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Volume 9
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Biomimetics, Volume 9, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 21 articles

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24 pages, 8237 KiB  
Review
Surface Deformation of Biocompatible Materials: Recent Advances in Biological Applications
by Sunhee Yoon, Ahmed Fuwad, Seorin Jeong, Hyeran Cho, Tae-Joon Jeon and Sun Min Kim
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070395 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 43
Abstract
The surface topography of substrates is a crucial factor that determines the interaction with biological materials in bioengineering research. Therefore, it is important to appropriately modify the surface topography according to the research purpose. Surface topography can be fabricated in various forms, such [...] Read more.
The surface topography of substrates is a crucial factor that determines the interaction with biological materials in bioengineering research. Therefore, it is important to appropriately modify the surface topography according to the research purpose. Surface topography can be fabricated in various forms, such as wrinkles, creases, and ridges using surface deformation techniques, which can contribute to the performance enhancement of cell chips, organ chips, and biosensors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of soft, hard, and hybrid substrates used in the bioengineering field and the surface deformation techniques applied to the substrates. Furthermore, this review summarizes the cases of cell-based research and other applications, such as biosensor research, that utilize surface deformation techniques. In cell-based research, various studies have reported optimized cell behavior and differentiation through surface deformation, while, in the biosensor and biofilm fields, performance improvement cases due to surface deformation have been reported. Through these studies, we confirm the contribution of surface deformation techniques to the advancement of the bioengineering field. In the future, it is expected that the application of surface deformation techniques to the real-time interaction analysis between biological materials and dynamically deformable substrates will increase the utilization and importance of these techniques in various fields, including cell research and biosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical Response of Biological System and Biomaterial 2024)
19 pages, 533 KiB  
Article
Research on Predicting the Safety Factor of Plain Shotcrete Support in Laneways Based on BO-CatBoost Model
by Haiping Yuan, Shuaijie Ji, Chuanqi Zhu and Lei Wang
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070394 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 76
Abstract
In general, the design of a safe and rational laneway support scheme signifies a crucial prerequisite for ensuring the security and efficiency of mining exploitation in mines. Nevertheless, the conventional empirical support system for mining laneways faces challenges in assessing the rationality of [...] Read more.
In general, the design of a safe and rational laneway support scheme signifies a crucial prerequisite for ensuring the security and efficiency of mining exploitation in mines. Nevertheless, the conventional empirical support system for mining laneways faces challenges in assessing the rationality of support methods, which can compromise the safety and reliability of the laneways. To address this issue, the safety factor was incorporated into research on laneway support, and a safety evaluation method for laneway support in line with the safety factor was established. In light of the data from a specific iron mine laneway in central China, the CRITIC method was employed to preprocess the sample data. Going one step further, a Bayesian algorithm was utilized to optimize the hyperparameters of the CatBoost model, followed by proposing a prediction model based on the BO-CatBoost model for evaluating laneway safety factors of plain shotcrete support. Furthermore, the performance indexes, such as the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), the correlation coefficient (R2), the variance accounts for (VAF), and the a-20 index, were determined to examine the predictive performance of each proposed model. In contrast to the other models, the BO-CatBoost model demonstrated the optimal predictive output item for safety factors with the lowest RMSE and MAE, the largest R2 and VAF, and an appropriate a-20 index value of 0.5688, 0.4074, 0.9553, 95.25%, and 0.9167 in the test set, respectively. Therefore, the BO-CatBoost model was proven to be the most appropriate machine learning method that can more accurately predict the safety factor, which will provide a novel approach for optimizing laneway support design and laneway safety evaluation. Full article
22 pages, 31372 KiB  
Article
Silactins and Structural Diversity of Biosilica in Sponges
by Hermann Ehrlich, Alona Voronkina, Konstantin Tabachniсk, Anita Kubiak, Alexander Ereskovsky and Teofil Jesionowski
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070393 - 27 Jun 2024
Viewed by 295
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) were among the first metazoans on Earth, and represent a unique global source of highly structured and diverse biosilica that has been formed and tested over more than 800 million years of evolution. Poriferans are recognized as a unique archive [...] Read more.
Sponges (phylum Porifera) were among the first metazoans on Earth, and represent a unique global source of highly structured and diverse biosilica that has been formed and tested over more than 800 million years of evolution. Poriferans are recognized as a unique archive of siliceous multiscaled skeletal constructs with superficial micro-ornamentation patterned by biopolymers. In the present study, spicules and skeletal frameworks of selected representatives of sponges in such classes as Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha, and Hexactinellida were desilicified using 10% HF with the aim of isolating axial filaments, which resemble the shape and size of the original structures. These filaments were unambiguously identified in all specimens under study as F-actin, using the highly specific indicators iFluor™ 594-Phalloidin, iFluor™ 488-Phalloidin, and iFluor™ 350-Phalloidin. The identification of this kind of F-actins, termed for the first time as silactins, as specific pattern drivers in skeletal constructs of sponges opens the way to the fundamental understanding of their skeletogenesis. Examples illustrating the biomimetic potential of sophisticated poriferan biosilica patterned by silactins are presented and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomimetics: The Power of Diversity)
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20 pages, 5072 KiB  
Article
Study on the Energy Absorption Performance of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) Structures at Different Load-Bearing Angles
by Yongtao Lyu, Tingxiang Gong, Tao He, Hao Wang, Michael Zhuravkov and Yang Xia
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070392 - 27 Jun 2024
Viewed by 181
Abstract
As engineering demands for structural energy absorption intensify, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures, known for their light weight and exceptional energy absorption, are increasingly valued in aerospace, automotive, and shipping engineering. In this study, the energy absorption performance of three typical TPMS [...] Read more.
As engineering demands for structural energy absorption intensify, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures, known for their light weight and exceptional energy absorption, are increasingly valued in aerospace, automotive, and shipping engineering. In this study, the energy absorption performance of three typical TPMS structures was evaluated (i.e., Gyroid, Diamond, and IWP) using quasi-static compression tests at various load-bearing angles. The results showed that while there is little influence of load-bearing angles on the energy absorption performance of Gyroid structures, its energy absorption is the least of the three structures. In contrast, Diamond structures have notable fluctuation in energy absorption at certain angles. Moreover, IWP (I-graph and Wrapped Package-graph) structures, though highly angle-sensitive, achieve the highest energy absorption. Further analysis of deformation behaviors revealed that structures dominated by bending deformation are stable under multi-directional loads but less efficient in energy absorption. Conversely, structures exhibiting mainly tensile deformation, despite their load direction sensitivity, perform best in energy absorption. By integrating bending and tensile deformations, energy absorption was enhanced through a multi-stage platform response. The data and conclusions revealed in the present study can provide valuable insights for future applications of TPMS structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Functions of Bionic Materials/Structures)
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28 pages, 6576 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Pepper Robot’s Speech Recognition System through the Lens of Machine Learning
by Akshara Pande and Deepti Mishra
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070391 - 27 Jun 2024
Viewed by 186
Abstract
Speech comprehension can be challenging due to multiple factors, causing inconvenience for both the speaker and the listener. In such situations, using a humanoid robot, Pepper, can be beneficial as it can display the corresponding text on its screen. However, prior to that, [...] Read more.
Speech comprehension can be challenging due to multiple factors, causing inconvenience for both the speaker and the listener. In such situations, using a humanoid robot, Pepper, can be beneficial as it can display the corresponding text on its screen. However, prior to that, it is essential to carefully assess the accuracy of the audio recordings captured by Pepper. Therefore, in this study, an experiment is conducted with eight participants with the primary objective of examining Pepper’s speech recognition system with the help of audio features such as Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients, spectral centroid, spectral flatness, the Zero-Crossing Rate, pitch, and energy. Furthermore, the K-means algorithm was employed to create clusters based on these features with the aim of selecting the most suitable cluster with the help of the speech-to-text conversion tool Whisper. The selection of the best cluster is accomplished by finding the maximum accuracy data points lying in a cluster. A criterion of discarding data points with values of WER above 0.3 is imposed to achieve this. The findings of this study suggest that a distance of up to one meter from the humanoid robot Pepper is suitable for capturing the best speech recordings. In contrast, age and gender do not influence the accuracy of recorded speech. The proposed system will provide a significant strength in settings where subtitles are required to improve the comprehension of spoken statements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Human-Robot Interaction: 2nd Edition)
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58 pages, 2429 KiB  
Review
From Nature to Technology: Exploring the Potential of Plant-Based Materials and Modified Plants in Biomimetics, Bionics, and Green Innovations
by Marcela-Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu, Bogdan Bita and Irina Negut
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070390 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 317
Abstract
This review explores the extensive applications of plants in areas of biomimetics and bioinspiration, highlighting their role in developing sustainable solutions across various fields such as medicine, materials science, and environmental technology. Plants not only serve essential ecological functions but also provide a [...] Read more.
This review explores the extensive applications of plants in areas of biomimetics and bioinspiration, highlighting their role in developing sustainable solutions across various fields such as medicine, materials science, and environmental technology. Plants not only serve essential ecological functions but also provide a rich source of inspiration for innovations in green nanotechnology, biomedicine, and architecture. In the past decade, the focus has shifted towards utilizing plant-based and vegetal waste materials in creating eco-friendly and cost-effective materials with remarkable properties. These materials are employed in making advancements in drug delivery, environmental remediation, and the production of renewable energy. Specifically, the review discusses the use of (nano)bionic plants capable of detecting explosives and environmental contaminants, underscoring their potential in improving quality of life and even in lifesaving applications. The work also refers to the architectural inspirations drawn from the plant world to develop novel design concepts that are both functional and aesthetic. It elaborates on how engineered plants and vegetal waste have been transformed into value-added materials through innovative applications, especially highlighting their roles in wastewater treatment and as electronic components. Moreover, the integration of plants in the synthesis of biocompatible materials for medical applications such as tissue engineering scaffolds and artificial muscles demonstrates their versatility and capacity to replace more traditional synthetic materials, aligning with global sustainability goals. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current and potential uses of living plants in technological advancements, advocating for a deeper exploration of vegetal materials to address pressing environmental and technological challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Learning from Nature—2nd Edition: Bionics in Design Practice)
4 pages, 309 KiB  
Editorial
Dentistry and Cranio Facial District: The Role of Biomimetics
by Giuseppe Minervini
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070389 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 220
Abstract
Biomimetics has emerged as a pivotal field, bridging fundamental research and practical applications. This area of research has aready had a significant impact across various industries and scientific disciplines [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dentistry and Cranio Facial District: The Role of Biomimetics)
30 pages, 8149 KiB  
Article
Path Planning of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Based on an Improved Bio-Inspired Tuna Swarm Optimization Algorithm
by Qinyong Wang, Minghai Xu and Zhongyi Hu
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070388 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 285
Abstract
The Sine–Levy tuna swarm optimization (SLTSO) algorithm is a novel method based on the sine strategy and Levy flight guidance. It is presented as a solution to the shortcomings of the tuna swarm optimization (TSO) algorithm, which include its tendency to reach local [...] Read more.
The Sine–Levy tuna swarm optimization (SLTSO) algorithm is a novel method based on the sine strategy and Levy flight guidance. It is presented as a solution to the shortcomings of the tuna swarm optimization (TSO) algorithm, which include its tendency to reach local optima and limited capacity to search worldwide. This algorithm updates locations using the Levy flight technique and greedy approach and generates initial solutions using an elite reverse learning process. Additionally, it offers an individual location optimization method called golden sine, which enhances the algorithm’s capacity to explore widely and steer clear of local optima. To plan UAV flight paths safely and effectively in complex obstacle environments, the SLTSO algorithm considers constraints such as geographic and airspace obstacles, along with performance metrics like flight environment, flight space, flight distance, angle, altitude, and threat levels. The effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by simulation and the creation of a path planning model. Experimental results show that the SLTSO algorithm displays faster convergence rates, better optimization precision, shorter and smoother paths, and concomitant reduction in energy usage. A drone can now map its route far more effectively thanks to these improvements. Consequently, the proposed SLTSO algorithm demonstrates both efficacy and superiority in UAV route planning applications. Full article
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15 pages, 1265 KiB  
Article
3D Spongin Scaffolds as Templates for Electro-Assisted Deposition of Selected Iron Oxides
by Krzysztof Nowacki, Anita Kubiak, Marek Nowicki, Dmitry Tsurkan, Hermann Ehrlich and Teofil Jesionowski
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070387 - 25 Jun 2024
Viewed by 359
Abstract
The skeletons of marine sponges are ancient biocomposite structures in which mineral phases are formed on 3D organic matrices. In addition to calcium- and silicate-containing biominerals, iron ions play an active role in skeleton formation in some species of bath sponges in the [...] Read more.
The skeletons of marine sponges are ancient biocomposite structures in which mineral phases are formed on 3D organic matrices. In addition to calcium- and silicate-containing biominerals, iron ions play an active role in skeleton formation in some species of bath sponges in the marine environment, which is a result of the biocorrosion of the metal structures on which these sponges settle. The interaction between iron ions and biopolymer spongin has motivated the development of selected extreme biomimetics approaches with the aim of creating new functional composites to use in environmental remediation and as adsorbents for heavy metals. In this study, for the first time, microporous 3D spongin scaffolds isolated from the cultivated marine bath sponge Hippospongia communis were used for electro-assisted deposition of iron oxides such as goethite [α-FeO(OH)] and lepidocrocite [γ-FeO(OH)]. The obtained iron oxide phases were characterized with the use of scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, mechanisms of electro-assisted deposition of iron oxides on the surface of spongin, as a sustainable biomaterial, are proposed and discussed. Full article
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19 pages, 737 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Impact of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Scaffold Enrichment on Bone Regeneration In Vivo—A Systematic Review
by Dijana Mitić, Jelena Čarkić, Jelena Jaćimović, Miloš Lazarević, Milica Jakšić Karišik, Boško Toljić and Jelena Milašin
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070386 - 25 Jun 2024
Viewed by 347
Abstract
Objectives: In order to ensure improved and accelerated bone regeneration, nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds are often enriched with different bioactive components to further accelerate and improve bone healing. In this review, we critically examined whether the enrichment of nHAp/polymer scaffolds with growth factors, hormones, polypeptides, [...] Read more.
Objectives: In order to ensure improved and accelerated bone regeneration, nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds are often enriched with different bioactive components to further accelerate and improve bone healing. In this review, we critically examined whether the enrichment of nHAp/polymer scaffolds with growth factors, hormones, polypeptides, microRNAs and exosomes improved new bone formation in vivo. Materials and Methods: Out of 2989 articles obtained from the literature search, 106 papers were read in full, and only 12 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Results: Several bioactive components were reported to stimulate accelerated bone regeneration in a variety of bone defect models, showing better results than bone grafting with nHAp scaffolds alone. Conclusions: The results indicated that composite materials based on nHAp are excellent candidates as bone substitutes, while nHAp scaffold enrichment further accelerates bone regeneration. The standardization of animal models should be provided in order to clearly define the most significant parameters of in vivo studies. Only in this way can the adequate comparison of findings from different in vivo studies be possible, further advancing our knowledge on bone regeneration and enabling its translation to clinical settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Bone Regeneration: Challenges to Guarantee Appropriate Biological Features 2.0)
16 pages, 1277 KiB  
Article
Design and Verification of Piano Playing Assisted Hand Exoskeleton Robot
by Qiujian Xu, Dan Yang, Meihui Li, Xiubo Ren, Xinran Yuan, Lijun Tang, Xiaoyu Wang, Siqi Liu, Miaomiao Yang, Yintong Liu and Mingyi Yang
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070385 - 25 Jun 2024
Viewed by 494
Abstract
Finger technique is a crucial aspect of piano learning, and hand exoskeleton mechanisms effectively assist novice piano players in maintaining correct finger technique consistently. Addressing current issues with exoskeleton robots, such as the inability to provide continuous correction of finger technique and their [...] Read more.
Finger technique is a crucial aspect of piano learning, and hand exoskeleton mechanisms effectively assist novice piano players in maintaining correct finger technique consistently. Addressing current issues with exoskeleton robots, such as the inability to provide continuous correction of finger technique and their considerable weight, a novel hand exoskeleton robot has been developed to enhance finger technique through continuous correction and reduced weight. Initial data are gathered using finger joint angle sensors to analyze movements during piano playing, focusing on the trajectory and angular velocity of key strikes. This analysis informs the design of a 6-bar double-closed-loop mechanism with an end equivalent sliding pair, using analytical methods to establish the relationship between motor extension and input rod rotation. Simulation studies assess the exoskeleton’s motion space and dynamics, confirming its capability to meet structural and functional demands for accurate key striking. Prototype testing validates the exoskeleton’s ability to maintain correct finger positioning and mimic natural strike speeds, thus improving playing technique while ensuring comfort and safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of a Bio-Inspired Robot: 2nd Edition)
18 pages, 2065 KiB  
Article
Multi-UAV Cooperative Coverage Search for Various Regions Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm
by Hui Zeng, Lei Tong and Xuewen Xia
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070384 - 25 Jun 2024
Viewed by 495
Abstract
In recent years, remotely controlling an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to perform coverage search missions has become increasingly popular due to the advantages of the UAV, such as small size, high maneuverability, and low cost. However, due to the distance limitations of the [...] Read more.
In recent years, remotely controlling an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to perform coverage search missions has become increasingly popular due to the advantages of the UAV, such as small size, high maneuverability, and low cost. However, due to the distance limitations of the remote control and endurance of a UAV, a single UAV cannot effectively perform a search mission in various and complex regions. Thus, using a group of UAVs to deal with coverage search missions has become a research hotspot in the last decade. In this paper, a differential evolution (DE)-based multi-UAV cooperative coverage algorithm is proposed to deal with the coverage tasks in different regions. In the proposed algorithm, named DECSMU, the entire coverage process is divided into many coverage stages. Before each coverage stage, every UAV automatically plans its flight path based on DE. To obtain a promising flight trajectory for a UAV, a dynamic reward function is designed to evaluate the quality of the planned path in terms of the coverage rate and the energy consumption of the UAV. In each coverage stage, an information interaction between different UAVs is carried out through a communication network, and a distributed model predictive control is used to realize the collaborative coverage of multiple UAVs. The experimental results show that the strategy can achieve high coverage and a low energy consumption index under the constraints of collision avoidance. The favorable performance in DECSMU on different regions also demonstrate that it has outstanding stability and generality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Optimization Algorithms and Designs for Engineering Applications: 2nd Edition)
14 pages, 712 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review of Human Amnion Enhanced Cartilage Regeneration in Full-Thickness Cartilage Defects
by Nur Farah Anis Abd Halim, Atiqah Ab Aziz, Sik-Loo Tan, Veenesh Selvaratnam and Tunku Kamarul
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070383 - 25 Jun 2024
Viewed by 319
Abstract
Cartilage defects present a significant challenge in orthopedic medicine, often leading to pain and functional impairment. To address this, human amnion, a naturally derived biomaterial, has gained attention for its potential in enhancing cartilage regeneration. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy [...] Read more.
Cartilage defects present a significant challenge in orthopedic medicine, often leading to pain and functional impairment. To address this, human amnion, a naturally derived biomaterial, has gained attention for its potential in enhancing cartilage regeneration. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of human amnion in enhancing cartilage regeneration for full-thickness cartilage defects. An electronic search was conducted on MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), and the Scopus database up to 27 December 2023 from 2007. A total of 401 articles were identified. After removing 125 duplicates and excluding 271 articles based on predetermined criteria, only 5 articles remained eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. All five eligible articles conducted in vivo studies utilizing rabbits as subjects. Furthermore, analysis of the literature reveals an increasing trend in the frequency of utilizing human amnion for the treatment of cartilage defects. Various forms of human amnion were utilized either alone or seeded with cells prior to implantation. Histological assessments and macroscopic observations indicated usage of human amnion improved cartilage repair outcomes. All studies highlighted the positive results despite using different forms of amnion tissues. This systematic review underscores the promising role of human amnion as a viable option for enhancing cartilage regeneration in full-thickness cartilage defects, thus offering valuable insights for future research and clinical applications in orthopedic tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinspired Materials for Tissue Engineering)
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22 pages, 25328 KiB  
Article
Region-Specific Decellularization of Porcine Uterine Tube Extracellular Matrix: A New Approach for Reproductive Tissue-Engineering Applications
by Gustavo Henrique Doná Rodrigues Almeida, Raquel Souza da Silva, Mariana Sversut Gibin, Victória Hellen de Souza Gonzaga, Henrique dos Santos, Rebeca Piatniczka Igleisa, Leticia Alves Fernandes, Iorrane Couto Fernandes, Thais Naomi Gonçalves Nesiyama, Francielle Sato, Mauro Luciano Baesso, Luzmarina Hernandes, Jaqueline de Carvalho Rinaldi, Flávio Vieira Meirelles, Claudete S. Astolfi-Ferreira, Antonio José Piantino Ferreira and Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070382 - 24 Jun 2024
Viewed by 304
Abstract
The uterine tube extracellular matrix is a key component that regulates tubal tissue physiology, and it has a region-specific structural distribution, which is directly associated to its functions. Considering this, the application of biological matrices in culture systems is an interesting strategy to [...] Read more.
The uterine tube extracellular matrix is a key component that regulates tubal tissue physiology, and it has a region-specific structural distribution, which is directly associated to its functions. Considering this, the application of biological matrices in culture systems is an interesting strategy to develop biomimetic tubal microenvironments and enhance their complexity. However, there are no established protocols to produce tubal biological matrices that consider the organ morphophysiology for such applications. Therefore, this study aimed to establish region-specific protocols to obtain decellularized scaffolds derived from porcine infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus to provide suitable sources of biomaterials for tissue-engineering approaches. Porcine uterine tubes were decellularized in solutions of 0.1% SDS and 0.5% Triton X-100. The decellularization efficiency was evaluated by DAPI staining and DNA quantification. We analyzed the ECM composition and structure by optical and scanning electronic microscopy, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. DNA and DAPI assays validated the decellularization, presenting a significative reduction in cellular content. Structural and spectroscopy analyses revealed that the produced scaffolds remained well structured and with the ECM composition preserved. YS and HEK293 cells were used to attest cytocompatibility, allowing high cell viability rates and successful interaction with the scaffolds. These results suggest that such matrices are applicable for future biotechnological approaches in the reproductive field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Bioinspired Materials and Structures)
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11 pages, 2985 KiB  
Communication
A High-Speed Acoustic Echo Canceller Based on Grey Wolf Optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms
by Eduardo Pichardo, Juan G. Avalos, Giovanny Sánchez, Eduardo Vazquez and Linda K. Toscano
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070381 - 23 Jun 2024
Viewed by 308
Abstract
Currently, the use of acoustic echo cancellers (AECs) plays a crucial role in IoT applications, such as voice control appliances, hands-free telephony and intelligent voice control devices, among others. Therefore, these IoT devices are mostly controlled by voice commands. However, the performance of [...] Read more.
Currently, the use of acoustic echo cancellers (AECs) plays a crucial role in IoT applications, such as voice control appliances, hands-free telephony and intelligent voice control devices, among others. Therefore, these IoT devices are mostly controlled by voice commands. However, the performance of these devices is significantly affected by echo noise in real acoustic environments. Despite good results being achieved in terms of echo noise reductions using conventional adaptive filtering based on gradient optimization algorithms, recently, the use of bio-inspired algorithms has attracted significant attention in the science community, since these algorithms exhibit a faster convergence rate when compared with gradient optimization algorithms. To date, several authors have tried to develop high-performance AEC systems to offer high-quality and realistic sound. In this work, we present a new AEC system based on the grey wolf optimization (GWO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms to guarantee a higher convergence speed compared with previously reported solutions. This improvement potentially allows for high tracking capabilities. This aspect has special relevance in real acoustic environments since it indicates the rate at which noise is reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms 2024)
31 pages, 8293 KiB  
Article
On Effect of Chloroform on Electrical Activity of Proteinoids
by Panagiotis Mougkogiannis and Andrew Adamatzky
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070380 - 23 Jun 2024
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Proteinoids, or thermal proteins, produce hollow microspheres in aqueous solutions. Ensembles of the microspheres produce endogenous spikes of electrical activity, similar to that of neurons. To make the first step toward the evaluation of the mechanisms of such electrical behaviour, we decided to [...] Read more.
Proteinoids, or thermal proteins, produce hollow microspheres in aqueous solutions. Ensembles of the microspheres produce endogenous spikes of electrical activity, similar to that of neurons. To make the first step toward the evaluation of the mechanisms of such electrical behaviour, we decided to expose proteinoids to chloroform. We found that while chloroform does not inhibit the electrical oscillations of proteinoids, it causes substantial changes in the patterns of electrical activity. Namely, incremental chloroform exposure strongly affects proteinoid microsphere electrical activity across multiple metrics. As chloroform levels rise, the spike potential drops from 0.9 mV under control conditions to 0.1 mV at 25 mg/mL. This progressive spike potential decrease suggests chloroform suppresses proteinoid electrical activity. The time between spikes, the interspike period, follows a similar pattern. Minimal chloroform exposure does not change the average interspike period, while higher exposures do. It drops from 23.2 min under control experiments to 3.8 min at 25 mg/mL chloroform, indicating increased frequency of the electrical activity. These findings might lead to a deeper understanding of the electrical activity of proteinoids and their potential application in the domain of bioelectronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)
16 pages, 6214 KiB  
Article
Surface Topography of Thermoplastic Appliance Materials Related to Sorption and Solubility in Artificial Saliva
by Liliana Porojan, Flavia Roxana Toma, Mihaela Ionela Gherban, Roxana Diana Vasiliu and Anamaria Matichescu
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070379 - 23 Jun 2024
Viewed by 258
Abstract
(1) Background: PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) is a transparent, inexpensive, and versatile thermoplastic biomaterial, and it is increasingly being used for a variety of medical applications in dentistry, orthopedics, tissue engineering, and surgery. It is known to have remarkable properties such as tensile [...] Read more.
(1) Background: PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) is a transparent, inexpensive, and versatile thermoplastic biomaterial, and it is increasingly being used for a variety of medical applications in dentistry, orthopedics, tissue engineering, and surgery. It is known to have remarkable properties such as tensile strength, high ductility, and resistance to chemical insults and heat, but it can be affected by various environmental conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the topographical characteristics of four thermoplastic dental appliance materials in relation to water sorption in simulated oral environments (artificial saliva samples with different pH values). (2) Methods: The following four types of PETG clear thermoplastic materials were selected for the present study: Leone (L), Crystal (C), Erkodur (E), and Duran (D). In relation to the desiccation and water-uptake stages, their water sorption (Wsp) and solubility (Wsl) were calculated, and the surface topographies were analyzed on two length scales. The surface roughness was determined using a contact profilometer, and nanoroughness measurements were generated by three-dimensional profiles using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Statistical analyses (one-way ANOVA and unpaired and paired Student t-tests) were performed. (3) Results: After saliva immersion, the weights of all samples increased, and the highest sorption was recorded in a basic environment. Among the materials, the water uptake for the L samples was the highest, and for E, it was the lowest. In relation to water solubility, significant values were registered for both the L and C samples’ materials. After immersion and desiccation, a decreasing trend in microroughness was observed. The AFM high-resolution images reflected more irregular surfaces related to saliva immersion. (4) Conclusions: The sorption rates recorded in water-based artificial saliva were higher for basic pH levels, with significant differences between the samples. There were also significant differences related to the behaviors of the materials included in the study. In relation to roughness, on a microscale, the surfaces tended to be smoother after the saliva immersions, and on a nanoscale, they became more irregular. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dentistry and Craniofacial District: The Role of Biomimetics—Second Edition)
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22 pages, 7709 KiB  
Article
Understanding Low-Speed Streaks and Their Function and Control through Movable Shark Scales Acting as a Passive Separation Control Mechanism
by Leonardo M. Santos, Amy Lang, Redha Wahidi, Andrew Bonacci and Sashank Gautam
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070378 - 22 Jun 2024
Viewed by 302
Abstract
The passive bristling mechanism of the scales on the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) is hypothesized to play a crucial role in controlling flow separation. In the hypothesized mechanism, the scales are triggered in response to patches of reversed flow at [...] Read more.
The passive bristling mechanism of the scales on the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) is hypothesized to play a crucial role in controlling flow separation. In the hypothesized mechanism, the scales are triggered in response to patches of reversed flow at the onset of separation occurring in the low-speed streaks that form in a turbulent boundary layer. The two goals of this investigation were as follows: (1) to measure the reversing flow occurring within the low-speed streaks in a separating turbulent boundary layer; (2) to understand the passive flow control mechanism of movable shark skin scales that inhibit reversing flow within the low-speed streaks. Experiments were conducted using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). DPIV was used to analyze the flow in a turbulent boundary layer subjected to an adverse pressure gradient formation over both a smooth flat plate and a flat plate on which shark skin specimens were affixed. The experimental analysis of the flow over the smooth flat plate corroborated the findings of previous direct numerical simulation studies, which indicated that the average spanwise spacing of the low-speed streaks increases in the presence of adverse pressure gradients upstream of the point of separation. However, the characteristics of the flow over the shark skin specimen more closely resemble that of a zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer. A comparative analysis of the width and velocity of the reversed streaks between flat plate and shark skin cases reveals that the mean spanwise spacing decreases, and thus, the number of streaks increases over the shark skin. Additionally, the reversed streaks observed over shark scales are thinner and the highest negative velocity within the streaks falls within the range required to bristle the scales. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Biomimetic Underwater Devices)
41 pages, 2974 KiB  
Review
Biomimetic Approaches in Scaffold-Based Blood Vessel Tissue Engineering
by Elisabetta Rosellini, Cristiana Giordano, Lorenzo Guidi and Maria Grazia Cascone
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070377 - 22 Jun 2024
Viewed by 250
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of mortality globally, with atherosclerosis representing a significant pathological means, often leading to myocardial infarction. Coronary artery bypass surgery, a common procedure used to treat coronary artery disease, presents challenges due to the limited autologous tissue availability [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of mortality globally, with atherosclerosis representing a significant pathological means, often leading to myocardial infarction. Coronary artery bypass surgery, a common procedure used to treat coronary artery disease, presents challenges due to the limited autologous tissue availability or the shortcomings of synthetic grafts. Consequently, there is a growing interest in tissue engineering approaches to develop vascular substitutes. This review offers an updated picture of the state of the art in vascular tissue engineering, emphasising the design of scaffolds and dynamic culture conditions following a biomimetic approach. By emulating native vessel properties and, in particular, by mimicking the three-layer structure of the vascular wall, tissue-engineered grafts can improve long-term patency and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, ongoing research focuses on enhancing biomimicry through innovative scaffold materials, surface functionalisation strategies, and the use of bioreactors mimicking the physiological microenvironment. Through a multidisciplinary lens, this review provides insight into the latest advancements and future directions of vascular tissue engineering, with particular reference to employing biomimicry to create systems capable of reproducing the structure–function relationships present in the arterial wall. Despite the existence of a gap between benchtop innovation and clinical translation, it appears that the biomimetic technologies developed to date demonstrate promising results in preventing vascular occlusion due to blood clotting under laboratory conditions and in preclinical studies. Therefore, a multifaceted biomimetic approach could represent a winning strategy to ensure the translation of vascular tissue engineering into clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomimetics: The Power of Diversity)
18 pages, 3603 KiB  
Article
Design of an SMA-Based Actuator for Replicating Normal Gait Patterns in Pediatric Patients with Cerebral Palsy
by Paloma Mansilla Navarro, Dorin Copaci, Janeth Arias and Dolores Blanco Rojas
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070376 - 21 Jun 2024
Viewed by 255
Abstract
Cerebral Palsy refers to a group of incurable motor disorders affecting 0.22% of the global population. Symptoms are managed by physiotherapists, often using rehabilitation robotics. Exoskeletons, offering advantages over conventional therapies, are evolving to be more wearable and biomimetic, requiring new flexible actuators [...] Read more.
Cerebral Palsy refers to a group of incurable motor disorders affecting 0.22% of the global population. Symptoms are managed by physiotherapists, often using rehabilitation robotics. Exoskeletons, offering advantages over conventional therapies, are evolving to be more wearable and biomimetic, requiring new flexible actuators that mimic human tissue. The main objective behind this article is the design of a flexible exosuit based on shape-memory-alloy-based artificial muscles for pediatric patients that replicate the walking cycle pattern in the ankle joint. Thus, four shape-memory-alloy-based actuators were sewn to an exosuit at the desired actuation points and controlled by a two-level controller. The loop is closed through six inertial sensors that estimate the real angular position of both ankles. Different frequencies of actuation have been tested, along with the response of the actuators to different walking cycle patterns. These tests have been performed over long periods of time, comparing the reference created by a reference generator based on pediatric walking patterns and the response measured by the inertial sensors. The results provide important measurements concerning errors, working frequencies and cooling times, proving that this technology could be used in this and similar applications and highlighting its limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinspired Structures for Soft Actuators)
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22 pages, 5943 KiB  
Article
Computer Vision Techniques Demonstrate Robust Orientation Measurement of the Milky Way Despite Image Motion
by Yiting Tao, Asanka Perera, Samuel Teague, Timothy McIntyre, Eric Warrant and Javaan Chahl
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070375 - 21 Jun 2024
Viewed by 878
Abstract
Many species rely on celestial cues as a reliable guide for maintaining heading while navigating. In this paper, we propose a method that extracts the Milky Way (MW) shape as an orientation cue in low-light scenarios. We also tested the method on both [...] Read more.
Many species rely on celestial cues as a reliable guide for maintaining heading while navigating. In this paper, we propose a method that extracts the Milky Way (MW) shape as an orientation cue in low-light scenarios. We also tested the method on both real and synthetic images and demonstrate that the performance of the method appears to be accurate and reliable to motion blur that might be caused by rotational vibration and stabilisation artefacts. The technique presented achieves an angular accuracy between a minimum of 0.00° and a maximum 0.08° for real night sky images, and between a minimum of 0.22° and a maximum 1.61° for synthetic images. The imaging of the MW is largely unaffected by blur. We speculate that the use of the MW as an orientation cue has evolved because, unlike individual stars, it is resilient to motion blur caused by locomotion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Locomotion and Bioinspired Robotics)
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