Postharvest Storage Differentially Modulates the Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant System of the Exocarp and Mesocarp of Hass Avocado: Implications for Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physiological Disorders at the Exocarp and Mesocarp Level in Hass Avocados Stored in Refrigeration and Controlled Atmosphere and at Their Respective Consumption Maturity
2.2. Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant System in Hass Avocados at Harvest, during Refrigerated and Controlled Atmosphere Storage and at Consumption Maturity
2.3. Profile of Phenolic Compounds Determined by UPLC-PAD in Hass Avocados at Harvest and at Consumption Maturity Subjected to Different Storage Treatments
2.4. Multivariate Analysis of the Variables Evaluated in Hass Avocado at Harvest and Consumption Maturity
3. Discussion
3.1. Physiological Disorders at the Level of Exocarp and Mesocarp
3.2. Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant System in Hass Avocados at Harvest, during Storage under Refrigeration and Controlled Atmosphere for Prolonged Periods and at Their Consumption Maturity
3.3. Total Phenolic Compounds (UPLC-DA) in Hass Avocados at Harvest and at Consumption Maturity of Samples from Refrigeration and Controlled Atmosphere Treatments
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sampling Material
4.2. Postharvest Storage: Refrigeration and Controlled Atmosphere and Shelf-Life Conditions
4.3. Dry Matter Content
4.4. Assessment of Exocarp and Mesocarp Physiological Disorders
4.5. Specific Enzymatic Activities
4.6. Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity
4.7. Profile and Content of Phenolic Compounds Determined by UPLC-PAD
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peak N° | Retention Time (min) | Phenolic Compound Assignment (mg/100 g DM)/ Harvest Stage | Refrigeration | Controlled Atmosphere | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial (0 d) | Shelf Life—Consumption Maturity (RSL) * | Shelf Life—Consumption Maturity (CASL) * | |||||||
10 d | 20 d | 30 d | 15 d | 30 d | 50 d | ||||
1 | 11.06 | Chlorogenic Acid | |||||||
Early (I) | 312.9 ± 54.9 abA | 393.3 ± 94.0 abA | 442.6 ± 109.5 aA | 117.5 ± 18.3 cB | 239.1 ± 15.6 bcA | 107.1 ± 6.8 cA | 217.7 ± 69.3 bcA | ||
Late (II) | 288.3 ± 0.4 aA | 53.5 ± 6.1 eB | 61.4 ± 11.8 eB | 139.2 ± 19.6 cA | 104.9 ± 11.8 cdB | 118.5 ± 63.9 bcA | 218.0 ± 57.8 bA | ||
2 | 12.87 | Epicatechin derivative 1 (EpiD1) | |||||||
Early (I) | 666.2 ± 100.1 cA | 1515.4 ± 483.5 abA | 2023.4 ± 352.6 aA | 139.8 ± 6.2 deB | 743.0 ± 218.1 cA | 1356.6 ± 555.6 abA | 324.0 ± 109.1 dA | ||
Late (II) | 119.3 ± 9.4 dB | 54.2 ± 27.6 eB | 167.2 ± 1.7 cB | 345.1 ± 74.3 abA | 250.9 ± 53.2 bB | 356.4 ± 29.6 aB | 249.7 ± 4.8 bA | ||
3 | 14.08 | Epicatechin | |||||||
Early (I) | 428.9 ± 115.6 cdA | 1086.6 ± 229.1 abA | 1502.7 ± 213.6 aA | 298.7 ± 33.3 eA | 571.9 ± 134.6 cA | 693.8 ± 147.4 cA | 238.4 ± 53.6 eA | ||
Late (II) | 132.9 ± 13.2 bB | 72.8 ± 14.8 cB | 184.1 ± 25.0 abB | 229.0 ± 4.8 aB | 228.6 ± 21.9 aB | 205.2 ± 32.8 aB | 136.4 ± 13.3 bB | ||
4 | 16.03 | Epicatechin derivative 2 (EpiD2) | |||||||
Early (I) | 429.2 ± 134.0 abA | 684.5 ± 121.1 abA | 171.5 ± 85.4 cA | 124.4 ± 4.5 cdB | 522.6 ± 147.2.6 abA | 792.1 ± 229.5 aA | 208.1 ± 42.6 cA | ||
Late (II) | 127.7 ± 20.6 cB | 39.8 ± 0.4 dB | 108.0 ± 18.8 cA | 197.6 ± 10.0 aA | 171.7 ± 19.4 abB | 206.7 ± 17.4 aB | 183.2 ± 17.7 aA | ||
5 | 17.16 | Epicatechin derivative 3 (EpiD3) | |||||||
Early (I) | 402.5 ± 3.97 bc | 459.9 ± 119.0 b | 846.85 ± 85.6 a | 133.1 ± 8.5 d | 367.8 ± 158.4 bc | 484.6 ± 200.3 b | 141.5 ± 25.0 d | ||
Late (II) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||
6 | 18.20 | Epicatechin derivative 4 (EpiD4) | |||||||
Early (I) | 45.3 ± 16.7 d | 310.7 ± 124.5 bc | 546.5 ± 37.5 a | 198.3 ± 28.8 c | 258.3 ± 12.4 bc | 420.8 ± 10.9 b | 153.1 ± 32.8 c | ||
Late (II) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||
7 | 20.07 | Epicatechin derivative 5 (EpiD5) | |||||||
Early (I) | 135.9 ± 45.6 b | 492.3 ± 129.9 a | 513.6 ± 96.4 a | 107.8 ± 24.6 bc | 78.1 ± 5.1 c | 393.8 ± 42.9 ab | 183.5 ± 13.0 b | ||
Late (II) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||
Total phenolic compounds (TPC-UPLC) | |||||||||
Early (I) | 2421.1 ± 429.8 bA | 4942.9 ± 1301.4 abA | 6047.3 ± 541.5 aA | 1163.1 ± 85.8 cA | 2781.2 ± 691.7 bA | 4239.0 ± 1193.7 abA | 1466.5 ± 280.1 cA | ||
Late (II) | 668.2 ± 42.7 bB | 220.3 ± 35.9 dB | 520.6 ± 30.3 cB | 911.0 ± 108.7 aAB | 756.2 ± 62.5 abB | 886.8 ± 143.7 abB | 787.2 ± 48.7 abB |
Peak N° | Retention Time (min) | Phenolic Compound Assignment (mg/100 DM)/ Harvest Stage | Refrigeration | Controlled Atmosphere | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial (0 d) | Shelf Life—Consumption Maturity (RSL) * | Shelf Life—Consumption Maturity (CASL) * | |||||||
10 d | 20 d | 30 d | 15 d | 30 d | 50 d | ||||
1 | 7.9 | Syringique acid derivative (SAD) | |||||||
Early (I) | Tr | 2.92 ± 1.31 abA | 3.23 ± 1.34 abA | 3.01 ± 1.29 abA | ND | 2.02 ± 0.53 bA | 4.07 ± 1.32 aA | ||
Late (II) | Tr | 1.61 ± 0.32 bA | 0.31 ± 0.09 cB | 0.15 ± 0.01 cB | ND | 1.67 ± 0.39 bA | 3.19 ± 0.68 aA | ||
2 | 11.52 | p-coumaric acid derivative 1 (PCAD1) | |||||||
Early (I) | Tr | 0.33 ± 0.16 dB | 0.80 ± 0.27 cB | 2.85 ± 1.00 aA | 0.65 ± 0.10 cB | 0.78 ± 0.31 cB | 1.40 ± 0.19 abAB | ||
Late (II) | Tr | 7.47 ± 2.40 aA | 5.34 ± 0.25 bA | 3.36 ± 0.48 cA | 6.85 ± 0.43 aA | 3.87 ± 0.56 cA | 2.14 ± 0.72 dA | ||
3 | 12.52 | p-coumaric acid derivative 2 (PCAD2) | |||||||
Early (I) | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.36 ± 0.14 aB | 0.27 ± 0.05 aB | 0.28 ± 0.02 aB | ||
Late (II) | ND | 1.40 ± 0.46 ab | 0.52 ± 0.12 b | 0.11 ± 0.02 c | 1.60 ± 0.22 aA | 0.92 ± 0.39 bA | 0.89 ± 0.25 bA | ||
4 | 13.12 | Caffeic acid derivative 1 (CAD1) | |||||||
Early (I) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||
Late (II) | ND | 1.59 ± 0.85 ab | 2.60 ± 0.70 a | ND | 0.10 ± 0.03 c | 0.11 ± 0.03 c | ND | ||
5 | 13.91 | p-coumaric acid derivative 3 (PCAD3) | |||||||
Early (I) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||
Late (II) | ND | 0.69 ± 0.03 a | 0.61 ± 0.10 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.02 c | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 c | ||
6 | 16.35 | p-coumaric acid | |||||||
Early (I) | Tr | 0.26 ± 0.01 bB | ND | ND | 0.50 ± 0.20 aB | 0.42 ± 0.09 aB | 0.28 ± 0.09 bA | ||
Late (II) | Tr | 1.76 ± 0.17 abA | 1.10 ± 0.04 c | 0.22 ± 0.07 d | 2.10 ± 0.32 aA | 1.80 ± 0.13 abA | 0.17 ± 0.01 dB | ||
7 | 17.18 | p-coumaric acid derivative 4 (PCAD4) | |||||||
Early (I) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||
Late (II) | ND | 2.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.99 ± 0.09 b | 0.11 ± 0.01 d | 2.24 ± 0.24 a | 1.21 ± 0.52 b | 0.52 ± 0.18 c | ||
8 | 18.8 | p-coumaric acid derivative 5 (PCAD5) | |||||||
Early (I) | Tr | 0.63 ± 0.06 cB | 1.67 ± 0.31 bB | 1.15 ± 0.30 bB | 3.93 ± 0.16 aB | 3.22 ± 0.86 aB | 3.22 ± 1.13 aAB | ||
Late (II) | Tr | 30.29 ± 7.00 aA | 11.44 ± 2.63 cA | 5.17 ± 0.94 dA | 23.56 ± 1.16 abA | 13.06 ± 5.32 cA | 5.18 ± 1.53 dA | ||
9 | 19.79 | p-coumaric acid derivative 6 (PCAD6) | |||||||
Early (I) | Tr | 2.01 ± 0.68 aB | 1.96 ± 0.55 abA | 0.76 ± 0.28 cA | 2.43 ± 1.10 aB | 1.63 ± 0.36 abB | 2.43 ± 0.27 aA | ||
Late (II) | Tr | 6.89 ± 1.46 aA | 3.21 ± 2.16 bcAB | 0.32 ± 0.02 dB | 6.42 ± 0.27 aA | 4.07 ± 1.61 bA | 2.73 ± 0.15 bA | ||
10 | 19.88 | Caffeic acid derivative 2 (CAD2) | |||||||
Early (I) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||
Late (II) | ND | 2.33 ± 0.23 a | 1.70 ± 0.21 b | 0.17 ± 0.04 c | 0.70 ± 0.02 c | 0.85 ± 0.49 c | 0.17 ± 0.01 c | ||
11 | 20.02 | p-coumaric acid derivative 7 (PCAD7) | |||||||
Early (I) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||
Late (II) | ND | 4.79 ± 1.47 a | 6.28 ± 4.69 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 d | 2.30 ± 0.11 ab | 0.73 ± 0.29 c | 0.21 ± 0.02 d | ||
12 | 20.54 | p-coumaric acid derivative 8 (PCAD8) | |||||||
Early (I) | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.17 ± 0.11 aB | 0.15 ± 0.04 aA | 0.12 ± 0.03 aA | ||
Late (II) | ND | 0.86 ± 0.20 a | 0.81 ± 0.63 a | 0.10 ± 0.03 b | 0.51 ± 0.10 aA | 0.15 ± 0.05 bA | 0.04 ± 0.00 cB | ||
13 | 20.44 | p-coumaric acid derivative 9 (PCAD9) | |||||||
Early (I) | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.70 ± 0.15 aB | 0.23 ± 0.02 bB | 0.24 ± 0.02 bB | ||
Late (II) | ND | 2.44 ± 0.15 b | 1.90 ± 1.36 c | 0.29 ± 0.31 d | 5.51 ± 0.53 aA | 3.10 ± 1.5 bA | 2.20 ± 0.75 bcA | ||
Total phenolic compounds (TPC-UPLC) | |||||||||
Early (I) | ND | 6.15 ± 2.21 bB | 7.66 ± 2.46 bB | 7.76 ± 0.29 bB | 8.74 ± 1.96 abB | 8.73 ± 2.27 abB | 10.18 ± 0.33 aB | ||
Late (II) | ND | 64.22 ± 14.21 aA | 36.83 ± 11.48 cA | 10.17 ± 0.05 eA | 51.96 ± 1.06 abA | 31.71 ± 12.29 cA | 17.50 ± 4.20 dA |
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Chirinos, R.; Delgado-Pariona, J.; Aguilar-Galvez, A.; Figueroa-Merma, A.; Pacheco-Ávalos, A.; Campos, D.; Pedreschi, R. Postharvest Storage Differentially Modulates the Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant System of the Exocarp and Mesocarp of Hass Avocado: Implications for Disorders. Plants 2023, 12, 4008. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234008
Chirinos R, Delgado-Pariona J, Aguilar-Galvez A, Figueroa-Merma A, Pacheco-Ávalos A, Campos D, Pedreschi R. Postharvest Storage Differentially Modulates the Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant System of the Exocarp and Mesocarp of Hass Avocado: Implications for Disorders. Plants. 2023; 12(23):4008. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234008
Chicago/Turabian StyleChirinos, Rosana, Jahaira Delgado-Pariona, Ana Aguilar-Galvez, Andrés Figueroa-Merma, Alejandro Pacheco-Ávalos, David Campos, and Romina Pedreschi. 2023. "Postharvest Storage Differentially Modulates the Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant System of the Exocarp and Mesocarp of Hass Avocado: Implications for Disorders" Plants 12, no. 23: 4008. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234008