Eugenia calycina and Eugenia stigmatosa as Promising Sources of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Proximate Composition of Eugenia Fruits
2.2. Sugar and Oligosaccharide Content in Eugenia Fruits
2.3. Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity in Eugenia Fruits
2.4. Phenolic Compound Profile and Content in Eugenia Fruits
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Fruit Collection and Botanical Identification
3.2. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
3.3. Proximate Composition
3.4. Chromatographic Analysis of Sugars and Oligosaccharides
3.5. Determination of Total Phenolic Content
3.6. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content
3.7. Total Monomeric Anthocyanins
3.8. Condensed Tannin Content
3.9. Antioxidant Activity Assays
3.9.1. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
3.9.2. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Assay
3.9.3. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORACFL) Assay
3.9.4. Chromatographic Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
3.9.5. Chromatographic Analysis of Anthocyanins
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Eugenia calycina | Eugenia stigmatosa | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Moisture (g/100 g fw) | 87.57 ± 0.29 | 84.73 ± 0.16 | <0.001 * |
Ashes (g/100 g fw) | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.05 | 0.039 ** |
Lipids (g/100 g fw) | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 0.54 ± 0.01 | <0.001 * |
Proteins (g/100 g fw) | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.02 | <0.001 * |
Carbohydrates (g/100 g fw) | 10.86 ± 0.31 | 13.89 ± 0.21 | <0.001 * |
Insoluble Dietary Fibers (g/100 g fw) | 1.55 ± <0.01 | 2.37 ± 0.14 | <0.001 * |
Soluble Dietary Fibers (g/100 g fw) | 0.11 ± <0.01 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | <0.001 * |
Total Dietary Fibers (g/100 g fw) | 1.66 ± <0.01 | 3.26 ± 0.20 | <0.001 * |
Total Caloric Value (Kcal) | 49.55 ± 1.15 | 62.02 ± 0.78 | <0.001 * |
Sugar Content (mg/g fw) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Class | Compound | Eugenia calycina | Eugenia stigmatosa | p-Value |
Polyols | Mannitol | n.d. | n.d. | - |
Sorbitol | n.d. | n.d. | - | |
Xylitol | n.d. | n.d. | - | |
Monosaccharides | Arabinose | n.d. | n.d. | - |
Fructose | 37.83 ± 0.84 | 37.21 ± 0.97 | 0.454 ns | |
Glucose | 38.76 ± 0.78 | 34.43 ± 0.82 | 0.003 * | |
Rhamnose | 0.47 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.006 * | |
Disaccharides | Maltose | n.d. | 0.73 ± 0.06 | - |
Sucrose | n.d. | n.d. | - | |
Maltooligosaccharides | Maltotriose | n.d. | t.r. | - |
Maltotetraose | n.d. | n.d. | - | |
Maltopentaose | n.d. | n.d. | - | |
Maltohexaose | n.d. | n.d. | - | |
Maltoheptaose | n.d. | n.d. | - | |
Frutooligosaccharides | GF2 | t.r. | n.d. | - |
GF3 | t.r. | n.d. | - | |
GF4 | n.d. | n.d. | - | |
Total | 77.06 ± 1.64 | 72.07 ± 1.80 | 0.024 |
Parameters | Eugenia calycina | Eugenia stigmatosa | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Total Phenolics (mg GAE/g fw) | 3.95 ± 0.02 | 5.39 ± 0.07 | <0.001 * |
Total Flavonoids (mg CE/g fw) | 2.82 ± 0.01 | 2.18 ± 0.07 | <0.001 * |
Monomeric Anthocyanins (mg C3G/g fw) | 1.26 ± <0.01 | 0.01 ± <0.01 | <0.001 * |
Condensed Tannins (mg CE/g fw) | 2.63 ± 0.33 | 4.36 ± 0.09 | 0.002 * |
ORAC (µmol TE/g fw) | 83.46 ± 3.11 | 44.00 ± 1.54 | <0.001 * |
FRAP (µmol TE/g fw) | 53.29 ± 1.43 | 53.48 ± 0.93 | 0.857 ns |
ABTS (µmol TE/g fw) | 40.66 ± 0.60 | 47.13 ± 1.60 | 0.002 * |
TPC | TFC | MAC | CT | FRAP | ABTS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TFC | −0.981 * | |||||
MAC | −0.998 * | 0.989 * | ||||
CT | 0.964 * | −0.974 * | −0.965 * | |||
FRAP | 0.075 ns | −0.090 ns | −0.096 ns | −0.095 ns | ||
ABTS | 0.943 * | −0.988 * | −0.959 * | 0.945 * | 0.164 ns | |
ORAC | −0.992 * | 0.984 * | 0.995 * | −0.976 * | −0.023 ns | −0.953 * |
Phenolic Compounds Content (µg/g fw) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Class | Compound | Eugenia calycina | Eugenia stigmatosa | p-Value |
Phenolic Acids | Caffeic acid | traces | n.d | - |
Ellagic acid | 51.62 ± 1.29 | n.d | - | |
Gallic acid | n.d | 4.42 ± 0.04 | - | |
Gentisic acid | 1.90 ± 0.06 | n.d | - | |
Protocatechuic acid | 2.70 ± 0.04 | n.d | - | |
Trans-cinnamic acid | n.d | 0.20 ± 0.01 | - | |
Flavonoids | Kaempferol | n.d | 0.46 ± 0.01 | - |
Quercetin | 5.55 ± 0.07 | 0.75 ± 0.01 | <0.001 * | |
Quercetrin | n.d | 1.53 ± 0.01 | - | |
Rutin | 55.60 ± 1.05 | 10.45 ± 0.02 | <0.001 * | |
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin-3-O-β-D-glucoside | 242.97 ± 1.52 | 0.07 ± <0.01 | <0.001 * |
Delphinidin-3-O-β-D-glucoside | traces | n.d | - | |
Pelargonidin-3-O-β-D-glucoside | 8.15 ± 0.10 | n.d | - | |
Total | 368.49 ± 1.96 | 17.87 ± 0.06 | <0.001 * |
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Silva, J.D.R.; Arruda, H.S.; Andrade, A.C.; Berilli, P.; Borsoi, F.T.; Monroy, Y.M.; Rodrigues, M.V.N.; Sampaio, K.A.; Pastore, G.M.; Marostica Junior, M.R. Eugenia calycina and Eugenia stigmatosa as Promising Sources of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds. Plants 2024, 13, 2039. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152039
Silva JDR, Arruda HS, Andrade AC, Berilli P, Borsoi FT, Monroy YM, Rodrigues MVN, Sampaio KA, Pastore GM, Marostica Junior MR. Eugenia calycina and Eugenia stigmatosa as Promising Sources of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds. Plants. 2024; 13(15):2039. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152039
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Juliana Dara Rabêlo, Henrique Silvano Arruda, Amanda Cristina Andrade, Patrícia Berilli, Felipe Tecchio Borsoi, Yaneth Machaca Monroy, Marili Villa Nova Rodrigues, Klicia Araujo Sampaio, Glaucia Maria Pastore, and Mario Roberto Marostica Junior. 2024. "Eugenia calycina and Eugenia stigmatosa as Promising Sources of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds" Plants 13, no. 15: 2039. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152039