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Ceramics, Volume 8, Issue 3 (September 2025) – 40 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): As humans return to the Moon, the prospect of a permanent presence requires us to utilise local resources as far as possible to reduce the costs of supply to the Moon. Most efforts are focussed on three approaches—mining water ice at the lunar poles, the use of lunar soil with binders for 3D printing lunar base outer protection layers, and the processing of mineral resources to extract metals. However, ceramics are a necessary complement to such metals if we wish to construct a comprehensive lunar industrial ecology. The use of ceramics derived from lunar resources is much neglected. This paper examines the use of lunar-derived ceramics and the challenges imposed by their deployment, especially due to the reliance on binders for shaping. View this paper
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14 pages, 1795 KB  
Review
Research Progress on the Sintering Techniques of Zirconia in Prosthetic Dentistry
by Chuyue Yang and Xiaoqiang Liu
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030118 - 22 Sep 2025
Abstract
Zirconia is widely used in prosthodontics due to its excellent biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and esthetic characteristics. This article reviews the fundamentals of sintering zirconia for prosthodontic applications. Various sintering techniques, including conventional, spark plasma, high-speed, and microwave sintering, are discussed regarding their influence [...] Read more.
Zirconia is widely used in prosthodontics due to its excellent biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and esthetic characteristics. This article reviews the fundamentals of sintering zirconia for prosthodontic applications. Various sintering techniques, including conventional, spark plasma, high-speed, and microwave sintering, are discussed regarding their influence on translucency, strength, and microstructure. This review aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the sintering methods of zirconia currently used or may be used for dental prosthodontics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 3839 KB  
Article
First-Principles Calculation of Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of C-Doped AlN
by Hongfei Shao, Ying Wang, Jiahe Song, Liwen Lei, Xia Liu, Xuejun Hou and Jinyong Zhang
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030117 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 110
Abstract
Due to its good thermal conductivity and small thermal expansion coefficient, aluminum nitride (AlN) is an excellent material for thermal shock resistance. Recently, carbon (C) doping has emerged as a potential strategy for tailoring the properties of AlN, but its effects on the [...] Read more.
Due to its good thermal conductivity and small thermal expansion coefficient, aluminum nitride (AlN) is an excellent material for thermal shock resistance. Recently, carbon (C) doping has emerged as a potential strategy for tailoring the properties of AlN, but its effects on the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of AlN remain unclear. In the present study, the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of C-doped AlN (C@AlN) with various C-doping densities were investigated using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The results suggest that C doping often leads to an increase in the c lattice constant. When the C-doping concentration reaches 12.5%, the structural symmetry of 4C@AlN is fully broken. In addition, as the C-doping density increases, the strength and stiffness of C@AlN generally decrease while the ductility increases. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of C@AlN generally decreases as the C-doping density increases, mainly because of the structural distortion. Meanwhile, as the C-doping density reaches 12.5%, the thermal conductivity of 4C@AlN anomalously increases, due to the symmetry breakage. Full article
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27 pages, 2408 KB  
Article
Analysis of the Environmental Compatibility of the Use of Porcelain Stoneware Tiles Manufactured with Waste Incineration Bottom Ash
by Luigi Acampora, Giulia Costa, Iason Verginelli, Francesco Lombardi, Claudia Mensi and Simone Malvezzi
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030116 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 148
Abstract
In line with circular economy principles and the reduction of primary material exploitation, waste-to-energy (WtE) by-products such as bottom ash (BA) are increasingly being used as raw materials in cement and ceramics manufacturing. However, it is critical to verify that the final product [...] Read more.
In line with circular economy principles and the reduction of primary material exploitation, waste-to-energy (WtE) by-products such as bottom ash (BA) are increasingly being used as raw materials in cement and ceramics manufacturing. However, it is critical to verify that the final product presents not only adequate technical properties but also that it does not pose negative impacts to the environment and human health during its use. This study investigates the environmental compatibility of the use of ceramic porcelain stoneware tiles manufactured with BA as partial replacement of traditional raw materials, with a particular focus on the leaching behavior of the tiles during their use, and also after crushing to simulate their characteristics at their end of life. To evaluate the latter aspect, compliance leaching tests were performed on crushed samples and compared with Italian End-of-Waste (EoW) thresholds for the use of construction and demolition waste as recycled aggregates. Whereas, to assess the environmental compatibility of the tiles during the utilization phase, a methodology based on the application of monolithic leaching tests to intact tiles, and the evaluation of the results through multi-scenario human health risk assessment and the analysis of the main mechanisms governing leaching at different stages, was employed. The results of the study indicate that the analyzed BA-based tiles showed no significant increase in the release of potential contaminants compared to traditional formulations and fully complied with End-of-Waste criteria. The results of the monolith tests used as input for site-specific risk assessment, simulating worst-case scenarios involving the potential contamination of the groundwater, indicated negligible risks to human health for both types of tiles, even considering very conservative assumptions. As for differences in the release mechanisms, tiles containing BA exhibited a shift toward depletion-controlled leaching and some differences in early element release compared to the ones with a traditional formulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)
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18 pages, 3057 KB  
Article
Quantitative Assessment of Ceramic Suspension Stability Using a LUMiSizer Analytical Centrifuge
by Patrik Sokola, Tina Skalar, Pavel Šiler, Jan Blahut, Michal Kalina, Peter Veteška and Petr Ptáček
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030115 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 190
Abstract
The stability of ceramic suspensions is a key factor in the preparation and shaping of ceramic bodies. The presented work offers an experimental determination of ceramics suspensions stability using the LUMiSizer analytical centrifuge, focusing on kinetic behaviour using transmission profiles and instability indexes. [...] Read more.
The stability of ceramic suspensions is a key factor in the preparation and shaping of ceramic bodies. The presented work offers an experimental determination of ceramics suspensions stability using the LUMiSizer analytical centrifuge, focusing on kinetic behaviour using transmission profiles and instability indexes. Multiple ceramic systems comprising corundum, metakaolin, and zirconia suspensions were experimentally examined under varying solid contents, dispersant dosages, and additive concentrations. Results showed that highly loaded corundum suspensions with dispersant (Dolapix CE64) achieved excellent stability, with an instability index below 0.05. Compared to classical sedimentation tests, which are time-consuming and not highly sensitive, LUMiSizer offers a suitable alternative by guaranteeing correct kinetic data and instability indexes indicating suspension behaviour using centrifugal force. Comparisons of the LUMiSizer results and data obtained using the modified Stokes law confirmed increased terminal velocities in experiments with metakaolin suspensions, indicating the sensitivity of the centrifuge to the effect of dispersion medium shape. The influence of porogen (waste coffee grounds) on the stability of corundum suspensions was also investigated, followed by slip casting to create and characterize a ceramic body, confirming the possibility of shaping based on stability results. Furthermore, instability indices are suggested as a rapid, quantitative method for comparing system stability and as an auxiliary criterion to the rheological measurements. Optimal dispersant concentration for zirconia-based photocurable suspensions was identified as 8.5 wt.%, which minimized viscosity and, at the same time, assured maximal kinetic stability. Integrating the LUMiSizer analytical centrifuge with standard methods, including sedimentation tests and rheological measurements, highlights its value as a powerful tool for characterizing and optimizing ceramic suspensions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)
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19 pages, 5016 KB  
Article
Compositional Effects on Mechanical Performance of Zirconia–Magnesia–Alumina Ceramics
by Rafael Shakirzyanov, Sofiya Maznykh, Yuriy Garanin and Malik Kaliyekperov
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030114 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 139
Abstract
The study of the relationship between the composition and mechanical properties of structural ceramics based on zirconium, magnesium and aluminum oxides is an important scientific and technological task. In this study, ceramics of the composition x·ZrO2-(90−x)·MgO-10·Al2O3 (x [...] Read more.
The study of the relationship between the composition and mechanical properties of structural ceramics based on zirconium, magnesium and aluminum oxides is an important scientific and technological task. In this study, ceramics of the composition x·ZrO2-(90−x)·MgO-10·Al2O3 (x = 10–80 wt.%) were obtained using standard ceramic technology. XRD, SEM, Vickers hardness and biaxial flexural strength measurements were performed to determine the effect of concentration x on the phase composition, microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the sintered samples. The results show that with an increase in the starting concentration x in experimental samples, the fraction of the stabilized ZrO2 phase grows, and the grain size decreases. These two factors determine the values of microhardness and biaxial bending strength. Experimental investigation on the ternary oxide ceramics shows that for ceramics sintered at 1500 °C, the microhardness values varied within the range of 815–1300 HV1 and the biaxial bending strength of 110–250 MPa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior and Reliability of Engineering Ceramics)
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11 pages, 3838 KB  
Article
ZIF-8 as a Drug Delivery System (DDS) for Hesperidin: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Release Profile
by Pedro Sá, Nathália Souza, Pedrita Sampaio, James Silva and Larissa Rolim
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030113 - 11 Sep 2025
Viewed by 285
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for drug delivery due to their structural tunability and high surface area. This work reports on the synthesis of ZIF-8 for the in situ encapsulation of hesperidin, a flavonoid with poor water solubility used in the treatment [...] Read more.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for drug delivery due to their structural tunability and high surface area. This work reports on the synthesis of ZIF-8 for the in situ encapsulation of hesperidin, a flavonoid with poor water solubility used in the treatment of circulatory system disorders, as a gastric-targeted drug delivery system (DDS). A 23 full factorial design was used to optimize drug loading, investigating the effects of DMSO concentration, 2-MIm/Zn2+ molar ratio, and final solution volume (water content). The materials were characterized by ATR-FT-IR, TG, XRD, and SEM analyses, confirming successful ZIF-8 synthesis and partial hesperidin encapsulation. Drug release kinetics were evaluated at pH 1.0 and 6.86. The system showed a faster and more pronounced release at pH 1.0, driven by MOF degradation, demonstrating its potential as a gastric-targeted DDS. This study confirms the feasibility of ZIF-8 to improve hesperidin solubility and bioavailability, highlighting a novel strategy for its therapeutic application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics Containing Active Molecules for Biomedical Applications)
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13 pages, 2422 KB  
Article
Luminescence of (YxGd3−x)(AlyGa5−y)O12:Ce and (LuxGd3−x)(AlyGa5−y)O12:Ce Radiation-Synthesized Ceramics
by Aida Tulegenova, Victor Lisitsyn, Gulnur Nogaibekova, Renata Nemkayeva and Aiymkul Markhabayeva
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030112 - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 267
Abstract
(YxGd3−x)(AlyGa5−y)O12:Ce and (LuxGd3−x)(AlyGa5−y)O12:Ce ceramics were synthesized for the first time by direct exposure of a powerful electron flux to a mixture of the [...] Read more.
(YxGd3−x)(AlyGa5−y)O12:Ce and (LuxGd3−x)(AlyGa5−y)O12:Ce ceramics were synthesized for the first time by direct exposure of a powerful electron flux to a mixture of the corresponding oxide components. Five-component ceramics were obtained from oxide powders of Y2O3, Lu2O3, Gd2O3, Al2O3, Ga2O3, and Ce2O3 in less than 1 s, without the use of any additional reagents or process stimulants. The average productivity of the synthesis process was approximately 5 g/s. The reaction yield, defined as the mass ratio of the synthesized ceramic to the initial mixture, ranged from 94% to 99%. The synthesized ceramics exhibit photoluminescence when excited by radiation in the 340–450 nm spectral range. The position of the luminescence bands depends on the specific composition, with the emission maxima located within the 525–560 nm range. It is suggested that under high radiation power density, the element exchange rate between the particles of the initial materials is governed by the formation of an ion–electron plasma. Full article
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16 pages, 11221 KB  
Article
Effect of Fe2O3 on Compressive Strength and Microstructure of Porous Acicular Mullite
by Mia Omerašević, Miomir Krsmanović, Nada Adamović, Chang-An Wang and Dušan Bučevac
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030111 - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 375
Abstract
Porous acicular mullite was fabricated at 1300 °C starting from Al2O3 and mixture of SiO2 and MoO3 obtained by previous oxidation of waste MoSi2. It was found that the presence of MoO3 favors formation of [...] Read more.
Porous acicular mullite was fabricated at 1300 °C starting from Al2O3 and mixture of SiO2 and MoO3 obtained by previous oxidation of waste MoSi2. It was found that the presence of MoO3 favors formation of acicular (prism-like) mullite grains with sharp edges. The effect of addition of Fe2O3 (4–12 wt.%) on phase composition, compressive strength, thermal conductivity and microstructure was studied. The addition of Fe2O3 improved the compressive strength from approximately 25 MPa in pure mullite to about 76 MPa in samples containing 12 wt.% Fe2O3, while the open porosity decreased from 55.4% to 51.8%. The presence of Fe2O3 caused a decrease in mullite formation temperature owing to the formation of liquid phase and accelerated diffusion. The solubility of iron oxide in mullite lattice was between 8 and 12 wt.% Fe2O3. The incorporated iron ions also promoted the rounding of sharp edges in prismatic mullite grains, leading to a reduced specific surface area of 0.55 m2/g in the sample with 12 wt.% Fe2O3. The thermal conductivity of mullite increased with addition of 12 wt.% Fe2O3 reaching value of 1.17 W/m·K. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials for Industrial Decarbonization)
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15 pages, 2193 KB  
Article
Room Temperature Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Cobalt-Doped CaMoO4 Nanoparticles: Structural and Microstructural Insights
by Said Abidi and Mohamed Benchikhi
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030110 - 31 Aug 2025
Viewed by 378
Abstract
This study reports the successful synthesis of pure cobalt-substituted calcium molybdate powders (Co-doped CaMoO4) through a co-precipitation method conducted at room temperature, without the use of surfactants or hazardous organic solvents. The formation of solid solutions with x values ranging from [...] Read more.
This study reports the successful synthesis of pure cobalt-substituted calcium molybdate powders (Co-doped CaMoO4) through a co-precipitation method conducted at room temperature, without the use of surfactants or hazardous organic solvents. The formation of solid solutions with x values ranging from 0.00 to 0.08 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement, and Raman spectroscopy analyses. Elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed a strong correlation between the experimental and nominal stoichiometries. The synthesized molybdate powders consist of micrometer-sized particles exhibiting diverse morphologies, including microspheres, flower-like architectures, and dumbbell-shaped particles. These agglomerates are composed of primary particles smaller than 43 nm. The specific surface area increased from 3.59 m2/g for the undoped CaMoO4 to 10.74 m2/g for the 6% Co-doped CaMoO4. These nanostructured powders represent promising host materials for 4f ions, making them potential candidates for solid-state lighting applications. Full article
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14 pages, 1300 KB  
Article
Life Cycle Assessment of Industrial Glass Cullet Recycling Process Based on Alkaline Activation
by Elena Battiston, Francesco Carollo, Giulia Tameni, Enrico Bernardo and Anna Mazzi
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030109 - 29 Aug 2025
Viewed by 789
Abstract
To mitigate the issue of accumulating glass waste, an advanced process has been developed for the production of glass foams via alkaline activation, employing industrial glass cullet as the primary raw material. This method contributes to circular economy strategies by enabling high-value upcycling [...] Read more.
To mitigate the issue of accumulating glass waste, an advanced process has been developed for the production of glass foams via alkaline activation, employing industrial glass cullet as the primary raw material. This method contributes to circular economy strategies by enabling high-value upcycling of secondary raw materials. The aim of the study is to conduct an environmental assessment of this recycling process using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The analysis is performed with SimaPro software, adopting the ReCiPe impact assessment method, which allows for the quantification of 18 impact categories. Four distinct foaming processes were compared to determine the most environmentally preferable option and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess how variations in energy sources influence the environmental performance. The findings indicate that the scenario involving hardening at 40 °C for seven days results in the highest environmental burdens. Specifically, in the Human Carcinogenic Toxicity category, the normalized impacts for this process are approximately an order of magnitude greater. Electricity consumption is identified as the primary contributor to the overall impact. The sensitivity analysis underscores that utilizing photovoltaic panels reduces impacts. Future developments will focus on expanding the system boundaries to provide a more comprehensive understanding and supporting informed decision-making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)
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24 pages, 1928 KB  
Review
Alkali Activation of Glass for Sustainable Upcycling: An Overview
by Giulia Tameni and Enrico Bernardo
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030108 - 27 Aug 2025
Viewed by 765
Abstract
The recycling of glass presently poses several challenges, predominantly to the heterogeneous chemical compositions of various glass types, along with the waste glass particle size distribution, both of which critically influence the efficiency and feasibility of recycling operations. Numerous studies have elucidated the [...] Read more.
The recycling of glass presently poses several challenges, predominantly to the heterogeneous chemical compositions of various glass types, along with the waste glass particle size distribution, both of which critically influence the efficiency and feasibility of recycling operations. Numerous studies have elucidated the potential of converting non-recyclable glass waste into valuable materials thanks to the up-cycling strategies, including stoneware, glass wool fibres, glass foams, glass-ceramics, and geopolymers. Among the promising alternatives for improving waste valorisation of glass, alkali-activated materials (AAMs) emerge as a solution. Waste glasses can be employed both as aggregates and as precursors, with a focus on its application as the sole raw material for synthesis. This overview systematically explores the optimisation of precursor selection from a sustainability standpoint, specifically addressing the mild alkali activation process (<3 mol/L) of waste glasses. The molecular mechanisms governing the hardening process associated with this emerging class of materials are elucidated. Formulating sustainable approaches for the valorisation of glass waste is becoming increasingly critical in response to the rising quantities of non-recyclable glass and growing priority on circular economy principles. In addition, the paper highlights the innovative prospects of alkali-activated materials derived from waste glass, emphasising their emerging roles beyond conventional structural applications. Environmentally relevant applications for alkali-activated materials are reported, including the adsorption of dyes and heavy metals, immobilisation of nuclear waste, and an innovative technique for hardening as microwave-assisted processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)
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23 pages, 2917 KB  
Review
Ceramics—The Forgotten but Essential Ingredients for a Circular Economy on the Moon
by Alex Ellery
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030107 - 22 Aug 2025
Viewed by 680
Abstract
Settlement on the Moon will require full exploitation of its resources if such settlements are to be permanent. Such in situ resource utilisation (ISRU) has primarily been focused on accessing water ice at the lunar poles and the use of raw lunar regolith [...] Read more.
Settlement on the Moon will require full exploitation of its resources if such settlements are to be permanent. Such in situ resource utilisation (ISRU) has primarily been focused on accessing water ice at the lunar poles and the use of raw lunar regolith as a compressive building material. Some work has also examined the extraction of metals, but there has been little consideration of the many useful ceramics that can be extracted from the Moon and how they may be fabricated. We introduce a strategy for full lunar industrialisation based on a circular lunar industrial ecology and examine the contribution of ceramics. We review ceramic fabrication methods but focus primarily on 3D printing approaches. The popular direct ink writing method is less suitable for the Moon and other methods require polymers which are scarce on the Moon. This turns out to be crucial, suggesting that full industrialisation of the Moon cannot be completed until the problem of ceramic fabrication is resolved, most likely in conjunction with polymer synthesis from potential carbon sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)
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20 pages, 6960 KB  
Article
Silicon-Based Solar Brick for Textile Ceramic Technology
by P. Casariego, V. Sarrablo, R. Barrientos and S. Santamaria-Fernandez
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030106 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 569
Abstract
Recent advances in prefabricated construction have enabled modular systems offering structural performance, rapid assembly, and design flexibility. Textile Ceramic Technology (TCT) integrates ceramic elements within a stainless-steel mesh, creating versatile architectural envelopes for façades, roofs, and pavements. This study investigates the integration of [...] Read more.
Recent advances in prefabricated construction have enabled modular systems offering structural performance, rapid assembly, and design flexibility. Textile Ceramic Technology (TCT) integrates ceramic elements within a stainless-steel mesh, creating versatile architectural envelopes for façades, roofs, and pavements. This study investigates the integration of silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules into TCT to develop an industrialized Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) system that maintains energy efficiency and visual coherence. Three full-scale solar brick prototypes are presented, detailing design objectives, experimental results, and conclusions. The first prototype demonstrated the feasibility of scaling small silicon PV units with good efficiency but limited aesthetic integration. The second embedded PV cells within ceramic bricks, improving aesthetics while maintaining electrical performance. Durability tests—including humidity, temperature cycling, wind, and hail impact—confirmed system stability, though structural reinforcement is needed for impact resistance. The third prototype outlines future work focusing on modularity and industrial scalability. Results confirm the technical viability of silicon PV integration in TCT, enabling active façades that generate renewable energy without compromising architectural freedom or aesthetics. This research advances industrialized, sustainable building envelopes that reduce environmental impact through distributed energy generation. Full article
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14 pages, 3371 KB  
Article
Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion of Copper Powder on Aluminum Nitride Ceramics for Power Electronic Applications
by Daniel Utsch, Timo Turowski, Christoph Hecht, Nils Thielen, Manuela Ockel, Jörg Franke and Florian Risch
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030105 - 13 Aug 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
As power electronic modules are increasingly required to provide improved heat dissipation, aluminum nitride (AlN) stands out against other ceramic materials. At the same time, more cost-efficient production of customized products demands shorter development cycles and innovative manufacturing processes. Conventional process chains in [...] Read more.
As power electronic modules are increasingly required to provide improved heat dissipation, aluminum nitride (AlN) stands out against other ceramic materials. At the same time, more cost-efficient production of customized products demands shorter development cycles and innovative manufacturing processes. Conventional process chains in power electronics are usually long and inflexible; thus, innovative ways to reduce process steps and faster prototyping are needed. Therefore, this study investigates the usage of additive manufacturing technology—laser-based powder bed fusion of metal powder (PBF-LB/M)—namely copper (Cu), on AlN substrates for power electronic applications. It is found that specific electrical conductivity values can be achieved up to 31 MS/m, and adhesion measured by shear testing reaches 15 MPa. In reliability testing, the newly produced samples exhibit a 25% decrease in adhesion after 250 cycles, which is comparatively moderate. This study shows the feasibility of PBF-LB/M of Cu powder on AlN, emphasizing its strengths and highlighting remaining weaknesses. Full article
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16 pages, 2255 KB  
Article
Mechanical Performance of Concrete with Graphene-Oxide-Treated Recycled Coarse Ceramic Aggregates: Effects on Aggregate Water Absorption and Workability
by Andrea Antolín-Rodríguez, Andrés Juan-Valdés, Manuel Ignacio Guerra-Romero, Julia María Morán-del Pozo, Rafal Krzywon, Pagona-Noni Maravelaki and Julia García-González
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030104 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 660
Abstract
The replacement of natural aggregates with recycled aggregates in concrete production has gained attention as a sustainable approach for valorizing construction and demolition waste (CDW). Although regulatory frameworks in this area remain underdeveloped, extensive research has demonstrated that acceptable mechanical and durability properties [...] Read more.
The replacement of natural aggregates with recycled aggregates in concrete production has gained attention as a sustainable approach for valorizing construction and demolition waste (CDW). Although regulatory frameworks in this area remain underdeveloped, extensive research has demonstrated that acceptable mechanical and durability properties can be achieved. However, the elevated water absorption associated with recycled materials—mainly due to residual attached mortar and increased porosity—continues to pose a challenge. When used without prior treatment, these particles absorb part of the mixing water intended for cement hydration, potentially compromising both fresh and hardened concrete performance. This study explores the use of graphene oxide (GO) nanocoating as a surface modification strategy to mitigate water absorption. Absorption test were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment, followed by the preparation of multiple concrete mixes incorporating varying substitution rates of natural aggregate with untreated and GO-treated recycled material. The mixtures were assessed for workability and compressive strength. Results indicate that GO nanocoating substantially reduces water (up to 30%) uptake and improves the overall performance of concrete containing recycled constituents, increasing its compressive strength by up to 32%, highlighting its potential as a viable pretreatment for sustainable concrete production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials for Industrial Decarbonization)
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16 pages, 8246 KB  
Article
Design and Analysis of Thermistors in Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics
by Camilla Kärnfelt and Maïna Sinou
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030103 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 294
Abstract
In this work we investigate the integration possibility of a thermistor paste from ESL (ElectroScience Laboratory, now Vibrantz) to see if it is adapted for Vibrantz Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC) L8 and A6M-E materials. An alumina-based sample is used as a reference [...] Read more.
In this work we investigate the integration possibility of a thermistor paste from ESL (ElectroScience Laboratory, now Vibrantz) to see if it is adapted for Vibrantz Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC) L8 and A6M-E materials. An alumina-based sample is used as a reference circuit throughout this study. Square, two-squares-in-parallel and two-squares-in-series thermistors are tested, placed internally and externally. Resistive values are measured in a range from 25 °C to 300 °C. The variation in the resistive values among similar thermistors is significant, with a maximum standard deviation of 67%. However, in all cases, there is a positive linear relationship between resistance and temperature. The Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) value is calculated before and after annealing. In general, the L8 and Al2O3 samples exhibit higher TCR values than the A6M-E sample. Additionally, when placed internally, the TCR value decreases approximately 30% for both tested LTCC materials. An Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) material analysis has also been conducted on the samples, revealing that the main chemical components are oxide, silicon, calcium, and ruthenium but also some barium and titanium, which indicates SiO2, TiO2, BaTiO3 and RuO2 oxides in the thermistor paste. The possibility to implement thermistors internally and externally on Vibrantz LTCC without delamination problems is endorsed by this study. Full article
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19 pages, 3316 KB  
Article
Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles: Highly Efficient Catalysts for the Biginelli Reaction
by Waleed M. Alamier, Emad M. El-Telbani, Imam Saheb Syed and Ayyob M. Bakry
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030102 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 617
Abstract
This study introduces an efficient and sustainable catalytic system utilizing cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4-NPs) for the synthesis of valuable 6-amino-2-oxo-4-phenyl (or 4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives. Recognizing the limitations of traditional methods for the Biginelli reaction, we thoroughly characterized CoFe2O [...] Read more.
This study introduces an efficient and sustainable catalytic system utilizing cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4-NPs) for the synthesis of valuable 6-amino-2-oxo-4-phenyl (or 4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives. Recognizing the limitations of traditional methods for the Biginelli reaction, we thoroughly characterized CoFe2O4-NPs, alongside individual iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) and cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO-NPs), using FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, XPS, TGA, and BET analysis. These characterizations revealed the unique structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties of CoFe2O4-NPs, including an optimized porous structure and significant bimetallic synergy between Fe and Co ions. Catalytic studies demonstrated that CoFe2O4-NPs significantly outperformed individual Fe2O3-NPs and CoO-NPs under mild conditions. While the latter only catalyzed the Knoevenagel condensation, CoFe2O4-NPs uniquely facilitated the complete Biginelli reaction. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic electronic environment within CoFe2O4-NPs, which enhances reactant activation, intermediate stabilization, and proton transfer during the multi-step reaction. This work highlights the potential of CoFe2O4-NPs as highly efficient and selective nanocatalysts for synthesizing biologically relevant 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidines, offering a greener synthetic route in organic chemistry. Full article
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9 pages, 1214 KB  
Article
The Effect of Frankincense and Myrrh on the Sealing Ability and Hardness of Glass Ionomer Cement
by Hala Hanna, Nsar Azeez, Diyar Khalid Bakr and Media Saeed
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030101 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 428
Abstract
Efforts to enhance the mechanical and physicochemical properties of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) are ongoing. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating varying concentrations of frankincense and myrrh liquids into conventional GIC on its microhardness and sealing ability. Frankincense and [...] Read more.
Efforts to enhance the mechanical and physicochemical properties of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) are ongoing. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating varying concentrations of frankincense and myrrh liquids into conventional GIC on its microhardness and sealing ability. Frankincense and myrrh liquids were prepared by dissolving 25 g of each ground resin in 50 mL of distilled water at 60 °C and allowing the solutions to stand for 8 h. Five experimental groups were evaluated: Group A (conventional GIC), Group B (15% frankincense-modified GIC), Group C (25% frankincense-modified GIC), Group D (15% myrrh-modified GIC), and Group E (25% myrrh-modified GIC). Microhardness was evaluated using a Vickers hardness tester, and sealing ability was evaluated via interfacial gap measurements using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM analysis revealed that all modified GIC groups exhibited significantly smaller interfacial gap sizes (Groups B–E: 6.1, 5.22, 5.9, and 5.34 µm, respectively) compared to conventional GIC (Group A: 6.88 µm). However, there were no statistically significant differences in microhardness among the groups (p > 0.5). The incorporation of 15% and 25% concentrations of frankincense or myrrh liquids into conventional GIC significantly improved sealing ability without compromising hardness. Full article
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42 pages, 6922 KB  
Review
A Brief Review of Atomistic Studies on BaTiO3 as a Photocatalyst for Solar Water Splitting
by Aisulu U. Abuova, Ulzhan Zh. Tolegen, Talgat M. Inerbaev, Mirat Karibayev, Balzhan M. Satanova, Fatima U. Abuova and Anatoli I. Popov
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030100 - 4 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1944
Abstract
Barium titanate (BaTiO3) has long been recognized as a promising photocatalyst for solar-driven water splitting due to its unique ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and electronic properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of atomistic simulation studies of BaTiO3, highlighting the role [...] Read more.
Barium titanate (BaTiO3) has long been recognized as a promising photocatalyst for solar-driven water splitting due to its unique ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and electronic properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of atomistic simulation studies of BaTiO3, highlighting the role of density functional theory (DFT), ab initio molecular dynamics (MD), and classical all-atom MD in exploring its photocatalytic behavior, in line with various experimental findings. DFT studies have offered valuable insights into the electronic structure, density of state, optical properties, bandgap engineering, and other features of BaTiO3, while MD simulations have enabled dynamic understanding of water-splitting mechanisms at finite temperatures. Experimental studies demonstrate photocatalytic water decomposition and certain modifications, often accompanied by schematic diagrams illustrating the principles. This review discusses the impact of doping, surface modifications, and defect engineering on enhancing charge separation and reaction kinetics. Key findings from recent computational works are summarized, offering a deeper understanding of BaTiO3’s photocatalytic activity. This study underscores the significance of advanced multiscale simulation techniques for optimizing BaTiO3 for solar water splitting and provides perspectives on future research in developing high-performance photocatalytic materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 1801 KB  
Article
The Influence of Accumulated Radiolysis Products on the Mechanisms of High-Temperature Degradation of Two-Component Lithium-Containing Ceramics
by Inesh E. Kenzhina, Saulet Askerbekov, Artem L. Kozlovskiy, Aktolkyn Tolenova, Sergei Piskunov and Anatoli I. Popov
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030099 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 881
Abstract
One of the advantages of the EPR spectroscopy method in assessing structural defects caused by irradiation is the fact that using this method it is possible to determine not only the concentration dependences of the defect structure but to also establish their type, [...] Read more.
One of the advantages of the EPR spectroscopy method in assessing structural defects caused by irradiation is the fact that using this method it is possible to determine not only the concentration dependences of the defect structure but to also establish their type, which is not possible with methods such as X-ray diffraction or scanning electron microscopy. Based on the data obtained, the role of variation in the ratio of components in Li4SiO4–Li2TiO3 ceramics on the processes of softening under high-dose irradiation with protons simulating the accumulation of hydrogen in the damaged layer, as well as the concentration of structural defects in the form of oxygen vacancies and radiolysis products on the processes of high-temperature degradation of ceramics, was determined. It was found that the main changes in the defect structure during the prolonged thermal exposure of irradiated samples are associated with the accumulation of oxygen vacancies, the density of which was estimated by the change in the intensity of singlet lithium, characterizing the presence of E-centers. At the same time, it was found that the formation of interphase boundaries in the structure of Li4SiO4–Li2TiO3 ceramics leads to the inhibition of high-temperature degradation processes in the case of post-radiation thermal exposure for a long time. Also, during the conducted studies, the role of thermal effects on the structural damage accumulation rate in Li4SiO4–Li2TiO3 ceramics was determined in the case when irradiation is carried out at different temperatures. During the experiments, it was determined that the main contribution of thermal action in the process of proton irradiation at a fluence of 5 × 1017 proton/cm2 is an increase in the concentration of radiolysis products, described by changes in the intensities of spectral maxima, characterized by the presence of defects such as ≡Si–O, SiO43− and Ti3+ defects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)
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7 pages, 396 KB  
Editorial
Recent Technological Advances in Transparent Ceramics
by Yiquan Wu
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030098 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 707
Abstract
Transparent and translucent ceramics (TCs) represent a relatively recent development in the long history of ceramics—while silicate ceramics have existed for approximately 30,000 years, transparent ceramics have been developed only within the past 65 years [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transparent Ceramics—a Theme Issue in Honor of Dr. Adrian Goldstein)
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21 pages, 3008 KB  
Article
Dry Machining of AISI 316 Steel Using Textured Ceramic Tool Inserts: Investigation of Surface Roughness and Chip Morphology
by Shailendra Pawanr and Kapil Gupta
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030097 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
Stainless steel is recognized for its excellent durability and anti-corrosion properties, which are essential qualities across various industrial applications. The machining of stainless steel, particularly under a dry environment to attain sustainability, poses several challenges. The poor heat conductivity and high ductility of [...] Read more.
Stainless steel is recognized for its excellent durability and anti-corrosion properties, which are essential qualities across various industrial applications. The machining of stainless steel, particularly under a dry environment to attain sustainability, poses several challenges. The poor heat conductivity and high ductility of stainless steel results in poor heat distribution, accelerating tool wear and problematic chip formation. To mitigate these challenges, the implementation of surface texturing has been identified as a beneficial strategy. This study investigates the impact of wave-type texturing patterns, developed on the flank surface of tungsten carbide ceramic tool inserts, on the machinability of AISI 316 stainless steel under dry cutting conditions. In this investigation, chip morphology and surface roughness were used as key indicators of machinability. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted for chip thickness, chip thickness ratio, and surface roughness, while Taguchi mono-objective optimization was applied to chip thickness. The ANOVA results showed that linear models accounted for 71.92%, 83.13%, and 82.86% of the variability in chip thickness, chip thickness ratio, and surface roughness, respectively, indicating a strong fit to the experimental data. Microscopic analysis confirmed a substantial reduction in chip thickness, with a minimum observed value of 457.64 µm. The corresponding average surface roughness Ra value 1.645 µm represented the best finish across all experimental runs, highlighting the relationship between thinner chips and enhanced surface quality. In conclusion, wave textures on the cutting tool’s flank face have the potential to facilitate the dry machining of AISI 316 stainless steel to obtain favorable machinability. Full article
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16 pages, 5071 KB  
Article
Effect of Diatomite Content in a Ceramic Paste for Additive Manufacturing
by Pilar Astrid Ramos Casas, Andres Felipe Rubiano-Navarrete, Yolanda Torres-Perez and Edwin Yesid Gomez-Pachon
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030096 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 462
Abstract
Ceramic pastes used in additive manufacturing offer several advantages, including low production costs due to the availability of raw materials and efficient processing methods, as well as a reduced environmental footprint through minimized material waste, optimized resource use, and the inclusion of recyclable [...] Read more.
Ceramic pastes used in additive manufacturing offer several advantages, including low production costs due to the availability of raw materials and efficient processing methods, as well as a reduced environmental footprint through minimized material waste, optimized resource use, and the inclusion of recyclable or sustainably sourced components. This study evaluates the effect of diatomite content in a ceramic paste composed of carboxymethyl cellulose, kaolinite, and feldspar on its extrusion behavior and thermal conductivity, with additional analysis of its implications for microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal performance. Four ceramic pastes were prepared with diatomite additions of 0, 10, 30, and 60% by weight. Thermal conductivity, extrusion behavior, morphology, and distribution were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while thermal degradation was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that increasing diatomite content leads to a reduction in thermal conductivity, which ranged from 0.719 W/(m·°C) for the control sample to 0.515 W/(m·°C) for the 60% diatomite sample, as well as an improvement in extrusion behavior. The ceramic paste demonstrated adequate extrusion performance for 3D printing at diatomite contents above 30%. These findings lay the groundwork for future research and optimization in the development of functional ceramic pastes for advanced manufacturing applications. Full article
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15 pages, 5148 KB  
Article
Effect of Kr15+ Ion Irradiation on the Structure and Properties of PSZ Ceramics
by Madi Abilev, Almira Zhilkashinova, Leszek Łatka, Alexandr Pavlov, Igor Karpov, Leonid Fedorov and Sergey Gert
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030095 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 350
Abstract
This article deals with the effect of Kr15+ ion irradiation on the structure and properties of partially stabilized zirconium dioxide (ZrO2 + 3 mol. % Y2O3) ceramics. Ion irradiation is used to simulate radiation damage typical of [...] Read more.
This article deals with the effect of Kr15+ ion irradiation on the structure and properties of partially stabilized zirconium dioxide (ZrO2 + 3 mol. % Y2O3) ceramics. Ion irradiation is used to simulate radiation damage typical of operating conditions in nuclear reactors and space technology. It is shown that with an increase in the irradiation fluence, point defects are formed, dislocations accumulate, and the crystal lattice parameters change. At high fluences (>1013 ions/cm2), a phase transition of the monoclinic (m-ZrO2) phase to the tetragonal (t-ZrO2) and cubic (c-ZrO2) modifications is observed, which is accompanied by a decrease in the crystallite size and an increase in internal stresses. Changes in the mechanical properties of the material were also observed: at moderate irradiation fluences, strengthening is observed due to the formation of dislocation structures, whereas at high fluences (>1014 ions/cm2), a decrease in strength and a potential amorphization of the structure begins. The change in the phase composition was confirmed by X-ray phase analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The results obtained allow a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of radiation-induced phase transformations in stabilized ZrO2 and can be used in the development of ceramic materials with increased radiation resistance. Full article
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20 pages, 1240 KB  
Review
Effects of Photobiomodulation in Association with Biomaterials on the Process of Guided Bone Regeneration: An Integrative Review
by Matheus Bento Medeiros Moscatel, Bruna Trazzi Pagani, Beatriz Flávia de Moraes Trazzi, Carlos Henrique Bertoni Reis, Camila Aparecida Ribeiro, Daniela Vieira Buchaim and Rogerio Leone Buchaim
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030094 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 822
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been widely studied for its regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. Its application, combined with biomaterials, is emerging as a promising strategy for promoting tissue regeneration. Considering the diversity of available evidence, this study conducted an integrative literature review, aiming to critically [...] Read more.
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been widely studied for its regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. Its application, combined with biomaterials, is emerging as a promising strategy for promoting tissue regeneration. Considering the diversity of available evidence, this study conducted an integrative literature review, aiming to critically analyze and synthesize the effects of PBM on bone tissue, particularly its potential role as an adjunct in guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures. To ensure an integrative approach, studies with different methodological designs were included, encompassing both preclinical and clinical research. The article search was performed in the digital databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, using the following search terms: “Photobiomodulation therapy” AND “guided bone regeneration”. The search was conducted from November 2024 to January 2025. A total of 85 articles were found using the presented terms; after checking the results, 11 articles were selected for this study. The remaining articles were excluded because they did not fit the proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies to date have shown preclinical models that demonstrated increased bone-volume fraction and accelerating healing. Although it has exciting potential in bone regeneration, offering a non-invasive and promising approach to promote healing and repair of damaged bone tissue, the clinical application of PBM faces challenges, such as the lack of consensus on the ideal treatment parameters. Calcium phosphate ceramics were one of the most used biomaterials in the studied associations. Further well-designed studies are necessary to clarify the effectiveness, optimal parameters, and clinical relevance of PBM in bone regeneration, in order to strengthen the current evidence base and guide its potential future use in clinical practice. Full article
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13 pages, 1881 KB  
Article
Transforming Rice Husk Ash into Road Safety: A Sustainable Approach to Glass Microsphere Production
by Ingrid Machado Teixeira, Juliano Pase Neto, Acsiel Budny, Luis Enrique Gomez Armas, Chiara Valsecchi and Jacson Weber de Menezes
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030093 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 689
Abstract
Glass microspheres are essential components in horizontal road markings due to their retroreflective properties, enhancing visibility and safety under low-light conditions. Traditionally produced from soda-lime glass made with high-purity silica from sand, their manufacturing raises environmental concerns amid growing global sand scarcity. This [...] Read more.
Glass microspheres are essential components in horizontal road markings due to their retroreflective properties, enhancing visibility and safety under low-light conditions. Traditionally produced from soda-lime glass made with high-purity silica from sand, their manufacturing raises environmental concerns amid growing global sand scarcity. This study explores the viability of rice husk ash (RHA)—a high-silica byproduct of rice processing—as a sustainable raw material for microsphere fabrication. A glass composition containing 70 wt% SiO2 was formulated using RHA and melted at 1500 °C. Microspheres were produced through flame spheroidization and characterized following the Brazilian standard NBR 16184:2021 for Type IB beads. The RHA-derived microspheres exhibited high sphericity, appropriate size distribution (63–300 μm), density of 2.42 g/cm3, and the required acid resistance. UV-Vis analysis confirmed their optical transparency, and the refractive index was measured as 1.55 ± 0.03. Retroreflectivity tests under standardized conditions revealed performance comparable to commercial counterparts. These results demonstrate the technical feasibility of replacing conventional silica with RHA in glass microsphere production, aligning with circular economy principles and promoting sustainable infrastructure. Given Brazil’s significant rice production and corresponding RHA availability, this approach offers both environmental and socio-economic benefits for road safety and material innovation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)
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12 pages, 395 KB  
Article
Effects of Translucency-Enhancing Coloring Liquids on the Mechanical Properties of 3Y- and 4Y-TZP Zirconia Ceramics
by Andreas Pfeffer, Sebastian Hahnel, Angelika Rauch and Martin Rosentritt
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030092 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 665
Abstract
The aim of translucency-enhancing liquids (TEL) is to locally influence the phase composition of zirconia in order to increase its translucency. This study aimed to determine the influence of TEL on 3Y- and 4Y-TZP zirconia concerning roughness, hardness, wear, flexural strength, dynamic stability [...] Read more.
The aim of translucency-enhancing liquids (TEL) is to locally influence the phase composition of zirconia in order to increase its translucency. This study aimed to determine the influence of TEL on 3Y- and 4Y-TZP zirconia concerning roughness, hardness, wear, flexural strength, dynamic stability and fracture force of fixed dental prostheses after thermal cycling and mechanical loading. Two zirconia materials (4Y-TZP; 3Y-TZP-LA, n = 8 per material and test) were investigated with and without prior application of TEL. Two-body wear tests were performed in a pneumatic pin-on-block design (50 N, 120,000 cycles, 1.6 Hz) with steatite balls (r = 1.5 mm) as antagonists. Mean and maximum vertical loss as well as roughness (Ra, Rz) were measured with a 3D laser-scanning microscope (KJ 3D, Keyence, J). Antagonist wear was determined as percent area of the projected antagonist area. Martens hardness (HM; ISO 14577-1) and biaxial flexural strength (BFS; ISO 6872) were investigated. The flexural fatigue limit BFSdyn was determined under cyclic loading in a staircase approach with a piston-on-three-ball-test. Thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TCML: 2 × 3000 × 5 °C/55 °C, 2 min/cycle, H2O dist., 1.2 × 106 force á 50 N) was performed on four-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) (n = 8 per group) and the fracture force after TCML was determined. Statistics: ANOVA, Bonferroni test, Kaplan–Meier survival, Pearson correlation; α = 0.05. TEL application significantly influences roughness, hardness, biaxial flexural strength, dynamic performance, as well as fracture force after TCML in 3Y-TZP. For 4Y-TZP, a distinct influence of TEL was only identified for BFS. The application of TEL on 3Y- or 4Y-TZP did not affect wear. TEL application has a strong effect on the mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP and minor effects on 4Y-TZP. All effects of the TEL application are of a magnitude that is unlikely to restrict clinical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)
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23 pages, 4707 KB  
Article
Fabrication of Novel Hybrid Al-SiC-ZrO2 Composites via Powder Metallurgy Route and Intelligent Modeling for Their Microhardness
by Pallab Sarmah, Shailendra Pawanr and Kapil Gupta
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030091 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 599
Abstract
In this work, the development of Al-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) is achieved using hybrid SiC and ZrO2 reinforcement particles for automotive applications. Powder metallurgy (PM) is employed with various combinations of important process parameters for the fabrication of MMCs. MMCs were [...] Read more.
In this work, the development of Al-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) is achieved using hybrid SiC and ZrO2 reinforcement particles for automotive applications. Powder metallurgy (PM) is employed with various combinations of important process parameters for the fabrication of MMCs. MMCs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and a microhardness study. All XRD graphs adequately exhibit Al, SiC, and ZrO2 peaks, indicating that the hybrid MMC products were satisfactorily fabricated with appropriate mixing and sintering at all the considered fabrication conditions. Also, no impurity peaks were observed, confirming high composite purity. MMC products in all the XRD patterns, suitable for the desired applications. According to the SEM investigation, SiC and ZrO2 reinforcement components are uniformly scattered throughout Al matrix in all produced MMC products. The occurrence of Al, Si, C, Zr, and O in EDS spectra demonstrates the effectiveness of composite ball milling and sintering under all manufacturing conditions. Moreover, an increase in interfacial bonding of fabricated composites at a higher sintering temperature indicated improved physical properties of the developed MMCs. The highest microhardness value is 86.6 HVN amid all the fabricated composites at 7% silica, 14% zirconium dioxide, 500° sintering temperature, 90 min sintering time, and 60 min milling time. An integrated Particle Swarm Optimization–Support Vector Machine (PSO-SVM) model was developed to predict microhardness based on the input parameters. The model demonstrated strong predictive performance, as evidenced by low values of various statistical metrics for both training and testing datasets, highlighting the PSO-SVM model’s robustness and generalization capability. Specifically, the model achieved a coefficient of determination of 0.995 and a root mean square error of 0.920 on the training set, while on the testing set, it attained a coefficient of determination of 0.982 and a root mean square error of 1.557. These results underscore the potential of the PSO-SVM framework, which can be effectively leveraged to optimize process parameters for achieving targeted microhardness levels for the developed Al-SiC-ZrO2 Composites. Full article
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18 pages, 7056 KB  
Article
Control of the SiC Polytypes in SiC Bonded Diamond Materials
by Mathias Herrmann, Jesus Andres Quintana Freire, Björn Matthey, Steffen Kunze and Sören Höhn
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030090 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 2516
Abstract
Silicon carbide-bonded diamond materials produced by pressureless reaction infiltration of diamond preforms have high wear resistance and thermal conductivity, making them ideal for a range of industrial applications. During infiltration, the Si is typically converted to cubic β-SiC. The aim of the work [...] Read more.
Silicon carbide-bonded diamond materials produced by pressureless reaction infiltration of diamond preforms have high wear resistance and thermal conductivity, making them ideal for a range of industrial applications. During infiltration, the Si is typically converted to cubic β-SiC. The aim of the work was to investigate the extent to which the formation of hexagonal α-SiC can be achieved by adding α-SiC or AlN nuclei to the preform. Detailed microstructural investigations using XRD, high-resolution FE-SEM, and EBSD analyses show that both AlN and SiC serve as nuclei for α-SiC. Regardless of this, a large proportion of β-SiC forms on the surface of the diamonds. However, the added nuclei change the structure of the SiC framework that forms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)
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12 pages, 7936 KB  
Article
Synergistic Effects of SiCw and Ni Addition on the Densification and Mechanical Properties of (M0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2V0.2Nb0.2)B2 (M=Hf, Zr, or Cr) High-Entropy Ceramics
by Hongya Wu, Jianxin Sun, Jiaqi Zhang, Junshuai Chen, Zhigang Yang, Yubo Gong, Guoqiang Qin, Gang Yu and Shengya He
Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030089 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 403
Abstract
The improvement of densification and fracture toughness in high-entropy ceramics is important to realizing their practical applications. In this study, SiC whiskers and metal Ni additions were incorporated to solve these problems of high-entropy boride ceramics. The influence of sintering temperatures (1450–1650 °C) [...] Read more.
The improvement of densification and fracture toughness in high-entropy ceramics is important to realizing their practical applications. In this study, SiC whiskers and metal Ni additions were incorporated to solve these problems of high-entropy boride ceramics. The influence of sintering temperatures (1450–1650 °C) on the densification, microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness, and bending strength of (M0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2V0.2Nb0.2)B2-SiCw-Ni (M=Hf, Zr, or Cr) composites prepared by hot-pressing technology were studied. Results showed that when SiC whiskers and metal Ni additions were used as additives, increasing sintering temperatures from 1450 to 1600 °C promoted the densification of high-entropy boride ceramics. This was mainly attributed to the high sintering driving force. However, when the temperature further increased to 1650 °C, their densification behavior decreased. At a sintering temperature of 1600 °C, these high-entropy borides ceramics all had the highest densification behavior, leading to their high hardness and fracture toughness. The highest relative density was 96.3%, the highest hardness was 22.02 GPa, and the highest fracture toughness was 13.25 MPa·m1/2, which was improved by the co-function of SiC whiskers and plastic metal Ni. Meanwhile, in the adopted sintering temperature range of 1450 to 1650 °C, the highest bending strength at room temperature of these high-entropy boride ceramics could reach 320.8 MPa. Therefore, this research offers an effective densification, strengthening, and toughening method for high-entropy boride composites at a low sintering temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior and Reliability of Engineering Ceramics)
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