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Review

Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review

by
Yadava Srikanth
1,
Dontiboina Harikrishna Reddy
1,
Vinjavarapu Lakshmi Anusha
1,
Naresh Dumala
1,
Matte Kasi Viswanadh
1,
Guntupalli Chakravarthi
1,
Buchi N. Nalluri
1,
Ganesh Yadagiri
2,* and
Kakarla Ramakrishna
1,*
1
KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522302, India
2
Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2025, 14(5), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050827
Submission received: 26 January 2025 / Revised: 28 February 2025 / Accepted: 4 March 2025 / Published: 6 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Metabolites from Plants as Potential Treatments for Global Diseases)
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Abstract

Cruciferae family vegetables are remarkably high in phytochemicals such as Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and Diindolylmethane (DIM), which are widely known as nutritional supplements. I3C and DIM have been studied extensively in different types of cancers like breast, prostate, endometrial, colorectal, gallbladder, hepatic, and cervical, as well as cancers in other tissues. In this review, we summarized the protective effects of I3C and DIM against cardiovascular, neurological, reproductive, metabolic, bone, respiratory, liver, and immune diseases, infections, and drug- and radiation-induced toxicities. Experimental evidence suggests that I3C and DIM offer protection due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, immunomodulatory, and xenobiotic properties. Apart from the beneficial effects, the present review also discusses the possible toxicities of I3C and DIM that are reported in various preclinical investigations. So far, most of the reports about I3C and DIM protective effects against various diseases are only from preclinical studies; this emphasizes the dire need for large-scale clinical trials on these phytochemicals against human diseases. Further, in-depth research is required to improve the bioavailability of these two phytochemicals to achieve the desirable protective effects. Overall, our review emphasizes that I3C and DIM may become potential drug candidates for combating dreadful human diseases.
Keywords: cruciferous vegetables; indole-3-carbinol; diindolylmethane; antioxidant; immunomodulation; organ protection cruciferous vegetables; indole-3-carbinol; diindolylmethane; antioxidant; immunomodulation; organ protection

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MDPI and ACS Style

Srikanth, Y.; Reddy, D.H.; Anusha, V.L.; Dumala, N.; Viswanadh, M.K.; Chakravarthi, G.; Nalluri, B.N.; Yadagiri, G.; Ramakrishna, K. Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review. Plants 2025, 14, 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050827

AMA Style

Srikanth Y, Reddy DH, Anusha VL, Dumala N, Viswanadh MK, Chakravarthi G, Nalluri BN, Yadagiri G, Ramakrishna K. Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review. Plants. 2025; 14(5):827. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050827

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srikanth, Yadava, Dontiboina Harikrishna Reddy, Vinjavarapu Lakshmi Anusha, Naresh Dumala, Matte Kasi Viswanadh, Guntupalli Chakravarthi, Buchi N. Nalluri, Ganesh Yadagiri, and Kakarla Ramakrishna. 2025. "Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review" Plants 14, no. 5: 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050827

APA Style

Srikanth, Y., Reddy, D. H., Anusha, V. L., Dumala, N., Viswanadh, M. K., Chakravarthi, G., Nalluri, B. N., Yadagiri, G., & Ramakrishna, K. (2025). Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review. Plants, 14(5), 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050827

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