Research Progress on Micro(nano)plastic-Induced Programmed Cell Death Associated with Disease Risks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Status of PCD Caused by MNPs and the Association between PCD and Disease
3. Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms of Pyroptosis Induced by MNPs and Associated Disease Risks
3.1. Pyroptosis Caused by Micro(nano)plastics
3.2. Regulatory Mechanism
3.3. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Pyroptosis in Cancer, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Immune Diseases
4. Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms of Ferroptosis Caused by MNPs and Associated Disease Risks
4.1. Ferroptosis Caused by Micro(nano)plastics
4.2. Regulatory Mechanisms
4.3. The Role of Ferroptosis in Targeted Treatments for Cancer, IRI, and Inflammatory Enteritis
5. Molecular Mechanisms of Autophagy Induced by MNPs and Associated Disease Risks
5.1. Autophagy Caused by Micro(nano)plastics
5.2. Regulatory Mechanism
5.3. Targeting Autophagy to Treat Diseases
6. Regulatory Mechanisms of Necroptosis Induced by MNPs and Associated Disease Risks
6.1. Necroptosis Caused by Micro(nano)plastics
6.2. Regulatory Mechanisms
6.3. Targeting Necroptosis to Treat Inflammation, Parkinson’s Diseases and Cancer
7. Regulatory Mechanisms of Apoptosis Induced by MNPs and Associated Disease Risks
7.1. Apoptosis Caused by Micro(nano)plastics
7.2. Regulatory Mechanisms
7.3. Targeting Apoptosis to Treat Lung Diseases, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Cancer and Other Diseases
8. Cuproptosis
9. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wu, P.; Huang, J.; Zheng, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; He, F.; Chen, H.; Quan, G.; Yan, J.; Li, T.; et al. Environmental occurrences, fate, and impacts of microplastics. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 184, 109612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwabl, P.; Köppel, S.; Königshofer, P.; Bucsics, T.; Trauner, M.; Reiberger, T.; Liebmann, B. Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool: A Prospective Case Series. Ann. Intern. Med. 2019, 171, 453–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qian, N.; Gao, X.; Lang, X.; Deng, H.; Bratu, T.M.; Chen, Q.; Stapleton, P.; Yan, B.; Min, W. Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2024, 121, e2300582121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blunt, J.W.; Carroll, A.R.; Copp, B.R.; Davis, R.A.; Keyzers, R.A.; Prinsep, M.R. Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2021, 38, 8–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, D.; Liu, X.; Junaid, M.; Liao, H.; Chen, G.; Wu, Y.; Wang, J. Toxicological impacts of micro(nano)plastics in the benthic environment. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 836, 155620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; Wang, W.; Yan, P.; Wang, J.; Yan, S.; Liu, X.; Aurangzeib, M. Microplastic migration and distribution in the terrestrial and aquatic environments: A threat to biotic safety. J. Environ. Manag. 2023, 333, 117412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, M.; Chen, H.; Sarsaiya, S.; Qin, S.; Liu, H.; Awasthi, M.K.; Kumar, S.; Singh, L.; Zhang, Z.; Bolan, N.S.; et al. Current research trends on micro- and nano-plastics as an emerging threat to global environment: A review. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 409, 124967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Venâncio, C.; Gabriel, A.; Oliveira, M.; Lopes, I. Feeding exposure and feeding behaviour as relevant approaches in the assessment of the effects of micro(nano)plastics to early life stages of amphibians. Environ. Res. 2022, 212 Pt D, 113476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pelegrini, K.; Pereira, T.C.B.; Maraschin, T.G.; Teodoro, L.D.S.; Basso, N.R.D.S.; De Galland, G.L.B.; Ligabue, R.A.; Bogo, M.R. Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity: A review on size, type, source, and test-organism implications. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 878, 162954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blackburn, K.; Green, D. The potential effects of microplastics on human health: What is known and what is unknown. Ambio 2022, 51, 518–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, J.-L.; Lin, X.; Wang, J.J.; Gowen, A.A. A review of potential human health impacts of micro- and nanoplastics exposure. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 851 Pt 1, 158111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rillig, M.C.; Lehmann, A. Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems. Science 2020, 368, 1430–1431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Natesan, U.; Vaikunth, R.; Kumar, P.; Ruthra, R.; Srinivasalu, S. Spatial distribution of microplastic concentration around landfill sites and its potential risk on groundwater. Chemosphere 2021, 277, 130263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, L.; Kang, Y.; Ma, M.; Wu, Z.; Zhang, L.; Hu, R.; Xu, Q.; Zhu, J.; Gu, X.; An, L. Tissue accumulation of microplastics and potential health risks in human. Sci. Total Environ. 2024, 915, 170004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, X.; Du, L.; Sima, L.; Zou, D.; Qiu, X. Effects of micro(nano)plastics on the reproductive system: A review. Chemosphere 2023, 336, 139138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dusza, H.M.; van Boxel, J.; van Duursen, M.B.M.; Forsberg, M.M.; Legler, J.; Vähäkangas, K.H. Experimental human placental models for studying uptake, transport and toxicity of micro- and nanoplastics. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 860, 160403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhu, X.; Wang, C.; Duan, X.; Liang, B.; Genbo Xu, E.; Huang, Z. Micro- and nanoplastics: A new cardiovascular risk factor? Environ. Int. 2023, 171, 107662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, N.; Katsouli, J.; Marczylo, E.L.; Gant, T.W.; Wright, S.; de la Serna, J.B. The potential impacts of micro-and-nano plastics on various organ systems in humans. eBioMedicine 2024, 99, 104901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vethaak, A.D.; Legler, J. Microplastics and human health. Science 2021, 371, 672–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, S.; Zhang, H.; Wang, C.; Su, X.-L.; Song, Y.; Wu, P.; Yang, Z.; Wong, M.-H.; Cai, Z.; Zheng, C. Metabolomics Reveal Nanoplastic-Induced Mitochondrial Damage in Human Liver and Lung Cells. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56, 12483–12493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, B.; Wu, X.; Liu, S.; Wang, Z.; Chen, L. Size-dependent effects of polystyrene microplastics on cytotoxicity and efflux pump inhibition in human Caco-2 cells. Chemosphere 2019, 221, 333–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Weber, A.; Schwiebs, A.; Solhaug, H.; Stenvik, J.; Nilsen, A.M.; Wagner, M.; Relja, B.; Radeke, H.H. Nanoplastics affect the inflammatory cytokine release by primary human monocytes and dendritic cells. Environ. Int. 2022, 163, 107173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Landrigan, P.J.; Raps, H.; Cropper, M.; Bald, C.; Brunner, M.; Canonizado, E.M.; Charles, D.; Chiles, T.C.; Donohue, M.J.; Enck, J.; et al. The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health. Ann. Glob. Health 2023, 89, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jenner, L.C.; Rotchell, J.M.; Bennett, R.T.; Cowen, M.; Tentzeris, V.; Sadofsky, L.R. Detection of microplastics in human lung tissue using μFTIR spectroscopy. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 831, 154907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yin, H.; Fang, L.; Wang, L.; Xia, Y.; Tian, J.; Ma, L.; Zhang, J.; Li, N.; Li, W.; Yao, S.; et al. Acute Silica Exposure Triggers Pulmonary Inflammation Through Macrophage Pyroptosis: An Experimental Simulation. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 874459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, M.; Wang, J.; Sun, Y.; Pang, J.; Li, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Yang, P.; Fan, T.; Liu, Y.; et al. Inhibition of gasdermin D-dependent pyroptosis attenuates the progression of silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 2022, 12, 1213–1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Du, S.; Li, C.; Lu, Y.; Lei, X.; Zhang, Y.; Li, S.; Liu, F.; Chen, Y.; Weng, D.; Chen, J. Dioscin Alleviates Crystalline Silica-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis through Promoting Alveolar Macrophage Autophagy. Theranostics 2019, 9, 1878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klionsky, D.J.; Petroni, G.; Amaravadi, R.K.; Baehrecke, E.H.; Ballabio, A.; Boya, P.; Bravo-San Pedro, J.M.; Cadwell, K.; Cecconi, F.; Choi, A.M.; et al. Autophagy in major human diseases. EMBO J. 2021, 40, ee108863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El Kebir, D.; Gjorstrup, P.; Filep, J.G. Resolvin E1 promotes phagocytosis-induced neutrophil apoptosis and accelerates resolution of pulmonary inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 14983–14988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halimu, G.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, L.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, X.; Gu, W.; Zhang, B.; Dai, Y.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, C.; et al. Toxic effects of nanoplastics with different sizes and surface charges on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells and the potential toxicological mechanism. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 430, 128485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Li, J.; Dong, S.; Cai, X.; Simaiti, A.; Yang, X.; Zhu, X.; Luo, J.; Jiang, L.H.; Du, B.; et al. Silica nanoparticles induce lung inflammation in mice via ROS/PARP/TRPM2 signaling-mediated lysosome impairment and autophagy dysfunction. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2020, 17, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, Y.; Yao, Y.; Bai, H.; Shimizu, K.; Li, R.; Zhang, C. Investigation of pulmonary toxicity evaluation on mice exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics: The potential protective role of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 855, 158851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Z.; Sokratian, A.; Duda, A.M.; Xu, E.; Stanhope, C.; Fu, A.; Strader, S.; Li, H.; Yuan, Y.; Bobay, B.G.; et al. Anionic nanoplastic contaminants promote Parkinson’s disease-associated α-synuclein aggregation. Sci. Adv. 2023, 9, eadi8716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bredeck, G.; Halamoda-Kenzaoui, B.; Bogni, A.; Lipsa, D.; Bremer-Hoffmann, S. Tiered testing of micro- and nanoplastics using intestinal in vitro models to support hazard assessments. Environ. Int. 2022, 158, 106921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, X.; Wang, X.; Huang, R.; Tang, C.; Hu, C.; Ning, P.; Wang, F. Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Polystyrene Micro- and Nanoplastics with Different Size and Surface Modification in A549 Cells. Int. J. Nanomed. 2022, 17, 4509–4523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marfella, R.; Prattichizzo, F.; Sardu, C.; Fulgenzi, G.; Graciotti, L.; Spadoni, T.; D’Onofrio, N.; Scisciola, L.; La Grotta, R.; Frigé, C.; et al. Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events. N. Engl. J. Med. 2024, 390, 900–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.; Liu, F.; Quan, S.; Chen, L.; Shen, A.; Jiao, A.; Qi, H.; Yu, G. Microplastics in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Chinese Children: Associations with Age, City Development, and Disease Features. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023, 57, 12594–12601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Prata, J.C.; da Costa, J.P.; Lopes, I.; Duarte, A.C.; Rocha-Santos, T. Environmental exposure to microplastics: An overview on possible human health effects. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 702, 134455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Das, A. The emerging role of microplastics in systemic toxicity: Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 895, 165076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, H.; Ma, T.; Sha, X.; Liu, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Meng, X.; Chen, Y.; Han, X.; Ding, J. Polystyrene microplastics induced male reproductive toxicity in mice. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 401, 123430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Deng, Y.; Jiang, W.; Zhao, Y.; Geng, J.; Ding, L.; Ren, H. Uptake and Accumulation of Polystyrene Microplastics in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Toxic Effects in Liver. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 4054–4060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teng, J.; Zhao, J.; Zhu, X.; Shan, E.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, W.; Wang, Q. Toxic effects of exposure to microplastics with environmentally relevant shapes and concentrations: Accumulation, energy metabolism and tissue damage in oyster Crassostrea gigas. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 269, 116169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Rücklin, M.; Poelmann, R.E.; de Mooij, C.L.; Fokkema, M.; Lamers, G.E.M.; de Bakker, M.A.G.; Chin, E.; Bakos, L.J.; Marone, F.; et al. Nanoplastics causes extensive congenital malformations during embryonic development by passively targeting neural crest cells. Environ. Int. 2023, 173, 107865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lahive, E.; Cross, R.; Saarloos, A.I.; Horton, A.A.; Svendsen, C.; Hufenus, R.; Mitrano, D.M. Earthworms ingest microplastic fibres and nanoplastics with effects on egestion rate and long-term retention. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 807 Pt 3, 151022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hua, X.; Cao, C.; Zhang, L.; Wang, D. Activation of FGF signal in germline mediates transgenerational toxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles at predicted environmental concentrations in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Hazard. Mater. 2023, 451, 131174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zeng, F.; Wang, L.; Zhen, H.; Guo, C.; Liu, A.; Xia, X.; Pei, H.; Dong, C.; Ding, J. Nanoplastics affect the growth of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) and damage gut health. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 869, 161576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, S.; Ma, Y.; Ye, S.; Tang, S.; Liang, N.; Liang, Y.; Xiao, F. Polystyrene microplastics trigger hepatocyte apoptosis and abnormal glycolytic flux via ROS-driven calcium overload. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 417, 126025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, S.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, X.; Xu, Y.; Zhu, K.; Zhang, K.; Li, X.; Zhou, H.; Chen, G.; Guo, X. Dietary exposure to polystyrene microplastics exacerbates liver damage in fulminant hepatic failure via ROS production and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Sci. Total Environ. 2024, 907, 167403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKnight, S.L. On getting there from here. Science 2010, 330, 1338–1339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Q.; Cao, J.; Liu, X.; Zhu, X.; Huang, C.; Wang, X.; Song, Y. Micro(nano)-plastics exposure induced programmed cell death and corresponding influence factors. Sci. Total Environ. 2024, 921, 171230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mu, Y.; Sun, J.; Li, Z.; Zhang, W.; Liu, Z.; Li, C.; Peng, C.; Cui, G.; Shao, H.; Du, Z. Activation of pyroptosis and ferroptosis is involved in the hepatotoxicity induced by polystyrene microplastics in mice. Chemosphere 2022, 291 Pt 2, 132944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wei, J.; Wang, X.; Liu, Q.; Zhou, N.; Zhu, S.; Li, Z.; Li, X.; Yao, J.; Zhang, L. The impact of polystyrene microplastics on cardiomyocytes pyroptosis through NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway and oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Environ. Toxicol. 2021, 36, 935–944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hou, J.; Lei, Z.; Cui, L.; Hou, Y.; Yang, L.; An, R.; Wang, Q.; Li, S.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, L. Polystyrene microplastics lead to pyroptosis and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells via NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway in rats. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2021, 212, 112012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Yin, K.; Wang, D.; Wang, Y.; Lu, H.; Zhao, H.; Xing, M. Polystyrene microplastics-induced cardiotoxicity in chickens via the ROS-driven NF-κB-NLRP3-GSDMD and AMPK-PGC-1α axes. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 840, 156727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, J.; Wang, Y.; Du, Y.; Zhang, W.; Liu, Z.; Bai, J.; Cui, G.; Du, Z. Involvement of the JNK/HO-1/FTH1 signaling pathway in nanoplastic-induced inflammation and ferroptosis of BV2 microglia cells. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2023, 52, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yin, K.; Wang, D.; Zhao, H.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, B.; Xing, M. Polystyrene microplastics up-regulates liver glutamine and glutamate synthesis and promotes autophagy-dependent ferroptosis and apoptosis in the cerebellum through the liver-brain axis. Environ. Pollut. 2022, 307, 119449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, J.; Bu, W.; Hu, W.; Zhao, Z.; Liu, L.; Luo, C.; Wang, R.; Fan, S.; Yu, S.; Wu, Q.; et al. Ferroptosis Is Involved in Sex-Specific Small Intestinal Toxicity in the Offspring of Adult Mice Exposed to Polystyrene Nanoplastics during Pregnancy. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 2440–2449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shaoyong, W.; Jin, H.; Jiang, X.; Xu, B.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Jin, M. Benzo [a] pyrene-loaded aged polystyrene microplastics promote colonic barrier injury via oxidative stress-mediated notch signalling. J. Hazard. Mater. 2023, 457, 131820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nie, J.-H.; Shen, Y.; Roshdy, M.; Cheng, X.; Wang, G.; Yang, X. Polystyrene nanoplastics exposure caused defective neural tube morphogenesis through caveolae-mediated endocytosis and faulty apoptosis. Nanotoxicology 2021, 15, 885–904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y.-Y.; Li, H.; Ren, H.; Zhang, X.; Huang, F.; Zhang, D.; Huang, Q.; Zhang, X. Size-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on autophagy response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 421, 126770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Annangi, B.; Villacorta, A.; López-Mesas, M.; Fuentes-Cebrian, V.; Marcos, R.; Hernández, A. Hazard Assessment of Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells, Focusing on the Autophagic Effects. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ding, Y.; Zhang, R.; Li, B.; Du, Y.; Li, J.; Tong, X.; Wu, Y.; Ji, X.; Zhang, Y. Tissue distribution of polystyrene nanoplastics in mice and their entry, transport, and cytotoxicity to GES-1 cells. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 280, 116974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Y.-L.; Lee, Y.-H.; Hsu, Y.-H.; Chiu, I.-J.; Huang, C.C.-Y.; Huang, C.-C.; Chia, Z.-C.; Lee, C.-P.; Lin, Y.-F.; Chiu, H.-W. The Kidney-Related Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human Kidney Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells HK-2 and Male C57BL/6 Mice. Environ. Health Perspect. 2021, 129, 57003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeon, M.S.; Kim, J.W.; Han, Y.B.; Jeong, M.H.; Kim, H.R.; Sik Kim, H.; Park, Y.J.; Chung, K.H. Polystyrene microplastic particles induce autophagic cell death in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. Environ. Toxicol. 2023, 38, 359–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lu, H.; Yin, K.; Su, H.; Wang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Hou, L.; Li, J.B.; Wang, Y.; Xing, M. Polystyrene microplastics induce autophagy and apoptosis in birds lungs via PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Environ. Toxicol. 2023, 38, 78–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Y.-C.; Chen, K.-F.; Lin, K.-Y.A.; Chen, J.-K.; Jiang, X.-Y.; Lin, C.-H. The nephrotoxic potential of polystyrene microplastics at realistic environmental concentrations. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 427, 127871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bobori, D.C.; Feidantsis, K.; Dimitriadi, A.; Datsi, N.; Ripis, P.; Kalogiannis, S.; Sampsonidis, I.; Kastrinaki, G.; Ainali, N.M.; Lambropoulou, D.A.; et al. Dose-Dependent Cytotoxicity of Polypropylene Microplastics (PP-MPs) in Two Freshwater Fishes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 13878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, M.; Wang, W.-X. Differential cascading cellular and subcellular toxicity induced by two sizes of nanoplastics. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 829, 154593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, C.-W.; Wu, Y.-C.; Liao, V.H.-C. Nanoplastics exposure disrupts circadian rhythm associated with dysfunction of the endolysosomal pathway and autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Hazard. Mater. 2023, 452, 131308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gopinath, P.M.; Twayana, K.S.; Ravanan, P.; Thomas, J.; Mukherjee, A.; Jenkins, D.F.; Chandrasekaran, N. Prospects on the nano-plastic particles internalization and induction of cellular response in human keratinocytes. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2021, 18, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Y.; He, G.; Jiang, H.; Pan, K.; Liu, W. Nanoplastics induces oxidative stress and triggers lysosome-associated immune-defensive cell death in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Environ. Int. 2023, 174, 107899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Wang, D.; Yin, K.; Zhao, H.; Lu, H.; Meng, X.; Hou, L.; Li, J.; Xing, M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-controlled autophagic pathway promotes polystyrene microplastics-induced myocardial dysplasia in birds. Environ. Pollut. 2022, 311, 119963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, D.; Ma, Y.; Peng, C.; Gan, Y.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Z.; Han, X.; Chen, Y. Differently surface-labeled polystyrene nanoplastics at an environmentally relevant concentration induced Crohn’s ileitis-like features via triggering intestinal epithelial cell necroptosis. Environ. Int. 2023, 176, 107968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shan, S.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zeng, T.; Zhao, X. Polystyrene nanoplastics penetrate across the blood-brain barrier and induce activation of microglia in the brain of mice. Chemosphere 2022, 298, 134261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Y.; Wang, S.; Xu, T.; Cui, W.; Shi, X.; Xu, S. A new discovery of polystyrene microplastics toxicity: The injury difference on bladder epithelium of mice is correlated with the size of exposed particles. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 821, 153413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meng, X.; Yin, K.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, D.; Lu, H.; Hou, L.; Zhao, H.; Xing, M. Polystyrene microplastics induced oxidative stress, inflammation and necroptosis via NF-κB and RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway in chicken kidney. Toxicology 2022, 478, 153296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, X.; Zhang, X.; Sun, K.; Wang, S.; Gong, D. Polystyrene microplastics induce apoptosis and necroptosis in swine testis cells via ROS/MAPK/HIF1α pathway. Environ. Toxicol. 2022, 37, 2483–2492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, D.; Ma, Y.; Han, X.; Chen, Y. Systematic toxicity evaluation of polystyrene nanoplastics on mice and molecular mechanism investigation about their internalization into Caco-2 cells. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 417, 126092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, H.; Guo, J.; Yao, Y.; Xu, S. Polystyrene nanoplastics induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial inflammation in carp by promoting ROS production. Fish. Shellfish. Immunol. 2022, 125, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Q.; Cao, Y.; Li, H.; Liu, H.; Liu, Y.; Bi, L.; Zhao, H.; Jin, L.; Peng, R. Sodium nitroprusside alleviates nanoplastics-induced developmental toxicity by suppressing apoptosis, ferroptosis and inflammation. J. Environ. Manag. 2023, 345, 118702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, D.; Zhu, J.; Zhou, X.; Pan, D.; Nan, S.; Yin, R.; Lei, Q.; Ma, N.; Zhu, H.; Chen, J.; et al. Polystyrene micro- and nano-particle coexposure injures fetal thalamus by inducing ROS-mediated cell apoptosis. Environ. Int. 2022, 166, 107362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kwon, W.; Kim, D.; Kim, H.-Y.; Jeong, S.W.; Lee, S.-G.; Kim, H.-C.; Lee, Y.-J.; Kwon, M.K.; Hwang, J.-S.; Han, J.E.; et al. Microglial phagocytosis of polystyrene microplastics results in immune alteration and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 807 Pt 2, 150817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Umamaheswari, S.; Priyadarshinee, S.; Kadirvelu, K.; Ramesh, M. Polystyrene microplastics induce apoptosis via ROS-mediated p53 signaling pathway in zebrafish. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 2021, 345, 109550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, M.; Halimu, G.; Zhang, Q.; Song, Y.; Fu, X.; Li, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhang, H. Internalization and toxicity: A preliminary study of effects of nanoplastic particles on human lung epithelial cell. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 694, 133794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, B.; Zhong, Y.; Huang, Y.; Lin, X.; Liu, J.; Lin, L.; Hu, M.; Jiang, J.; Dai, M.; Wang, B.; et al. Underestimated health risks: Polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics jointly induce intestinal barrier dysfunction by ROS-mediated epithelial cell apoptosis. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2021, 18, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hsu, S.-K.; Li, C.-Y.; Lin, I.-L.; Syue, W.-J.; Chen, Y.-F.; Cheng, K.-C.; Teng, Y.-N.; Lin, Y.-H.; Yen, C.-H.; Chiu, C.-C. Inflammation-related pyroptosis, a novel programmed cell death pathway, and its crosstalk with immune therapy in cancer treatment. Theranostics 2021, 11, 8813–8835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, J.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, K.; Shi, X.; Wang, Y.; Huang, H.; Zhuang, Y.; Cai, T.; Wang, F.; Shao, F. Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death. Nature 2015, 526, 660–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; Xia, S.; Zhang, Z.; Wu, H.; Lieberman, J. Channelling inflammation: Gasdermins in physiology and disease. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2021, 20, 384–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, J.; Gao, W.; Shao, F. Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Mediated Programmed Necrotic Cell Death. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2017, 42, 245–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, G.; Rao, G.; Tang, L.; Wu, S.; Tang, Z.; Huang, R.; Ruan, Z.; Hu, L. Combined effect of arsenic and polystyrene-nanoplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations in mice liver: Activation of apoptosis, pyroptosis and excessive autophagy. Chemosphere 2022, 300, 134566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhaolin, Z.; Guohua, L.; Shiyuan, W.; Zuo, W. Role of pyroptosis in cardiovascular disease. Cell Prolif. 2019, 52, e12563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shengchen, W.; Jing, L.; Yujie, Y.; Yue, W.; Shiwen, X. Polystyrene microplastics-induced ROS overproduction disrupts the skeletal muscle regeneration by converting myoblasts into adipocytes. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 417, 125962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, S.; Chen, L.; Shi, X.; Wang, Y.; Xu, S. Polystyrene microplastics-induced macrophage extracellular traps contributes to liver fibrotic injury by activating ROS/TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling axis. Environ. Pollut. 2023, 324, 121388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, H.; Xu, T.; Chen, T.; Liu, J.; Xu, S. Oxidative stress mediated by the TLR4/NOX2 signalling axis is involved in polystyrene microplastic-induced uterine fibrosis in mice. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 838 Pt 2, 155825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Kong, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, H.; Gang, Y.; Bai, L. Carnosine Prevents Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Osteoarthritis Through the ROS/NF-κB Pathway. Front. Pharmacol. 2018, 9, 598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lianxu, C.; Hongti, J.; Changlong, Y. NF-kappaBp65-specific siRNA inhibits expression of genes of COX-2, NOS-2 and MMP-9 in rat IL-1beta-induced and TNF-alpha-induced chondrocytes. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2006, 14, 367–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zeng, J.; Chen, Y.; Ding, R.; Feng, L.; Fu, Z.; Yang, S.; Deng, X.; Xie, Z.; Zheng, S. Isoliquiritigenin alleviates early brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage via suppressing ROS- and/or NF-κB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by promoting Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. J. Neuroinflamm. 2017, 14, 119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caputi, S.; Diomede, F.; Lanuti, P.; Marconi, G.D.; Di Carlo, P.; Sinjari, B.; Trubiani, O. Microplastics Affect the Inflammation Pathway in Human Gingival Fibroblasts: A Study in the Adriatic Sea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Montagnani, M.; Koh, K.K.; Quon, M.J. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: Molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation 2006, 113, 1888–1904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, P.; Zhang, X.; Liu, N.; Tang, L.; Peng, C.; Chen, X. Pyroptosis: Mechanisms and diseases. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2021, 6, 128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abe, J.-I.; Morrell, C. Pyroptosis as a Regulated Form of Necrosis: PI+/Annexin V-/High Caspase 1/Low Caspase 9 Activity in Cells = Pyroptosis? Circ. Res. 2016, 118, 1457–1460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Sun, Y.; Song, M.; Song, Y.; Fang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Li, X.; Song, N.; Ding, J.; Lu, M.; et al. NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis exerts a crucial role in astrocyte pathological injury in mouse model of depression. JCI Insight 2021, 6, e146852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Gao, W.; Shi, X.; Ding, J.; Liu, W.; He, H.; Wang, K.; Shao, F. Chemotherapy drugs induce pyroptosis through caspase-3 cleavage of a gasdermin. Nature 2017, 547, 99–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, W.; Ma, L.; Cai, C.; Gong, X. Caffeine Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Suppressing MAPK/NF-κB and A2aR Signaling in LPS-Induced THP-1 Macrophages. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2019, 15, 1571–1581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhivaki, D.; Kagan, J.C. Innate immune detection of lipid oxidation as a threat assessment strategy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2022, 22, 322–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Y.; Jiang, Q. Uncoupled pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion downstream of inflammasome signaling. Front. Immunol. 2023, 14, 1128358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Sheng, H.; Yan, Z.; Guan, B.; Qiang, S.; Qian, J.; Wang, Y. Bilirubin stabilizes the mitochondrial membranes during NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2022, 203, 115204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martín-Sánchez, F.; Compan, V.; Peñín-Franch, A.; Tapia-Abellán, A.; Gómez, A.I.; Baños-Gregori, M.C.; Schmidt, F.I.; Pelegrin, P. ASC oligomer favors caspase-1CARD domain recruitment after intracellular potassium efflux. J. Cell Biol. 2023, 222, e202003053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Y.; Wang, J.; Huang, D.; Yu, C. Baicalin Alleviates Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Through ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pathway-Mediated Proptosis in vitro. Drug Des. Devel Ther. 2022, 16, 3353–3364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kesavardhana, S.; Malireddi, R.K.S.; Kanneganti, T.-D. Caspases in Cell Death, Inflammation, and Pyroptosis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2020, 38, 567–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKenzie, B.A.; Dixit, V.M.; Power, C. Fiery Cell Death: Pyroptosis in the Central Nervous System. Trends Neurosci. 2020, 43, 55–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rao, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Yang, P.; Chen, Z.; Xia, Y.; Qiao, C.; Liu, W.; Deng, H.; Li, J.; Ning, P.; et al. Pyroptosis in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Theranostics 2022, 12, 4310–4329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- You, R.; Xiao, R. Pyroptosis and Its Role in Autoimmune Disease: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 841732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, J.; Qiu, X.; Xi, G.; Liu, H.; Zhang, F.; Lv, T.; Song, Y. Downregulation of GSDMD attenuates tumor proliferation via the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and inhibition of EGFR/Akt signaling and predicts a good prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol. Rep. 2018, 40, 1971–1984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Janneh, A.H.; Kassir, M.F.; Atilgan, F.C.; Lee, H.G.; Sheridan, M.; Oleinik, N.; Szulc, Z.; Voelkel-Johnson, C.; Nguyen, H.; Li, H.; et al. Crosstalk between pro-survival sphingolipid metabolism and complement signaling induces inflammasome-mediated tumor metastasis. Cell Rep. 2022, 41, 111742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sayin, V.I.; Ibrahim, M.X.; Larsson, E.; Nilsson, J.A.; Lindahl, P.; Bergo, M.O. Antioxidants accelerate lung cancer progression in mice. Sci. Transl. Med. 2014, 6, 221ra15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Han, X.; Sun, S.; Sun, Y.; Song, Q.; Zhu, J.; Song, N.; Chen, M.; Sun, T.; Xia, M.; Ding, J.; et al. Small molecule-driven NLRP3 inflammation inhibition via interplay between ubiquitination and autophagy: Implications for Parkinson disease. Autophagy 2019, 15, 1860–1881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daniels, M.J.D.; Rivers-Auty, J.; Schilling, T.; Spencer, N.G.; Watremez, W.; Fasolino, V.; Booth, S.J.; White, C.S.; Baldwin, A.G.; Freeman, S.; et al. Fenamate NSAIDs inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and protect against Alzheimer’s disease in rodent models. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 12504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thomas, C. Roadblocks in HIV research: Five questions. Nat. Med. 2009, 15, 855–859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, P.; Shen, M.; Yu, Z.; Ge, W.; Chen, K.; Tian, M.; Xiao, F.; Wang, Z.; Wang, J.; Jia, Y.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce hyperinflammation. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stack, J.H.; Beaumont, K.; Larsen, P.D.; Straley, K.S.; Henkel, G.W.; Randle, J.C.R.; Hoffman, H.M. IL-converting enzyme/caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 blocks the hypersensitive response to an inflammatory stimulus in monocytes from familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome patients. J. Immunol. 2005, 175, 2630–2634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Doitsh, G.; Galloway, N.L.K.; Geng, X.; Yang, Z.; Monroe, K.M.; Zepeda, O.; Hunt, P.W.; Hatano, H.; Sowinski, S.; Muñoz-Arias, I.; et al. Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection. Nature 2014, 505, 509–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, X.; Li, J.; Kang, R.; Klionsky, D.J.; Tang, D. Ferroptosis: Machinery and regulation. Autophagy 2021, 17, 2054–2081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stockwell, B.R. Ferroptosis turns 10: Emerging mechanisms, physiological functions, and therapeutic applications. Cell 2022, 185, 2401–2421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carbó, M.; Chaturvedi, P.; Álvarez, A.; Pineda-Cevallos, D.; Ghatak, A.; González, P.R.; Cañal, M.J.; Weckwerth, W.; Valledor, L. Ferroptosis is the key cellular process mediating Bisphenol A responses in Chlamydomonas and a promising target for enhancing microalgae-based bioremediation. J. Hazard. Mater. 2023, 448, 130997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fu, H.; Zhu, L.; Mao, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Chang, Y.; Liu, X.; Jiang, H. Combined ecotoxicological effects of different-sized polyethylene microplastics and imidacloprid on the earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 870, 161795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, H.; Li, Y.; Maryam, B.; Ji, Z.; Sun, J.; Liu, X. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as hitchhikers on microplastics: Sorption behaviors and combined toxicities to Epinephelus moara. Aquat. Toxicol. 2022, 252, 106317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lyamzaev, K.G.; Panteleeva, A.A.; Simonyan, R.A.; Avetisyan, A.V.; Chernyak, B.V. Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation Is Responsible for Ferroptosis. Cells 2023, 12, 611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barrera, G.; Pizzimenti, S.; Dianzani, M.U. Lipid peroxidation: Control of cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell death. Mol. Asp. Med. 2008, 29, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.-Y.; Nam, M.; Son, H.Y.; Hyun, K.; Jang, S.Y.; Kim, J.W.; Kim, M.W.; Jung, Y.; Jang, E.; Yoon, S.-J.; et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway determines ferroptosis sensitivity in gastric cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 32433–32442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suda, A.; Umaru, B.A.; Yamamoto, Y.; Shima, H.; Saiki, Y.; Pan, Y.; Jin, L.; Sun, J.; Low, Y.L.C.; Suzuki, C.; et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids-induced ferroptosis suppresses pancreatic cancer growth. Sci. Rep. 2024, 14, 4409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kagan, V.E.; Mao, G.; Qu, F.; Angeli, J.P.F.; Doll, S.; Croix, C.S.; Dar, H.H.; Liu, B.; Tyurin, V.A.; Ritov, V.B.; et al. Oxidized arachidonic and adrenic PEs navigate cells to ferroptosis. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2017, 13, 81–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, J.; Wei, X.; Hu, F.; Dong, W.; Sun, L. Development and validation of a novel 3-gene prognostic model for pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on ferroptosis-related genes. Cancer Cell Int. 2022, 22, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ge, Y.; Yang, S.; Zhang, T.; Gong, S.; Wan, X.; Zhu, Y.; Fang, Y.; Hu, C.; Yang, F.; Yin, L.; et al. Ferroptosis participated in inhaled polystyrene nanoplastics-induced liver injury and fibrosis. Sci. Total Environ. 2024, 916, 170342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jeyavani, J.; Sibiya, A.; Bhavaniramya, S.; Mahboob, S.; Al-Ghanim, K.A.; Nisa, Z.-U.; Riaz, M.N.; Nicoletti, M.; Govindarajan, M.; Vaseeharan, B. Toxicity evaluation of polypropylene microplastic on marine microcrustacean Artemia salina: An analysis of implications and vulnerability. Chemosphere 2022, 296, 133990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dixon, S.J.; Patel, D.N.; Welsch, M.; Skouta, R.; Lee, E.D.; Hayano, M.; Thomas, A.G.; Gleason, C.E.; Tatonetti, N.P.; Slusher, B.S.; et al. Pharmacological inhibition of cystine-glutamate exchange induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis. eLife 2014, 3, e02523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, D.; Feng, Y.; Zandkarimi, F.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Z.; Kim, J.; Cai, Y.; Gu, W.; Stockwell, B.R.; Jiang, X. Ferroptosis surveillance independent of GPX4 and differentially regulated by sex hormones. Cell 2023, 186, 2748–2764.e22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheng, W.; Zhou, Y.; Chen, H.; Wu, Q.; Li, Y.; Wang, H.; Feng, Y.; Wang, Y. The iron matters: Aged microplastics disrupted the iron homeostasis in the liver organoids. Sci. Total Environ. 2024, 906, 167529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, T.; Cui, J.; Xu, R.; Cao, J.; Guo, M.-Y. Microplastics induced inflammation and apoptosis via ferroptosis and the NF-κB pathway in carp. Aquat. Toxicol. 2023, 262, 106659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henning, Y.; Blind, U.S.; Larafa, S.; Matschke, J.; Fandrey, J. Hypoxia aggravates ferroptosis in RPE cells by promoting the Fenton reaction. Cell Death Dis. 2022, 13, 662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roos, A.; Boron, W.F. Intracellular pH. Physiol. Rev. 1981, 61, 296–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- He, Y.-J.; Liu, X.-Y.; Xing, L.; Wan, X.; Chang, X.; Jiang, H.-L. Fenton reaction-independent ferroptosis therapy via glutathione and iron redox couple sequentially triggered lipid peroxide generator. Biomaterials 2020, 241, 119911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, M.; Yi, J.; Zhu, J.; Minikes, A.M.; Monian, P.; Thompson, C.B.; Jiang, X. Role of Mitochondria in Ferroptosis. Mol. Cell 2019, 73, 354–363.e3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hangauer, M.J.; Viswanathan, V.S.; Ryan, M.J.; Bole, D.; Eaton, J.K.; Matov, A.; Galeas, J.; Dhruv, H.D.; Berens, M.E.; Schreiber, S.L.; et al. Drug-tolerant persister cancer cells are vulnerable to GPX4 inhibition. Nature 2017, 551, 247–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, B.; Wang, Y.; Xu, W.; Zhu, J.; Weng, Q.; Chen, W.; Fang, S.; Yang, Y.; Qiu, R.; Chen, M.; et al. Macrophage xCT deficiency drives immune activation and boosts responses to immune checkpoint blockade in lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 2023, 554, 216021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, L.; Liu, Y.; Du, T.; Yang, H.; Lei, L.; Guo, M.; Ding, H.-F.; Zhang, J.; Wang, H.; Chen, X.; et al. ATF3 promotes erastin-induced ferroptosis by suppressing system Xc. Cell Death Differ. 2020, 27, 662–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dixon, S.J.; Lemberg, K.M.; Lamprecht, M.R.; Skouta, R.; Zaitsev, E.M.; Gleason, C.E.; Patel, D.N.; Bauer, A.J.; Cantley, A.M.; Yang, W.S.; et al. Ferroptosis: An iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death. Cell 2012, 149, 1060–1072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, M.; Monian, P.; Quadri, N.; Ramasamy, R.; Jiang, X. Glutaminolysis and Transferrin Regulate Ferroptosis. Mol. Cell 2015, 59, 298–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mayr, L.; Grabherr, F.; Schwärzler, J.; Reitmeier, I.; Sommer, F.; Gehmacher, T.; Niederreiter, L.; He, G.-W.; Ruder, B.; Kunz, K.T.R.; et al. Dietary lipids fuel GPX4-restricted enteritis resembling Crohn’s disease. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, X.; Bredell, B.X.; Anderson, E.R.; Martin, A.; Mays, C.; Nagao-Kitamoto, H.; Huang, S.; Győrffy, B.; Greenson, J.K.; Hardiman, K.; et al. Quantitative proteomics identifies STEAP4 as a critical regulator of mitochondrial dysfunction linking inflammation and colon cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2017, 114, E9608–E9617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.-E.; Xu, S.-J.; Lu, Y.-Y.; Chen, S.-X.; Du, X.-H.; Hou, S.-Z.; Huang, H.-Y.; Liang, J. Asperuloside suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation in DSS-induced chronic colitis and RAW 264.7 macrophages via Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2021, 344, 109512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, X.; Wang, H.; Han, D.; Xie, E.; Yang, X.; Wei, J.; Gu, S.; Gao, F.; Zhu, N.; Yin, X.; et al. Ferroptosis as a target for protection against cardiomyopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 2672–2680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Feng, D.; Wang, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Sun, R.; Tian, D.; Liu, D.; Zhang, F.; Ning, S.; Yao, J.; et al. Ischemia-induced ACSL4 activation contributes to ferroptosis-mediated tissue injury in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Cell Death Differ. 2019, 26, 2284–2299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, X.; Zhang, X.; Wei, C.; Zheng, D.; Lu, X.; Yang, Y.; Luo, A.; Zhang, K.; Duan, X.; Wang, Y. Targeting SLC7A11 specifically suppresses the progression of colorectal cancer stem cells via inducing ferroptosis. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 152, 105450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, M.; Tao, J.; Yang, Y.; Tan, S.; Liu, H.; Jiang, J.; Zheng, F.; Wu, B. Ferroptosis involves in intestinal epithelial cell death in ulcerative colitis. Cell Death Dis. 2020, 11, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Doll, S.; Freitas, F.P.; Shah, R.; Aldrovandi, M.; Da Silva, M.C.; Ingold, I.; Goya Grocin, A.; Xavier Da Silva, T.N.; Panzilius, E.; Scheel, C.H.; et al. FSP1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor. Nature 2019, 575, 693–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Louandre, C.; Ezzoukhry, Z.; Godin, C.; Barbare, J.-C.; Mazière, J.-C.; Chauffert, B.; Galmiche, A. Iron-dependent cell death of hepatocellular carcinoma cells exposed to sorafenib: Iron-dependent cytotoxicity of sorafenib. Int. J. Cancer 2013, 133, 1732–1742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, S.; Zhang, Q.; Sun, X.; Zeh, H.J.; Lotze, M.T.; Kang, R.; Tang, D. HSPA5 Regulates Ferroptotic Cell Death in Cancer Cells. Cancer Res. 2017, 77, 2064–2077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mahoney-Sánchez, L.; Bouchaoui, H.; Ayton, S.; Devos, D.; Duce, J.A.; Devedjian, J.-C. Ferroptosis and its potential role in the physiopathology of Parkinson’s Disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 2021, 196, 101890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bao, W.-D.; Pang, P.; Zhou, X.-T.; Hu, F.; Xiong, W.; Chen, K.; Wang, J.; Wang, F.; Xie, D.; Hu, Y.-Z.; et al. Loss of ferroportin induces memory impairment by promoting ferroptosis in Alzheimer’s disease. Cell Death Differ. 2021, 28, 1548–1562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, K.H.; Lee, M.-S. Autophagy--a key player in cellular and body metabolism. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2014, 10, 322–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mizushima, N.; Komatsu, M. Autophagy: Renovation of cells and tissues. Cell 2011, 147, 728–741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, P.; Tong, X.; Xue, F.; Qianru, C.; Xinyu, T.; Zhe, L.; Zhikun, B.; Shu, L. Polystyrene nanoplastics exacerbate lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial fibrosis and autophagy in mice via ROS/TGF-β1/Smad. Toxicology 2022, 480, 153338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parzych, K.R.; Klionsky, D.J. An overview of autophagy: Morphology, mechanism, and regulation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2014, 20, 460–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yonekawa, T.; Thorburn, A. Autophagy and cell death. Essays Biochem. 2013, 55, 105–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Yao, S.; Yang, H.; Liu, S.; Wang, Y. Autophagy: Regulator of cell death. Cell Death Dis. 2023, 14, 648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dikic, I.; Elazar, Z. Mechanism and medical implications of mammalian autophagy. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2018, 19, 349–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sorice, M. Crosstalk of Autophagy and Apoptosis. Cells 2022, 11, 1479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luo, Z.; Xu, X.; Sho, T.; Zhang, J.; Xu, W.; Yao, J.; Xu, J. ROS-induced autophagy regulates porcine trophectoderm cell apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2019, 316, C198–C209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hattori, T.; Fundora, K.A.; Hamamoto, K.; Opozda, D.M.; Liang, X.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J.; Uzun, Y.; Takahashi, Y.; Wang, H.-G. ER stress elicits non-canonical CASP8 (caspase 8) activation on autophagosomal membranes to induce apoptosis. Autophagy 2024, 20, 349–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, Y.; Sun, G.; Li, E.; Kiselyov, K.; Sun, D. ER stress and impaired autophagy flux in neuronal degeneration and brain injury. Ageing Res. Rev. 2017, 34, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, Y.G.; Codogno, P.; Zhang, H. Machinery, regulation and pathophysiological implications of autophagosome maturation. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2021, 22, 733–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, S.; Ma, Y.; Ye, S.; Su, Y.; Hu, D.; Xiao, F. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide counteracts polystyrene nanoplastics-induced mitochondrial apoptosis and excessive autophagy via regulating Nrf2 and PGC-1α signaling pathway in mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-2spd(ts) cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2022, 164, 113071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, W.; Chu, Q.; Ye, X.; Sun, Y.; Liu, Y.; Jia, R.; Li, Y.; Tu, P.; Tang, Q.; Yu, T.; et al. Canidin-3-glucoside prevents nano-plastics induced toxicity via activating autophagy and promoting discharge. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 274, 116524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kocak, M.; Ezazi Erdi, S.; Jorba, G.; Maestro, I.; Farrés, J.; Kirkin, V.; Martinez, A.; Pless, O. Targeting autophagy in disease: Established and new strategies. Autophagy 2022, 18, 473–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Deneubourg, C.; Ramm, M.; Smith, L.J.; Baron, O.; Singh, K.; Byrne, S.C.; Duchen, M.R.; Gautel, M.; Eskelinen, E.-L.; Fanto, M.; et al. The spectrum of neurodevelopmental, neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders due to defective autophagy. Autophagy 2022, 18, 496–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mustaly-Kalimi, S.; Gallegos, W.; Marr, R.A.; Gilman-Sachs, A.; Peterson, D.A.; Sekler, I.; Stutzmann, G.E. Protein mishandling and impaired lysosomal proteolysis generated through calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer’s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2022, 119, e2211999119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levy, J.M.M.; Towers, C.G.; Thorburn, A. Targeting autophagy in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2017, 17, 528–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Debnath, J.; Gammoh, N.; Ryan, K.M. Autophagy and autophagy-related pathways in cancer. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2023, 24, 560–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira, P.M.P.; Sousa, R.W.R.d.; Ferreira, J.R.d.O.; Militão, G.C.G.; Bezerra, D.P. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in antitumor therapies based on autophagy-related mechanisms. Pharmacol. Res. 2021, 168, 105582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boya, P.; Reggiori, F.; Codogno, P. Emerging regulation and functions of autophagy. Nat. Cell Biol. 2013, 15, 713–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weinlich, R.; Oberst, A.; Beere, H.M.; Green, D.R. Necroptosis in development, inflammation and disease. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2017, 18, 127–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, J.; Amin, P.; Ofengeim, D. Necroptosis and RIPK1-mediated neuroinflammation in CNS diseases. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2019, 20, 19–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, X.; Fan, X.; Xu, T.; He, Y.; Chi, Q.; Li, Z.; Li, S. Polystyrene nanoplastics exacerbated lipopolysaccharide-induced necroptosis and inflammation via the ROS/MAPK pathway in mice spleen. Environ. Toxicol. 2022, 37, 2552–2565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, H.; Liu, Q.; Yang, N.; Xu, S. Polystyrene-microplastics and DEHP co-exposure induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and necroptosis of ovarian granulosa cells in mice by promoting ROS production. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 871, 161962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Basit, F.; van Oppen, L.M.; Schöckel, L.; Bossenbroek, H.M.; van Emst-de Vries, S.E.; Hermeling, J.C.; Grefte, S.; Kopitz, C.; Heroult, M.; Hgm Willems, P.; et al. Mitochondrial complex I inhibition triggers a mitophagy-dependent ROS increase leading to necroptosis and ferroptosis in melanoma cells. Cell Death Dis. 2017, 8, e2716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jia, Y.; Wang, F.; Guo, Q.; Li, M.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Z.; Jiang, S.; Jin, H.; Chen, A.; Tan, S.; et al. Curcumol induces RIPK1/RIPK3 complex-dependent necroptosis via JNK1/2-ROS signaling in hepatic stellate cells. Redox Biol. 2018, 19, 375–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Newton, K.; Wickliffe, K.E.; Dugger, D.L.; Maltzman, A.; Roose-Girma, M.; Dohse, M.; Kőműves, L.; Webster, J.D.; Dixit, V.M. Cleavage of RIPK1 by caspase-8 is crucial for limiting apoptosis and necroptosis. Nature 2019, 574, 428–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tummers, B.; Mari, L.; Guy, C.S.; Heckmann, B.L.; Rodriguez, D.A.; Rühl, S.; Moretti, J.; Crawford, J.C.; Fitzgerald, P.; Kanneganti, T.-D.; et al. Caspase-8-Dependent Inflammatory Responses Are Controlled by Its Adaptor, FADD, and Necroptosis. Immunity 2020, 52, 994–1006.e8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowling, J.P.; Alsabbagh, M.; Del Casale, C.; Liu, Z.-G.; Zhang, J. TRADD regulates perinatal development and adulthood survival in mice lacking RIPK1 and RIPK3. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderton, H.; Bandala-Sanchez, E.; Simpson, D.S.; Rickard, J.A.; Ng, A.P.; Di Rago, L.; Hall, C.; Vince, J.E.; Silke, J.; Liccardi, G.; et al. RIPK1 prevents TRADD-driven, but TNFR1 independent, apoptosis during development. Cell Death Differ. 2019, 26, 877–889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schorn, F.; Werthenbach, J.P.; Hoffmann, M.; Daoud, M.; Stachelscheid, J.; Schiffmann, L.M.; Hildebrandt, X.; Lyu, S.I.; Peltzer, N.; Quaas, A.; et al. cIAPs control RIPK1 kinase activity-dependent and -independent cell death and tissue inflammation. EMBO J. 2023, 42, e113614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, X.; Kalac, M.; Markson, M.; Chan, M.; Brody, J.D.; Bhagat, G.; Ang, R.L.; Legarda, D.; Justus, S.J.; Liu, F.; et al. Reversal of CYLD phosphorylation as a novel therapeutic approach for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Cell Death Dis. 2020, 11, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, M.; Liu, Y.; Xu, C.; Zhao, Q.; Liu, J.; Xing, M.; Li, X.; Zhang, H.; Wu, X.; Wang, L.; et al. Ubiquitin-binding domain in ABIN1 is critical for regulating cell death and inflammation during development. Cell Death Differ. 2022, 29, 2034–2045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, C.; Ran, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, S.; Zhao, C.; Yu, X.; Zhu, F.; Ji, Y.; Du, Q.; Yang, T.; et al. Doxorubicin sensitizes cancer cells to Smac mimetic via synergistic activation of the CYLD/RIPK1/FADD/caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Apoptosis 2020, 25, 441–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Deng, X.-X.; Li, S.-S.; Sun, F.-Y. Necrostatin-1 Prevents Necroptosis in Brains after Ischemic Stroke via Inhibition of RIPK1-Mediated RIPK3/MLKL Signaling. Aging Dis. 2019, 10, 807–817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duan, X.; Liu, X.; Liu, N.; Huang, Y.; Jin, Z.; Zhang, S.; Ming, Z.; Chen, H. Inhibition of keratinocyte necroptosis mediated by RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL provides a protective effect against psoriatic inflammation. Cell Death Dis. 2020, 11, 134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lawlor, K.E.; Khan, N.; Mildenhall, A.; Gerlic, M.; Croker, B.A.; D’Cruz, A.A.; Hall, C.; Kaur Spall, S.; Anderton, H.; Masters, S.L.; et al. RIPK3 promotes cell death and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the absence of MLKL. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, L.; Tong, A.; Zhang, Q.; Wei, Y.; Wei, X. The molecular mechanisms of MLKL-dependent and MLKL-independent necrosis. J. Mol. Cell Biol. 2021, 13, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, R.; Li, H.; Wu, J.; Cai, Z.-Y.; Li, B.; Ni, H.; Qiu, X.; Chen, H.; Liu, W.; Yang, Z.-H.; et al. Gut stem cell necroptosis by genome instability triggers bowel inflammation. Nature 2020, 580, 386–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, T.-B.; Yang, S.-H.; Toth, B.; Kovalenko, A.; Wallach, D. Caspase-8 blocks kinase RIPK3-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Immunity 2013, 38, 27–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Welz, P.-S.; Wullaert, A.; Vlantis, K.; Kondylis, V.; Fernández-Majada, V.; Ermolaeva, M.; Kirsch, P.; Sterner-Kock, A.; van Loo, G.; Pasparakis, M. FADD prevents RIP3-mediated epithelial cell necrosis and chronic intestinal inflammation. Nature 2011, 477, 330–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pierdomenico, M.; Negroni, A.; Stronati, L.; Vitali, R.; Prete, E.; Bertin, J.; Gough, P.J.; Aloi, M.; Cucchiara, S. Necroptosis is active in children with inflammatory bowel disease and contributes to heighten intestinal inflammation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2014, 109, 279–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, S.; Li, Y.; Choi, H.M.C.; Sarkar, C.; Koh, E.Y.; Wu, J.; Lipinski, M.M. Lysosomal damage after spinal cord injury causes accumulation of RIPK1 and RIPK3 proteins and potentiation of necroptosis. Cell Death Dis. 2018, 9, 476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iannielli, A.; Bido, S.; Folladori, L.; Segnali, A.; Cancellieri, C.; Maresca, A.; Massimino, L.; Rubio, A.; Morabito, G.; Caporali, L.; et al. Pharmacological Inhibition of Necroptosis Protects from Dopaminergic Neuronal Cell Death in Parkinson’s Disease Models. Cell Rep. 2018, 22, 2066–2079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gong, Y.; Fan, Z.; Luo, G.; Yang, C.; Huang, Q.; Fan, K.; Cheng, H.; Jin, K.; Ni, Q.; Yu, X.; et al. The role of necroptosis in cancer biology and therapy. Mol. Cancer 2019, 18, 100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Su, Z.; Yang, Z.; Xie, L.; DeWitt, J.P.; Chen, Y. Cancer therapy in the necroptosis era. Cell Death Differ. 2016, 23, 748–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baik, J.Y.; Liu, Z.; Jiao, D.; Kwon, H.-J.; Yan, J.; Kadigamuwa, C.; Choe, M.; Lake, R.; Kruhlak, M.; Tandon, M.; et al. ZBP1 not RIPK1 mediates tumor necroptosis in breast cancer. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 2666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tong, X.; Tang, R.; Xiao, M.; Xu, J.; Wang, W.; Zhang, B.; Liu, J.; Yu, X.; Shi, S. Targeting cell death pathways for cancer therapy: Recent developments in necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis research. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2022, 15, 174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, H.Y.; Wang, N.; Chan, Y.T.; Zhang, C.; Guo, W.; Chen, F.; Zhong, Z.; Li, S.; Feng, Y. ID1 overexpression increases gefitinib sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer by activating RIP3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis. Cancer Lett. 2020, 475, 109–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohanty, S.; Yadav, P.; Lakshminarayanan, H.; Sharma, P.; Vivekanandhan, A.; Karunagaran, D. RETRA induces necroptosis in cervical cancer cells through RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL and increased ROS production. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2022, 920, 174840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bredesen, D.E. Neural apoptosis. Ann. Neurol. 1995, 38, 839–851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D’Arcy, M.S. Cell death: A review of the major forms of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Cell Biol. Int. 2019, 43, 582–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santos, D.; Luzio, A.; Félix, L.; Cabecinha, E.; Bellas, J.; Monteiro, S.M. Microplastics and copper induce apoptosis, alter neurocircuits, and cause behavioral changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2022, 242, 113926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Z.; Zhuan, Q.; Zhang, L.; Meng, L.; Fu, X.; Hou, Y. Polystyrene microplastics induced female reproductive toxicity in mice. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 424 Pt C, 127629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheng, W.; Li, X.; Zhou, Y.; Yu, H.; Xie, Y.; Guo, H.; Wang, H.; Li, Y.; Feng, Y.; Wang, Y. Polystyrene microplastics induce hepatotoxicity and disrupt lipid metabolism in the liver organoids. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 806 Pt 1, 150328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Simon, H.U.; Haj-Yehia, A.; Levi-Schaffer, F. Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction. Apoptosis 2000, 5, 415–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Matsuyama, S.; Reed, J.C. Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and cellular pH regulation. Cell Death Differ. 2000, 7, 1155–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Willems, P.H.G.M.; Rossignol, R.; Dieteren, C.E.J.; Murphy, M.P.; Koopman, W.J.H. Redox Homeostasis and Mitochondrial Dynamics. Cell Metab. 2015, 22, 207–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Czabotar, P.E.; Garcia-Saez, A.J. Mechanisms of BCL-2 family proteins in mitochondrial apoptosis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2023, 24, 732–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Guo, M.; Niu, S.; Shang, M.; Chang, X.; Sun, Z.; Zhang, R.; Shen, X.; Xue, Y. ROS and DRP1 interactions accelerate the mitochondrial injury induced by polystyrene nanoplastics in human liver HepG2 cells. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2023, 379, 110502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, L.; Wu, Z.; Lu, Z.; Yan, L.; Dong, X.; Dai, Z.; Sun, R.; Hong, P.; Zhou, C.; Li, C. Differences in toxicity induced by the various polymer types of nanoplastics on HepG2 cells. Sci. Total Environ. 2024, 918, 170664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sakthivel, R.; Malar, D.S.; Devi, K.P. Phytol shows anti-angiogenic activity and induces apoptosis in A549 cells by depolarizing the mitochondrial membrane potential. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018, 105, 742–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sauler, M.; Bazan, I.S.; Lee, P.J. Cell Death in the Lung: The Apoptosis-Necroptosis Axis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2019, 81, 375–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clauss, M.; Voswinckel, R.; Rajashekhar, G.; Sigua, N.L.; Fehrenbach, H.; Rush, N.I.; Schweitzer, K.S.; Yildirim, A.Ö.; Kamocki, K.; Fisher, A.J.; et al. Lung endothelial monocyte-activating protein 2 is a mediator of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. J. Clin. Investig. 2011, 121, 2470–2479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aoshiba, K.; Yokohori, N.; Nagai, A. Alveolar wall apoptosis causes lung destruction and emphysematous changes. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2003, 28, 555–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sekerdag, E.; Solaroglu, I.; Gursoy-Ozdemir, Y. Cell Death Mechanisms in Stroke and Novel Molecular and Cellular Treatment Options. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2018, 16, 1396–1415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, J.; Lei, S.; Dong, Y.; Li, L.; Jiang, B.; Tan, L.; Wu, J.; Yu, S.; et al. GSK-3β downregulates Nrf2 in cultured cortical neurons and in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 20196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, Y.; Yang, S.; Liu, R.; Simpkins, J.W. Transient cerebral ischemia induces site-specific hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Brain Res. 2004, 1022, 30–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Han, W.; Du, X.; Zhu, C.; Carlsson, Y.; Mallard, C.; Jacotot, E.; Hagberg, H. Neuroprotective effect of Bax-inhibiting peptide on neonatal brain injury. Stroke 2010, 41, 2050–2055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, R.S.Y. Apoptosis in cancer: From pathogenesis to treatment. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2011, 30, 87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Cao, J.; Su, Z.; Li, F.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, B.; Liu, R.; Zhang, L.; Xie, J.; et al. FGFR4 and EZH2 inhibitors synergistically induce hepatocellular carcinoma apoptosis via repressing YAP signaling. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2023, 42, 96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsvetkov, P.; Coy, S.; Petrova, B.; Dreishpoon, M.; Verma, A.; Abdusamad, M.; Rossen, J.; Joesch-Cohen, L.; Humeidi, R.; Spangler, R.D.; et al. Copper induces cell death by targeting lipoylated TCA cycle proteins. Science 2022, 375, 1254–1261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Y.-Y.; Zhang, X.-Y.; Li, S.-L.; Jiang, F.-L.; Jiang, P.; Liu, Y. AuPt-Loaded Cu-Doped Polydopamine Nanocomposites with Multienzyme-Mimic Activities for Dual-Modal Imaging-Guided and Cuproptosis-Enhanced Photothermal/Nanocatalytic Therapy. Anal. Chem. 2023, 95, 14025–14035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, D.; Tian, Z.; Zhang, P.; Zhen, L.; Meng, Q.; Sun, B.; Xu, X.; Jia, T.; Li, S. The molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis and its relevance to cardiovascular disease. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2023, 163, 114830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, Q.; Kang, R.; Klionsky, D.J.; Tang, D.; Liu, J.; Chen, X. Copper metabolism in cell death and autophagy. Autophagy 2023, 19, 2175–2195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tardito, S.; Bassanetti, I.; Bignardi, C.; Elviri, L.; Tegoni, M.; Mucchino, C.; Bussolati, O.; Franchi-Gazzola, R.; Marchiò, L. Copper binding agents acting as copper ionophores lead to caspase inhibition and paraptotic cell death in human cancer cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 6235–6242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Domenech, J.; Cortés, C.; Vela, L.; Marcos, R.; Hernández, A. Polystyrene Nanoplastics as Carriers of Metals. Interactions of Polystyrene Nanoparticles with Silver Nanoparticles and Silver Nitrate, and Their Effects on Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiao, R.; Lu, K.; Deng, Y.; Ren, H.; Zhang, Y. Combined effects of polystyrene microplastics and natural organic matter on the accumulation and toxicity of copper in zebrafish. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 682, 128–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, L.; Min, J.; Wang, F. Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in health and disease. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2022, 7, 378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Tang, T. Pan-cancer genetic analysis of cuproptosis and copper metabolism-related gene set. Front. Oncol. 2022, 12, 952290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Model System | Particle Type/Size | Exposure Time | Exposure Dose | Types of Cell Death | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mice, male, 5 weeks old | PP/5 μm | 28 d | 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL | Pyroptosis and ferroptosis | [51] |
Wistar rats, 6 weeks old | PS/0.5 μm | 90 d | 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/L | Pyroptosis and apoptosis | [52] |
Wistar rats, male, 6 weeks old | PS/0.5 μm | 90 d | 0.015, 0.15, and 1.5 mg/kg | Pyroptosis and apoptosis | [53] |
Chicks, 1 day old | PS/5 μm | 42 d | 1, 10, and 100 mg/L | Pyroptosis | [54] |
Mouse microglial cell line (BV2) | PS/44 nm | 12 h or 24 h | 0, 25, 50, or 100 µg/mL | Ferroptosis | [55] |
Chickens, 1 day old | PS/5 μm | 42 d | 1, 10, and 100 mg/L | Ferroptosis and apoptosis | [56] |
C57BL/6J mice, 6−8 weeks old | PS/80 nm | Three times per week during pregnancy | 1, 5, and 25 μg/μL | Ferroptosis | [57] |
SPF C57BL/6 mice, male, 6 weeks old | PS/140.63 ± 8.96 nm | 28 d | 0.25 mg/kg | Autophagy | [58] |
ICR mice, 8 weeks old | PS/60 or 900 nm | Ingested during the 9.5 or 15th day of pregnancy | 300 μg/time | Autophagy and apoptosis | [59] |
HUVECs | PS/100 and 500 nm | 48 h | 25 μg/mL | Autophagy | [60] |
HNEpCs | PS/50 and 500 nm | 24 h | 100 μg/mL | Autophagy | [61] |
GES-1 cells | PS/60 nm | 12, 24, 48 h | 50 μg/mL | Apoptosis and autophagy | [62] |
Human Kidney Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells HK-2 | PS/2 μm | 24 or 48 h | 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0:8 mg/mL | Autophagy and apoptosis | [63] |
BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells | PS/99.4 nm | 24 h | 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/mL | Autophagy | [64] |
High land broilers | PS/5 μm | 42 d | 1, 10, and 100 mg/L | Autophagy and apoptosis | [65] |
HEK293 cells | PS/3.54 ± 0.39 μm | 24 h | 300 ng/mL | Autophagy and apoptosis | [66] |
Zebrafish (Danio rerio); freshwater perch (Perca fluviatilis) | PP/8–10 µm | 21 d | 1 and 10 mg/g | Autophagy and apoptosis | [67] |
ZF4 cells | PS/1000 nm | 1, 3, 6, 9 h | 20 μg/mL | Autophagy and apoptosis | [68] |
Caenorhabditis elegans | PS/100 nm | 5 d | 100 mg/L | Autophagy | [69] |
HaCaT cells | PE/30–300 nm | 48 h | 10, 50, 100 μg/mL | Autophagy | [70] |
Earthworm (Eisenia fetida) | PS/69.7–197.7 nm | 42 d | 0.3, 3 mg/kg | Autophagy | [71] |
Chicks, one day old | PS/5 μm | 42 d | 1, 10, and 100 mg/L | Autophagy | [72] |
Caco-2 cells | PS/100 nm | 24 h | 120 μg/mL | Necroptosis | [73] |
hCMEC | PS/50 nm | 72 h | 100 μg/mL | Necroptosis | [74] |
C57BL/6 mice, male, 6 weeks old | PS/1–10 μm, 5–100 μm | 30 d | 10 mg/L | Necroptosis | [75] |
Chicken, 1 day old | PS/5 μm | 42 d | 1, 10, 100 mg/L | Necroptosis | [76] |
Swine testis cells | PS/1–10 μm | 24 h | 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL | Apoptosis and necroptosis | [77] |
Caco-2 cells | PS/100 nm | 48 h | 30 μg/mL | Apoptosis | [78] |
Carp | PS/50, 100, 400 nm | 28 d | 1000 μg/L | Apoptosis | [79] |
Zebrafish (Danio rerio), larvae. | PS/50 nm | 5, 7.5, 10 d | 20 mg/L | Apoptosis and ferroptosis | [80] |
SPF C57BL mice, 8 weeks old | PS/100 nm | 17 d | 1 mg/d | Apoptosis | [81] |
Human microglial HMC-3 cells | PS/0.2, 2 μm | 24 h | 10 μg/mL | Apoptosis | [82] |
Zebrafish (Danio rerio), male, adult | PS/0.1–0.12 μm | 35 d | 10, 100 μg/mL | Apoptosis | [83] |
Human alveolar epithelial A549 cell line | PS/25, 70 nm | 2, 4, 8 h | 25, 160 μg/mL | Apoptosis | [84] |
Mice, 6 weeks old | PS/50, 500 and 5000 nm | 28 d | 2.5–500 mg/kg body weight | Apoptosis | [85] |
Disease Type | Species | Target Protein | Therapeutic | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiomyopathy | Mice | Hmox1 | Dexrazoxane, Fer-1 | [152] |
Intestinal I/R injury | Mice, Caco-2 cell | ACSL4 | Liproxstatin-1 | [153] |
Colorectal cancer | Colorectal cancer stem cells | SLC7A11 | Erastin | [154] |
Ulcerative colitis | HCoEpiC cell, Mice | NF-κBp65 | GSK 414 | [155] |
Heart injury induced by Ischemia reperfusion | Mouse embryonic fibroblasts | Enzymes involved in glutaminolysis | Iron chelator and a glutaminase-2 inhibitor | [148] |
Cancer | Ferroptosis-resistant MCF7 cells | CoQ10 | FSP1 | [156] |
Liver cancer | Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Huh7, Hep3B, HepG2) | Sigma1 receptor, metallothionein-1 | DFX, sorafenib | [157] |
Pancreatic cancer | PANC1, CFPAC1, MiaPaCa2, Panc2.03, and Panc02 cells | HSPA5 and GPX4 | Sulfasalazine, Epigallocatechin | [158] |
Parkinson’s disease | Humans | α-syn | Deferiprone | [159] |
Alzheimer’s disease | Mice, Human cerebral cortex tissue | Fpn | Liproxstatin1, ferrostatin1 | [160] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, H.; Li, H.; Chen, T.; Yu, F.; Lin, Q.; Zhao, H.; Jin, L.; Peng, R. Research Progress on Micro(nano)plastic-Induced Programmed Cell Death Associated with Disease Risks. Toxics 2024, 12, 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070493
Liu H, Li H, Chen T, Yu F, Lin Q, Zhao H, Jin L, Peng R. Research Progress on Micro(nano)plastic-Induced Programmed Cell Death Associated with Disease Risks. Toxics. 2024; 12(7):493. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070493
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Huanpeng, Huiqi Li, Ting Chen, Fan Yu, Qizhuan Lin, Haiyang Zhao, Libo Jin, and Renyi Peng. 2024. "Research Progress on Micro(nano)plastic-Induced Programmed Cell Death Associated with Disease Risks" Toxics 12, no. 7: 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070493