products from Plantain. Plants 2022, 11, 1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141827
Zaharie M-GO, Radu N, Pirvu L, Bostan M, Voicescu M, Begea M, Constantin M, Voaides C, Babeanu N, Roman V. Studies Regarding the Pharmaceutical Potential of Derivative Products from Plantain. Plants. 2022; 11(14):1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141827
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaharie, Marilena-Gabriela Olteanu, Nicoleta Radu, Lucia Pirvu, Marinela Bostan, Mariana Voicescu, Mihaela Begea, Mariana Constantin, Catalina Voaides, Narcisa Babeanu, and Viviana Roman. 2022. "Studies Regarding the Pharmaceutical Potential of Derivative Products from Plantain" Plants 11, no. 14: 1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141827