Microalgae Polysaccharides: An Alternative Source for Food Production and Sustainable Agriculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microalgae Polysaccharides
2.1. Producing Species and Types of Polysaccharides
2.2. Cultivation Conditions to Increase the Concentration of Polysaccharides
3. Applications of Microalgae Polysaccharides
3.1. Food Sector
3.2. Animal Feed
3.3. Sustainable Agriculture
4. Future Work and Opportunities
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Monosaccharides and polysaccharides | Chemical Structure | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Glucose (C6H12O6) | α-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose | EPS from cyanobacteria | [16] |
Fucose (C6H12O5) | D-Fucose L-Fucose | EPS from Charophyta | [16] |
Uronic acids (Cn(H2O)n) | Manuronic acid Galacturonic acid Glucuronic acid | EPS from Charophyta | [16] |
Xylose (C5H10O5) | D-Xylose L-Xylose | EPS from Rhodophyta and cyanobacteria | [16] |
Galactose (C6H12O6) | D-galactose L-Galactose | EPS from Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and cyanobacteria | [16] |
Cellulose (C6H10O5)n | | Cell wall of microalgae | [30] |
Hemicellulose (C5H8O4)n or (C6H10O5)n | | Cell wall of microalgae | [30] |
β-glucan (C18H32O16) | | Euglena gracilis and Chlorella sp. | [31,32] |
Microalga | Culture Medium | Cultivation Conditions | Substrate | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella sorokiniana and Botryococcus braunii | BG-11 medium | Carbon (Na2CO3) and nitrogen (NaNO3) content in the culture medium | - | Lower concentrations of Na2CO3 (0.02 g L−1) and (NaNO3) (0.2 g L−1) promoted higher EPS production in Chlorella minutissima (0.245 g L−1), Chlorella sorokiniana (0.163 g L−1) and Botryococcus braunii (0.117g L−1) | [36] |
Neochloris oleoabundans | Modified medium SE | Carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, nitrogen limitation | Glucose, galactose, maltose, lactose and sucrose | The use of 20 g L−1 of glucose and 12 mM of NaNO3 (low N concentration) were favorable to the production of polysaccharides. | [37] |
Porphyridium purpureum | ASW medium with low carbon/nitrogen ratio (LC/N), medium carbon/nitrogen ratio (MC/N) and high carbon/nitrogen ratio (HC/N) | C/N ratio | - | HC/N and MC/N resulted in higher EPS production (around 1.75 g L−1). Higher C/N ratios stimulated the production of this molecule. | [38] |
Porphyridium sordidum and Porphyridium purpureum | Artificial sea water | Different wavelengths—blue light (430 nm); combination of lights green/yellow/orange (572/625/640 nm), orange/red (660/780 nm) and white light (combination of all) | - | White light was the most suitable for the production of polysaccharides (Porphyridium sordidum (0.10 g L−1) and Porphyridium purpureum (0.14 g L−1) | [39] |
Botryococcus braunii | Zehnder medium | Light intensity and nitrogen concentration | - | Higher production of polysaccharides at higher light intensities (650–950 μmol m−2 s−1) and nitrogen concentration of 6 mM, supplied as potassium nitrate. | [40] |
Chlorella vulgaris | BG-11 medium | Light intensity and temperature | - | Accumulation of 32.7% of polysaccharides under the conditions of 65 μmol m−2 s−1 and 28 °C. | [41] |
Chlorella sp. | MLA medium | Different sources of carbon and salinity | Methanol, ethanol, sucrose, glucose, sodium acetate, glycine, sodium bicarbonate. | Higher production of polysaccharides (0.01g L−1) with microalgae cultured with glucose and sucrose. When increasing salinity from 0.1% to 3.5%, EPS concentrations increased 2-fold. | [42] |
Spirulina sp. | Zarrouk médium | Light intensity and NaCl concentration | - | Light intensity did not affect polysaccharide production. High concentration of NaCl (40 g L−1) increased the production of EPS (1.02 g g−1 of biomass). | [43] |
Chlorella sp. | BG-11 medium | Light intensity. Mixotrophic cultivation | Glucose | Light intensity of 65 µmol m−2 s−1 and glucose concentration of up to 1% w v−1 improved EPS yields (1.46 g L−1) in semi-continuous culture. | [44] |
Botryococcus braunii | BG-11 and D medium | Influence of nitrogen concentration and salinity of culture media | - | EPS production was higher in medium D (0.549 g L−1) than in BG11 (0.336 g L−1). Influence of lower N concentration and higher salinity of medium D (NaNO3 = 0.689 g L−1 and NaCl = 0.008 g L−1) | [45] |
Microalgae | Application | Polysaccharide | Main Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella vulgaris | Food sector | Native and modified forms of polysaccharides as dietary prebiotics | Prebiotic score was 6.93 ± 0.05 and Chlorella vulgaris was 2.54 ± 0.02, results significantly high compared to the control (−1.35 ± 0.04). | [58] |
Anabaena sp. CCC 745 | Food sector | Cyanobacteria exopolysaccharides | Exopolysaccharides exhibited pseudoplastic fluid behavior, and significant antioxidant and scavenging activity. | [59] |
Porfyridium sp. | Food sector | Exopolysaccharides of red microalga | Exopolysaccharides showed intrinsic viscosity higher than the values reported in the literature for hydrocolloids. | [60] |
Lyngbya stagnina | Food sector | Cyanobacteria exopolysaccharides | Exopolysaccharides showed non-Newtonian behavior, pseudoplastic, and stable viscosity. Results similar to commercial Xanthan gum. | [61] |
Nannochloropsis oceanica | Food sector | Cellulose nanofibrils from Nannochloropsis | Cellulose nanofibrils with 3–4 GPA tensile strength, being similar or higher than other general packaging reinforcements currently applied. | [62] |
Arthrospira platensis, Dunaliella salina, Porphyridium sp. | Agriculture | Polysaccharides extracts used for irrigation | Polysaccharides extracts in tomato plants improved significantly the nodes number, shoot dry weight, and shoot length compared to control. | [63] |
Nostoc commune, Scytonema javanicum, and Phormidium ambiguum | Agriculture | Cyanobacteria exopolysaccharides | Polysaccharidic matrix produced by different cyanobacteria can influence their growth in soil. | [64] |
Nostoc sp., Phormidium sp., and Scytonema arcangeli | Agriculture | Tacki-SprayTM (TKS7), which consists of bio-polysaccharides and tackifiers, was used as a soil fixing agent. | Combined application of cyanobacteria with soil fixing chemicals can rapidly develop cyanobacterial crust formation in the field within 12 months. | [65] |
Phormidium tenue | Agriculture | Crude polysaccharide synthesized by Phormidium tenue | The polysaccharide significantly increased seed germination and metabolic activity of the seedling of the shrub Caragana korshinskii. | [66] |
Spirulina platensis | Animal feed | Spirulina platensis crude polysaccharides | Spirulina platensis polysaccharides attenuate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disorder in high-sucrose and high-fat diet-fed rats. | [67] |
Spirulina platensis | Animal feed | Sulfated polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis | In vitro antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and Zebrafish growth and reproductive performance. | [68] |
Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Animal feed | Chlorella pyrenoidosa polysaccharides | Chlorella pyrenoidosa polysaccharides levels had a positive effect on the specific growth rate of the Trachemys scripta elegans. | [69] |
Spirulina platensis | Animal feed | Polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis | Chemo- and radio-protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on hemopoietic system of mice and dogs. | [70] |
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Moreira, J.B.; Vaz, B.d.S.; Cardias, B.B.; Cruz, C.G.; Almeida, A.C.A.d.; Costa, J.A.V.; Morais, M.G.d. Microalgae Polysaccharides: An Alternative Source for Food Production and Sustainable Agriculture. Polysaccharides 2022, 3, 441-457. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3020027
Moreira JB, Vaz BdS, Cardias BB, Cruz CG, Almeida ACAd, Costa JAV, Morais MGd. Microalgae Polysaccharides: An Alternative Source for Food Production and Sustainable Agriculture. Polysaccharides. 2022; 3(2):441-457. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3020027
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoreira, Juliana Botelho, Bruna da Silva Vaz, Bruna Barcelos Cardias, Camila Gonzales Cruz, Ana Claudia Araujo de Almeida, Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa, and Michele Greque de Morais. 2022. "Microalgae Polysaccharides: An Alternative Source for Food Production and Sustainable Agriculture" Polysaccharides 3, no. 2: 441-457. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3020027