Fluids, Volume 9, Issue 10 (October 2024) – 22 articles

An analogy between magneto-fluid dynamics (MFD/MHD) and geostrophic flow in a rotating frame of reference, including the existence of electromagnetic columns identical to Taylor–Proudman columns, is identified and demonstrated theoretically here. The latter occurs within the limit of large values of a dimensionless group representing the magnetic field number. Such conditions are shown to be easily satisfied in reality. Consequently, the electromagnetic fluid flow subject to these conditions is two dimensional and the streamlines are shown to be identical to the pressure lines, in complete analogy to rotating geostrophic flows. These results suggest that von Kármán vortices are anticipated in the wake of virtual electromagnetic columns. An experimental setup is suggested to confirm the theoretical results experimentally. Full article

A novel method of determining the possible shapes of pressure wavefronts in ducts after they have travelled sufficient distances to evolve to asymptotic states is introduced. Although it is possible in principle to achieve the same outcome by simulating complete flow histories from the time of the creation of the wavefronts, this can be impracticable. It is especially unsuitable to use such methods when extremely small grid lengths are needed to represent the final outcome adequately. The new method does not simulate the propagation phase at all. Instead, it explores what final end states are possible, but gives no information about the initiating disturbance or the wavefront evolution towards the assessed asymptotic state. Accordingly, the two methods do not overlap, but instead are complementary to each other. A typical case in which the new capability has high potential is described and used to illustrate the purpose and use of the methodology. However, the primary focus is on the presentation and assessment of the method, not on any particular phenomenon. It is shown that the required computational resources are far smaller than those needed for conventional unsteady flow simulations of propagating wavefronts. The potential numerical limitations of the method are highlighted and, with one exception, are shown to be either of no consequence or easily reduced to acceptable levels. Special attention is paid to the one exception because it cannot be proven to be unimportant and, indeed, it would be unsafe to use it in general analyses of wave propagation. However, strong evidence is presented of its acceptability for the study of asymptotic wavefronts. Full article

Nowadays, engine experimental research represents a very expensive field within the automotive industry, but it remains fundamental for engine and vehicle development. The present work aims to investigate a novel approach for engine control system calibration, by adopting machine learning techniques to model physical parameters of the engine starting from experimental data measured at the test bench. The main goal is to create a methodology which accelerates the calibration process without losing accuracy. A model that estimates air mass flow is created by adopting either a tree ensemble model or an artificial neural network trained on a small dataset, which was previously acquired at the test bench using a random calibration of the volumetric efficiency map. The model’s performance is first validated on a larger, random dataset. Then, the volumetric efficiency calculated from the air mass flow model estimation is used to calibrate the transfer function of the Engine Control Unit. Finally, the sensitivity of the model error correlated with the number of data points acquired is used in order to determine the best practice for a Design Of Experiment, which minimizes data acquisition. The methodology proposed can lead to reduced time and costs of the whole calibration process of the engine, without losing accuracy. The analysis was conducted on the entire vehicle, which is crucial for drivability, especially in motorcycles since they are highly sensitive to air-to-fuel ratio adjustments. This work demonstrates that machine learning models can be adopted for the fine-tuning of the calibration process, which is normally performed manually. Full article

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of a multi-door check valve using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate flow performance under pressure test conditions, with an emphasis on its ability to prevent backflow. Check valves are essential components in various industries, ensuring fluid flow in one direction only while preventing reverse flow. The non-return multi-door reflux valve is increasingly preferred due to its superior backflow prevention, fluid control, and effective flow regulation. Rigorous testing under varying pressure conditions is essential to ensure that these valves perform optimally. This study uses CFD and FEA simulations to evaluate the structural integrity and flow characteristics of the valve, including pressure drop, flow velocity, backflow prevention effectiveness, and flow coefficient. A high-fidelity 3D model was created to simulate the valve’s behavior under various conditions, analyzing the effects of parameters such as the number of doors, their orientation, geometry, and operating conditions. The CFD results demonstrated a significant reduction in backflow and pressure drop across the valve. However, localized turbulence and flow separation near the valve doors, particularly under partially open conditions, have raised concerns about potential wear. The velocity profiles indicated a uniform distribution at full opening with laminar velocity profiles and minimal resistance to flow. The results of the FEA showed that the stresses induced by the fluid forces were below critical levels, with the highest stress concentrations observed around the hinge points of the valve doors. Although the valve structure remained intact under normal operating conditions, some areas may have required reinforcement to ensure long-term durability. Combined CFD and FEA analyses demonstrated that the valve effectively preserves system integrity, prevents backflow, and maintains consistent performance under various pressure and flow conditions. These findings provide valuable insights into design improvements, performance optimization, and enhancing the efficiency and reliability of reflux valve systems in industrial applications. Full article

Numerical modeling of gas flows in rarefied regimes is crucial in understanding fluid behavior in microscale applications. Rarefied regimes are characterized by a decrease in molecular collisions, and they lead to unusual phenomena such as gas phase separation, which is not acknowledged in hydrodynamic equations. In this work, numerical investigation of miscible gaseous mixtures in the rarefied regime is performed using a modified lattice Boltzmann model. Slip boundary conditions are adapted to arbitrary geometries. A ray-tracing algorithm-based wall function is implemented to model the non-equilibrium effects in the transition flow regime. The molecular free flow defined by the Knudsen diffusion coefficient is integrated through an effective and asymmetrical binary diffusion coefficient. The numerical model is validated with mass flow measurements through microchannels of different cross-section shapes from the near-continuum to the transition regimes, and gas phase separation is studied within a staggered arrangement of spheres. The influence of porosity and mixture composition on the gas separation effect are analyzed. Numerical results highlight the increase in the degree of gas phase separation with the rarefaction rate and the molecular mass ratio. The various simulations also indicate that geometrical features in porous media have a greater impact on gaseous mixtures’ effective permeability at highly rarefied regimes. Finally, a permeability enhancement factor based on the lightest species of the gaseous mixture is derived. Full article

Researchers have attempted to improve heat transfer in mini/microchannel heat sinks by dispersing nano-encapsulated phase change (NPC) materials in base coolants. While NPC slurries have demonstrated improved heat transfer performance, their applications are limited by decreasing enhancement at increased flow rates. To address this challenge, the present study numerically investigates the effects of wavy channels on the performance of NPC slurries. Simulation results reveal that a wavy channel induces Dean vortices that intensify the mixing of the working fluid and enlarge the melting fractions of the NPC material, thus offering a significantly higher heat transfer efficiency than a straight channel. Moreover, heat transfer enhancement by NPC slurries varies with the imposed heat flux and flow rate. Interestingly, the maximum heat transfer enhancement obtained with the wavy channel not only exceeds the straight one, but also occurs at a higher heat flux and faster flow rate. This finding demonstrates the advantage of wavy channels in management of intensive heat fluxes with NPC slurries. The study also investigates wavy channels with varying amplitude and wavelength. Increasing the wave aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.588 strengthens Dean vortices and consequently increases the Nusselt number, optimal heat flux, and overall thermal performance factor. Full article

This article presents the results of an experimental study of the coolant flow in a fuel rod bundle of a nuclear reactor fuel assembly of a small modular reactor for a small ground-based nuclear power plant. The aim of the work is to experimentally determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of the coolant flow in a fuel rod bundle of a fuel assembly. For this purpose, experimental studies were conducted in an aerodynamic model that included simulators of fuel elements, burnable absorber rods, spacer grids, a central displacer, and stiffening corners. During the experiments, the water coolant flow was modeled using airflow based on the theory of hydrodynamic similarity. The studies were conducted using the pneumometric method and the contrast agent injection method. The flow structure was visualized by contour plots of axial and tangential velocity, as well as the distribution of the contrast agent. During the experiments, the features of the axial flow were identified, and the structure of the cross-flows of the coolant was determined. The database obtained during the experiments can be used to validate CFD programs, refine the methods of thermal-hydraulic calculation of nuclear reactor cores, and also to justify the design of fuel assemblies. Full article

In this work, the frictional traction forces developing in the annular space between two concentric vertical cylinders consisting of the outer surface of a cylindrical rod and the inner sidewall of a wider circular cylinder will be analyzed. The experiments carried out for this study allowed us to measure the traction on the rod for several filling heights, H. For the rod, it is possible to find a linear relation between the theoretically computed traction $T_{rod}$ and the traction measured experimentally, $T_{rodM}$. Based on these results, it is possible to understand the fascinating phenomenon of the lifting, by the rod, of the weights of the mass of grains and of the outer cylinder. Finally, a physical analogy between this problem and the upward movement of trees in tornadoes can be identified. Full article

This paper presents a fundamental study of electro-thermo-convective flows within a layer of dielectric liquid subjected to both an electric field and a thermal gradient. A low-conductivity liquid enclosed between two horizontal electrodes and subjected to unipolar charge injection is considered. The interplay between electric and thermal fields ignites complex physical interactions within the flows, all governed by a set of coupled electro-thermo-hydrodynamic equations. These equations include Maxwell, Navier–Stokes, and energy equations and are solved numerically using an in-house code based on the finite volume method. Electro-thermo-convective flows are driven by two dimensionless instability criteria: Rayleigh number Ra and the stability parameter T, and also by the dimensionless mobility parameter M and Prandtl number Pr. The electric Nusselt number (Ne) analogue to the Nusselt number (Nu) in pure thermal problems serves as an indicator to monitor the shift from a thermo- to an electro-convective flow and its eventual evolution into unsteady, and, later, chaotic flow. This change in regime is observed by tracking the electric Nusselt number’s behavior as a function of the stability parameter (T), for different values of the non-dimensional parameters (M, Ra, and Pr). The important role of mobility parameter M for the development of the flow is shown. The flow structure during different development stages in terms of the number of convective cells is also discussed. Full article

The last change in the technical regulations of Formula One that came into force in 2022 brought with it significant changes in the aerodynamics of the vehicle; among these, those made to the front wing stand out since the wing was changed to a more straightforward shape with fewer parts but with no less efficiency. The reduction in its components suggests that if one part were to suffer damage or break down, the efficiency of the entire front wing would be affected; however, from 2022 to date, there have been occasions in which the cars have continued running on the track despite losing some of the endplates. This research seeks to understand the endplates’ impact on the front wing through a series of CFD simulations using the k-ω SST turbulence model. To determine efficiency, the aerodynamic forces generated on the vehicle’s front wing, suspension, and front wheels were compared in two different operating situations using a model with the front wing in good condition and another in which the endplates were removed. The first case study simulated a straight line at a maximum speed where the Downforce is reduced by 2.716% while the Drag and Yaw increase by 7.092% and 96.332%, respectively, when the model does not have endplates. On the other hand, the second case study was the passage through a curve with a decrease of 17.707% in Downforce, 6.532% in Drag, and 22.200% in Yaw. Full article

The measurement of deep water gravity wave elevations using in situ devices, such as wave gauges, typically yields spatially sparse data due to the deployment of a limited number of costly devices. This sparsity complicates the reconstruction of the spatio-temporal extent of surface elevation and presents an ill-posed data assimilation problem, which is challenging to solve with conventional numerical techniques. To address this issue, we propose the application of a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to reconstruct physically consistent wave fields between two elevation time series measured at distinct locations within a numerical wave tank. Our method ensures this physical consistency by integrating residuals of the hydrodynamic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) into the PINN’s loss function. We first showcase a data assimilation task by employing constant NLSE coefficients predetermined from spectral wave properties. However, due to the relatively short duration of these measurements and their possible deviation from the narrow-band assumptions inherent in the NLSE, using constant coefficients occasionally leads to poor reconstructions. To enhance this reconstruction quality, we introduce the base variables of frequency and wavenumber, from which the NLSE coefficients are determined, as additional neural network parameters that are fine tuned during PINN training. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential for real-world applications of the PINN method and represent a step toward improving the initialization of deterministic wave prediction methods. Full article

In this study, we evaluated the nonlinear dynamics of convection flow using the thermodynamic variational principle, focusing on scenarios where multiple external forces, such as a thermal gradient and rotational field, are applied to a shallow annular pool. We observed that with the increase in the thermal gradient, the flow changed from an axial flow to a rotational oscillatory flow with the wave amplitudes aligned. Further increasing the temperature difference led to a rotational oscillatory flow characterized by alternating wave generation and annihilation. Our analysis of the flow, considering heat fluxes orthogonal to the thermal gradient, allowed us to describe the flow state as a phase at equilibrium. The state transition of the flow was accompanied by a discontinuous jump in the heat flux, which occurred at the intersection of the entropy production curves. The first transition occurred at a temperature difference $\Delta T=12.4 \mathrm{K} \left(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{i} \mathrm{n}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r},\mathrm{M}\mathrm{a}=1716\right)$ and the second at ΔT = 16.3 K $\left(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{a}=2255\right)$. Analysis based on entropy production could accurately predict the observed transition points. Full article

The focus of this paper is the efficient numerical solution of the fluid flow in the Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) reservoir. In this study, the public data available for Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN) around well 58-32 is used to represent the DFN. In this research, a novel computationally efficient method called Hele-Shaw (HS) approximation is used for modeling fluid flow in FORGE well. An analysis of the influence of fracture intensity in a network is carried out using the HS method. The HS method was validated by solving the full Navier–Stokes equations (NSE) for a network of eight fractures. A good agreement was observed between the evaluated results (average deviation of 0.76%). Full article

The present study explored the relationship between airborne transmission and the saliva fluid properties of a human sneeze. Specifically, we aimed to understand if altering the saliva and its relationship to droplet breakup and stability can affect its transmission characteristics. The study aimed to answer this question using computational fluid dynamics, specifically, a hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian model with a Spalart–Allmaras, detached eddy simulation turbulence model. The effort focused on a scenario with a sneeze event within a ventilated room. The study found that for sneezes, secondary breakdown processes are important. Thicker saliva that increased the Ohnesorge number displayed a clear resistance to aerosolization due to stabilized secondary breakup, leading the bulk of the drops having high settling rates that are less likely to drive airborne transmission. For instance, the use of xanthum gum, which increased the saliva viscosity by 2000%, reduced the formation of aerosols. Additionally, another class of modifiers that reduce saliva content was studied, which was also effective in reducing airborne transmission drivers. Zingiber, which reduced the saliva content, reduced the formation of aerosols. However, when considering the overall reduction in droplet volume, saliva modifiers such as cornstarch, xanthum gum, and lozenges increased the mean droplet size by 50%, 25%, and 50%, respectively, while reducing the overall droplet volume by 71.6%, 71.2%, and 77.2%, respectively. Conversely, Zingiber reduced the mean droplet size by 50% but increased the overall droplet volume by 165.7%. Overall, for this type of respiratory event, this study provides insight into the potential for modifying saliva characteristics that may impact airborne transmission and could introduce new tools for reducing airborne pathogen transmission. Full article

Fluids is pleased to present a Special Issue named “Image-Based Computational and Experimental Biomedical Flows”, a curated collection of thirteen featured research papers that explore the integration between medical imaging data and 4-D (space + time) fluid dynamics for patient-specific cardiovascular flows [...] Full article

Particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) have developed from two-dimensional two-component (2D2C) velocity vector measurements to 3D3C measurements. Rainbow particle tracking velocimetry is a low-cost 3D3C measurement technique adopting a single color camera. However, the vector acquisition rate is not so high. To increase the number of acquired vectors, this paper proposes a high probability and long-term tracking method. First, particles are tracked in a raw picture instead of in three-dimensional space. The tracking is aided by the color information. Second, a particle that temporarily cannot be tracked due to particle overlap is compensated for using the positional information at times before and after. The proposed method is demonstrated for flow under a rotating disk with different particle densities and velocities. The use of the proposed method improves the tracking rate, number of continuous tracking steps, and number of acquired velocity vectors. The method can be applied under the difficult conditions of high particle density (0.004 particles per pixel) and large particle movement (maximum of 60 pix). Full article

This study investigates the aerodynamic performance of various trains with different nose shapes, using as the design variables two angles $\alpha ,\beta$ for the head shape and the bluntness angle $\gamma$, without crosswind. The effects on aerodynamic performance, such as the train drag coefficient, pressure distribution along the train surface, flow structures around the train and the wake, and head pressure pulse, are analyzed. The results indicate that the increase in the train nose length for flat shapes decreases the $C_D$ values by $21.47\%$ and $19.11\%$, decreasing the high-pressure region in the leading head. The duck nose configuration emerges as a compromise between drag reduction and nose length. Increasing the angle $\gamma$, a further drag reduction of $8.5\%$ is featured. Drag formation along the train is also analyzed. The steeper the variation in the geometry, the higher the peak intensity and the slope of the curve. Regarding the flow features around the train, two main counter-rotating vortices are captured in the wake. Moreover, the higher the nose length and the higher the bluntness angle $\gamma$, the weaker and narrower the wake. Again, a longer nose shape yields a softer jump in terms of pressure difference, crucial for train homologation and safety. Full article

In this paper, based on the optical experimental platform of constant combustion and rapid compression expansion machines, the effects of spray characteristics and injection strategies of diesel in an atmosphere with ammonia on the ignition characteristics of a diesel/ammonia premixture are studied. It is found that in the spray development stage, the liquid-phase penetration distance in ammonia is greater than that in nitrogen. However, the results are opposite in the equilibrium stage. Appropriately increasing the diesel injection pressure can shorten the ignition delay and increase the peak cylinder pressure and projected flame area. The closer the injection time is to TDC, the shorter the ignition delay, and the peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate are lower. The pre-injection strategy can effectively shorten the ignition delay and improve the cylinder pressure and heat release rate. Full article

The physics of the moving contact line of an impacting droplet is widely applied in a variety of domains in rapidly advancing healthcare technology and medicine. The behavior of the dynamic contact line after impact of a biologically active droplet on a complex material surface involves complicated solid–liquid and liquid–gas interfacial interactions. Therefore, a deep understanding of such complex droplet contact line dynamics by applying the current physical models and state-of-the-art nanotechnology and artificial neural networks can be one of the ongoing promising interests in the field of interfacial physics. This review provides an overview of several scientific aspects of contact line dynamics of an impacting droplet and its influence on the current developed healthcare technology and medicine. Firstly, the potential applications in modern healthcare and personalized medicine are listed and discussed. Secondly, the theory of the moving contact line and the fundamental physical parameters related to the motion of impacting droplets are introduced. Afterwards, the current physical models of moving contact line dynamics are critically explained by emphasizing their limitations. Finally, current concerns and obstacles are summarized, and future perspectives and research directions are outlined to address poorly understood and conflicting issues. Full article

Background: In the research of coronary artery disease, the precise initial injury that starts the atherosclerotic cascade remains unidentified. Moreover, the mechanisms governing the progression or regression of coronary plaque are not yet fully understood. Based on the concept that the cardiovascular system is a network of pumps and pipes, could fluid mechanics principles and practices elucidate the question of atherosclerosis using flow dynamics images from a novel angiographic technique, focusing on antegrade and retrograde flows and their collisions in iliac and coronary arteries? Methods: From January 2023 to May 2024, coronary angiograms of all hemodynamically stable patients with stable or unstable angina were screened. The angiograms displaying either no lesions (normal) or mild-to-moderate lesions were selected. Each patient underwent an evaluation of flow dynamics and arterial phenomena in both iliac and right coronary arteries. For each artery, data were categorized based on the following parameters: laminar versus non-laminar flow, presence versus absence of collisions, and presence versus absence of retrograde flow. Additionally, in two sub-studies, we analyzed the relationship between retrograde flow and blood pressure, and artificial intelligence algorithms were used to detect the retrograde flow in the right coronary artery. Results: A total of 95 patients were screened, and 51 were included in this study. The results comprised quantitative data (prevalence of laminar flows, collisions, and retrograde flows) and qualitative data (morphological characteristics of antegrade laminar flow, retrograde contrast flow, and instances of flow collision). The results showed that in the iliac artery, laminar flow was observed in 47.06% (24/51) of cases, with collisions noted in 23.53% (12/51). Retrograde flow was present in 47.06% (24/51) of cases, and notably, 75% (18/24) of these cases were associated with uncontrolled diastolic blood pressure (DBP) above 80 mmHg (p < 0.001). Conversely, in the RCA, laminar flow was observed in 54.9% (28/51) of cases, with collisions noted in only 3.92% (2/51). Retrograde flow was identified in 7.84% (4/51) of cases, and all these cases (100%, 4/4) were associated with uncontrolled systolic blood pressure (SBP) above 120 mmHg, though statistical significance was not reached due to the small sample size (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Based on the concept that the cardiovascular system is a network of pumps and pipes, this research methodology provides intriguing insights into arterial flow behaviors by integrating fluid mechanics practices with novel angiographic observations. The preliminary results of this study identified laminar flow as the predominant pattern, with retrograde flow and collisions occurring infrequently. The implications of vortex, collision, and disorganized flow highlight potential mechanisms for endothelial damage and atherosclerosis initiation. Moreover, the correlation with blood pressure underscores the critical role of hypertension management in preventing adverse hemodynamic events. Future directions include refining imaging techniques and further exploring the mechanistic links between flow dynamics and vascular pathophysiology to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases. Full article

We investigate the diffusion phenomenon of particles in the vicinity of a spherical colloidal particle where particles may be adsorbed/desorbed and react on the surface of the colloidal particle. The mathematical model comprises a generalized diffusion equation to govern bulk dynamics and kinetic equations which can describe non-Debye relaxations and is used for the colloid’s surface. For the reaction processes, we also consider the presence of convolution kernels, which offer the flexibility of describing a single process or process with intermediate reactions before forming the final species. Our analysis focuses on analytical and numerical calculations to obtain the particles’ behavior on the colloidal particle’s surface and to determine how it affects the diffusion of particles around it. The solutions obtained show various behaviors that can be connected to anomalous diffusion phenomena and may be used to describe the ever-richer science of colloidal particles better. Full article