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Article

Xylooligosaccharides from Barley Malt Residue Produced by Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Their Potential Uses as Prebiotics

by
Shah Zaib Fareed
1,
Pipat Tangjaidee
2,
Tabkrich Khumsap
2,
Wannaporn Klangpetch
2,
Suphat Phongthai
2,
Apinun Kanpiengjai
3,
Chartchai Khanongnuch
4,5,6 and
Kridsada Unban
2,*
1
Master’s Degree Program in Food Science and Technology (International Program), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
2
Division of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
3
Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
4
Research Center for Multidisciplinary Approaches to Miang, Multidisciplinary Research Institute (MDRI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
5
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
6
Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2025, 14(5), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050769
Submission received: 29 December 2024 / Revised: 20 February 2025 / Accepted: 24 February 2025 / Published: 3 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Plant-Based Food Wastes and Byproducts: Compounds of Interest for the Food, Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic and Textile Industries)
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Abstract

Barley malt residue (BMR) was subjected to microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis to evaluate its potential as a raw material to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS) suitable for use as a prebiotic. The influent factors on XOS production, microwave power, exposure time, and xylanase dosage were ascertained with response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken design (BBD). The fitted models of XOS and xylose yields were in good agreement with the experimental results. Using a microwave power of 1235.1 W, a 6 min exposure time, and a xylanase concentration of 89.12 U/g substrate gave the highest yield of XOS: 208.05 mg/g substrate at 4 h of enzyme incubation time. Based on the product composition, BMR-XOS purification by Saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment was superior to the process of activated carbon adsorption and ethanol precipitation treatment and was selected for further experiments. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) clearly elucidated the oligosaccharide compositions, and the result of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the molecular structure and sugar components of achieved BMR-XOS. In vitro fermentation of BMR-XOS obtained from this study by the selected probiotics, Lactococcus lactis TISTR 1401, Levicaseibacillus brevis FS 2.1, Lactobacillus casei TISTR 1463, showed similar prebiotic activity compared with the commercial XOS, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), xylose, and glucose (control). In conclusion, the present study was successful in establishing the use of barley malt residue for the extraction of xylan and XOS, which could be further used as a prebiotic.
Keywords: barley malt residue; xylooligosaccharide; microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis; prebiotics barley malt residue; xylooligosaccharide; microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis; prebiotics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fareed, S.Z.; Tangjaidee, P.; Khumsap, T.; Klangpetch, W.; Phongthai, S.; Kanpiengjai, A.; Khanongnuch, C.; Unban, K. Xylooligosaccharides from Barley Malt Residue Produced by Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Their Potential Uses as Prebiotics. Plants 2025, 14, 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050769

AMA Style

Fareed SZ, Tangjaidee P, Khumsap T, Klangpetch W, Phongthai S, Kanpiengjai A, Khanongnuch C, Unban K. Xylooligosaccharides from Barley Malt Residue Produced by Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Their Potential Uses as Prebiotics. Plants. 2025; 14(5):769. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050769

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fareed, Shah Zaib, Pipat Tangjaidee, Tabkrich Khumsap, Wannaporn Klangpetch, Suphat Phongthai, Apinun Kanpiengjai, Chartchai Khanongnuch, and Kridsada Unban. 2025. "Xylooligosaccharides from Barley Malt Residue Produced by Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Their Potential Uses as Prebiotics" Plants 14, no. 5: 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050769

APA Style

Fareed, S. Z., Tangjaidee, P., Khumsap, T., Klangpetch, W., Phongthai, S., Kanpiengjai, A., Khanongnuch, C., & Unban, K. (2025). Xylooligosaccharides from Barley Malt Residue Produced by Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Their Potential Uses as Prebiotics. Plants, 14(5), 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050769

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