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6 pages, 1759 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Real-Time Estimation Method of Soil-Bucket Interaction of an Autonomous Excavator via Marching Cube and Constructive Solid Geometry Methods

by Fattah Hanafi Sheikhha and Jaho Seo

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12903 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1093

Abstract

In this paper, a combination of marching cubes and the constructive solid geometry method were merged to develop a simple, fast, and accurate method to estimate the shape of the soil in addition to the volume of the soil in the bucket during [...] Read more.

In this paper, a combination of marching cubes and the constructive solid geometry method were merged to develop a simple, fast, and accurate method to estimate the shape of the soil in addition to the volume of the soil in the bucket during the digging process of an autonomous excavator. A simulation test was designed to verify the proposed method. The result of the implemented software simulation was compared with the analytical solution to validate the accuracy of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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7 pages, 1787 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analysis and Simulation of Loading Impact Damping Characteristics for Two-Stage Pressure Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension of a Mining Dump Truck

by Gangfeng Wang, Yunxi Zhang, Xuefeng Suo and Xiang Liu

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12904 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1549

Abstract

The high load capacity and the harsh working environment of mining dump trucks require suspension structures with good damping properties and simple structures. Hydro-pneumatic suspensions are widely used due to their non-linear stiffness and damping characteristics, which allow them to adapt to changes [...] Read more.

The high load capacity and the harsh working environment of mining dump trucks require suspension structures with good damping properties and simple structures. Hydro-pneumatic suspensions are widely used due to their non-linear stiffness and damping characteristics, which allow them to adapt to changes in external load excitation. To solve the problem of the high stiffness of the vehicle under loading impact conditions, which leads to easy damage to the suspension and tire components, a two-stage pressure hydro-pneumatic suspension system is designed to meet the needs of the new vehicle based on the single-chamber hydro-pneumatic suspension. The 1/4 hydro-pneumatic suspension of a mining dump truck is applied as the research object. By comparing the pressure, dynamic deflection, and acceleration of the two types of suspension cylinders through simulation and experiment, respectively, the damping characteristics of the two-stage pressure hydro-pneumatic suspension system during the loading process are obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 1256 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Influence of Silicon Carbide Abrasive on Machining of Ti-6Al-4V by AWJ

by Lisa Dekster, Nikolaos E. Karkalos, Ryszard Machnik, Panagiotis Karmiris-Obratański, Emmanouil L. Papazoglou and Angelos P. Markopoulos

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12894 - 15 Sep 2022

Viewed by 755

Abstract

During Abrasive Waterjet (AWJ) machining of hard-to-cut materials, apart from other important process parameters, the properties of the abrasive material can considerably influence the outcome. In this research, the efficiency of silicon carbide as an abrasive on the geometrical characteristics of the kerf [...] Read more.

During Abrasive Waterjet (AWJ) machining of hard-to-cut materials, apart from other important process parameters, the properties of the abrasive material can considerably influence the outcome. In this research, the efficiency of silicon carbide as an abrasive on the geometrical characteristics of the kerf is investigated. Slots were machined on a Ti-6Al-4V workpiece under various conditions and the Taguchi method was used to design the experiment. The findings indicate that SiC abrasives are effective for machining titanium alloys and the appropriate regulation of process parameters can considerably affect both the geometric characteristics of the kerf and productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 2871 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of an Autonomous Flying Excavator

by Arif Mehmood Zaman and Jaho Seo

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12909 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1423

Abstract

In the construction industry, excavation is a difficult task that needs to be automated to save on resources such as cost, time, and labor. In this paper, a prototype of an excavating drone is presented which can operate totally autonomously without human interaction. [...] Read more.

In the construction industry, excavation is a difficult task that needs to be automated to save on resources such as cost, time, and labor. In this paper, a prototype of an excavating drone is presented which can operate totally autonomously without human interaction. The navigation control is achieved with Pixhawk flight controller and ARDUPILOT Mission Planner is used for path planning. A drone platform is integrated with an excavating arm that can exert 42 N of force to dig and lift the soil. A sensing algorithm is also developed by using the 3D depth camera integrated into the platform for a fully autonomous operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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7 pages, 2088 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Energy Saving in an Autonomous Excavator via Parallel Actuators Design and PSO-Based Excavation Path Generation

by Omid Ahmadi Khiyavi, Jaho Seo and Xianke Lin

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12896 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1568

Abstract

An autonomous excavator can be a good solution in the construction industry to deal with existing issues such as high labor costs and harsh and hazardous environmental conditions. To increase energy efficiency for autonomous excavators, this study proposes two approaches. First, a new [...] Read more.

An autonomous excavator can be a good solution in the construction industry to deal with existing issues such as high labor costs and harsh and hazardous environmental conditions. To increase energy efficiency for autonomous excavators, this study proposes two approaches. First, a new and unique design with parallel arm and bucket actuators is proposed for an electric excavator manipulator. Since the three actuators of the boom, arm, and bucket are in series for the conventional design of excavators, it is difficult to share external loads between them. However, a parallel configuration of the arm and bucket actuators in the proposed new design can facilitate load sharing and overcome higher external loads. By replacing hydraulic actuators with electric linear actuators, this design also reduces energy consumption during idling. Moreover, with low back drivability, the electric linear actuators can handle relatively high external forces without spending energy while not in motion. Secondly, a PSO-based path-generation algorithm was developed for autonomous excavation to minimize energy consumption while avoiding collisions with unwanted obstacles. In the PSO algorithm, it is possible to change the priorities of the elements to the minimum by adjusting the gains in the cost function. Two scenarios—scenarios with and without considering energy saving—were considered to test the performance of the developed algorithm, with the results between the scenarios compared. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduces energy consumption in each digging cycle by 18.51%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 2684 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Research on the Assembly Sequence Planning of a Construction Machinery Drive Axle Based on Semantic Knowledge

by Gangfeng Wang, Tao Li and Dong Zhang

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12890 - 15 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1095

Abstract

The assembly process is one of the most important spots in the process of product production. A reasonable assembly sequence can not only reduce the assembly workload but also reduce the manufacturing cost of products. Therefore, this paper proposes a product assembly sequence [...] Read more.

The assembly process is one of the most important spots in the process of product production. A reasonable assembly sequence can not only reduce the assembly workload but also reduce the manufacturing cost of products. Therefore, this paper proposes a product assembly sequence planning method based on the semantic process. First of all, a research framework of product assembly sequence planning based on semantic process knowledge was constructed by analyzing the requirement of product assembly sequence planning for assembly process semantic knowledge. Secondly, an assembly semantic process knowledge information model was proposed. Based on this, assembly sequence planning ontology and SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) assembly semantic rules were constructed in Protege software. Thirdly, an iterative modification method for inferring the sequence of an atypical sub-assembly group was designed. Finally, taking the assembly sequence planning process of the drive axle of construction machinery as an example, the construction method of the assembly semantic process knowledge information model and the assembly sequence planning decision technology in this thesis were applied to verify the reliability of the information model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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7 pages, 1545 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluating Liquid Influence on Low-Cost Piezoelectric Transducer Response for Elastic Emission Machining Monitoring

by Thiago Glissoi Lopes, Leonardo Darri Freire, Pedro Augusto da Cunha, Paulo Roberto Aguiar and Thiago Valle França

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12910 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 913

Abstract

Elastic emission machining (EEM) is a finishing process for the surface of parts. In the EEM of ceramic parts, the part is submerged into a liquid interface that contains abrasive particles, and then a spindle rotates a spheric tool rapidly, forcing the abrasive [...] Read more.

Elastic emission machining (EEM) is a finishing process for the surface of parts. In the EEM of ceramic parts, the part is submerged into a liquid interface that contains abrasive particles, and then a spindle rotates a spheric tool rapidly, forcing the abrasive particles into contact with the ceramic surface part. Due to the fact that it is a finishing process, the part that goes through EEM has a high aggregated value compared to previous machining processes. Thus, with the monitoring of this process, failures that would cause the parts to be discarded can be detected. One of the most preeminent non-intrusive methods of machining-process monitoring is the digital processing of in situ acquired acoustic emission (AE) signals. In recent published papers, a low-cost piezoelectric transducer has shown great results as an alternative to traditional AE sensors when applied in the monitoring of other machining processes such as grinding and dressing. Among the methods of evaluating a sensor’s response, the pencil lead break (PLB) method has shown to be effective when applied to different workpieces and low-cost transducers. The present work aims to evaluate the submerged influence on the low-cost piezoelectric transducer response by means of the PLB method for EEM monitoring. The results obtained show that there is great influence on the signal obtained when the piezoelectric transducer is in contact with the liquid interface. The results also show that the influence is more preeminent on certain frequency values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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9 pages, 3134 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Approach for Precise Distance Measuring Using Ultrasonic Sensors

by Fuad Aliew

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12901 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7387

Abstract

Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used as affordable methods to measure distance in industry. However, the accuracy of their measurements is often low, especially when inexpensive sensors and reasonably low-priced equipment are used. In this article, a low-cost ultrasonic-sensor module which is used for [...] Read more.

Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used as affordable methods to measure distance in industry. However, the accuracy of their measurements is often low, especially when inexpensive sensors and reasonably low-priced equipment are used. In this article, a low-cost ultrasonic-sensor module which is used for threshold-detection techniques is examined. Several numerical techniques, such as the least square method (LSM), piecewise LSM, and the Vandermonde method were applied to the sensor data to increase the accuracy of the distance measurement. Eventually, the smart filter signal detection algorithm was applied to the sensor data and the results were compared. The smart-filter-signal-detection algorithm provides 0.4-millimeter accuracy. In order to achieve this accuracy, the environment temperature is taken into account. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 2309 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Studying the Dynamics of a Vibratory Finishing Machine Providing the Single-Sided Lapping and Polishing of Flat Surfaces

by Vitaliy Korendiy, Oleksandr Kachur, Viktor Zakharov and Igor Kuzio

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12898 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1159

Abstract

The improved design of a vibratory lapping machine is developed in the SolidWorks software on the basis of a suspended double-mass oscillatory system. The system is set into motion by three pairs of electromagnets generating periodic excitation forces applied between the upper and [...] Read more.

The improved design of a vibratory lapping machine is developed in the SolidWorks software on the basis of a suspended double-mass oscillatory system. The system is set into motion by three pairs of electromagnets generating periodic excitation forces applied between the upper and lower laps. By adopting the same forced frequencies and the specific phase shifts of the excitation forces, we aim to produce antiphase translational (circular) oscillations of the laps. In such a case, the best accuracy and operational efficiency of the lapping (polishing) process can be reached. The present research is aimed at analyzing the dynamic behavior of the lapping machine’s oscillatory system. In particular, the motion trajectories of the laps, as well as their kinematic characteristics (displacements, velocities, and accelerations) are considered. The mathematical model of the oscillatory system is developed using the Euler–Lagrange equations. The numerical modelling of the system motion is performed in the Mathematica software using the Runge–Kutta methods. The computer simulation of the laps oscillations is conducted in the SolidWorks software under different friction conditions. The experimental prototype of the vibratory lapping machine was tested in the Vibroengineering Laboratory of Lviv Polytechnic National University. The possibility of generating controllable translational (circular) oscillations of the laps is theoretically studied and experimentally confirmed. Further investigations on the subject of the present paper could focus on the physical-mechanical and technological parameters (surface flatness, roughness, hardness, wear resistance, etc.) obtained through the lapping and polishing processes using the proposed vibratory finishing machine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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8 pages, 2125 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Innovative Design of a Hydraulic Press Mobile Station Based on TRIZ Theory

by Gangfeng Wang and Pu Huang

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12889 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1622

Abstract

Aiming at the problems of the moving stability of the mobile station of the hydraulic press, the reliability of the mobile station clamping during the workpiece forging process, and the force requirements of the mobile station, an innovative design of the hydraulic press [...] Read more.

Aiming at the problems of the moving stability of the mobile station of the hydraulic press, the reliability of the mobile station clamping during the workpiece forging process, and the force requirements of the mobile station, an innovative design of the hydraulic press mobile station based on the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) is proposed. Firstly, the hydraulic press process model is established, and the overall process of the hydraulic press is transformed into a system function analysis model composed of multiple components, in order to determine the root cause of the problem of the hydraulic press under different working conditions and then define the innovative design goals that need to be improved. Then, the function model is pruned, and the function model is improved. The technical scheme is obtained by using the technology conflict matrix and the Su-Field Model. Finally, the obtained scheme is analyzed in combination with the actual technical requirements of the hydraulic machine mobile workbench system. The results show that the proposed scheme can not only meet the working requirements of the hydraulic press but also improve the stress of the support structure, which can provide a new idea for the structural design of the mobile workbench of the hydraulic press. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 1776 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Printing Speed and Layer Height on Geometrical Accuracy of FDM-Printed Resolution Holes of PETG Artifacts

by Vasiliki E. Alexopoulou, Ioannis T. Christodoulou and Angelos P. Markopoulos

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12887 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1300

Abstract

Poly ethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)-filament gives excellent layer adhesion, thus it is widely used in fused deposition modeling (FDM). To achieve process repeatability, process parameters and product geometrical accuracy should be correlated. However, the studies of geometrical accuracy are limited. In this study, [...] Read more.

Poly ethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)-filament gives excellent layer adhesion, thus it is widely used in fused deposition modeling (FDM). To achieve process repeatability, process parameters and product geometrical accuracy should be correlated. However, the studies of geometrical accuracy are limited. In this study, PETG-holes are FDM-printed, according to ISO ASTM 52902-2021 standard. The holes have diameters of 4 mm, 3 mm, 2 mm, 1 mm and 0.5 mm and are built with different printing speeds (20 mm/s, 50 mm/s and 80 mm/s) and layer heights (0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm). The hole-diameter measurements are obtained by a microscope and computer vision. The results are then analyzed statistically and commented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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7 pages, 3080 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Critical View on the Partial Discharge Models for Various Electrical Machines’ Insulation Materials

by Dimosthenis Verginadis, Tryfon Iakovidis, Athanasios Karlis, Michael Danikas and Jose-Alfonso Antonino-Daviu

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12886 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 812

Abstract

Synchronous generators (SGs) play a vital role in energy production as well as in the industry. Their insulation system, where epoxy resin and mica dominate among the most common insulation materials, plays the most significant role in proper operation of a SG and [...] Read more.

Synchronous generators (SGs) play a vital role in energy production as well as in the industry. Their insulation system, where epoxy resin and mica dominate among the most common insulation materials, plays the most significant role in proper operation of a SG and in extending its lifetime. Epoxy resin and mica have characteristics, which make them very good materials for a reliable SG insulation. Partial discharges (PDs) are one of the most serious problems, because they can cause problems on the SG insulation. PDs are both a symptom of insulation degradation and a means to identify possible insulation faults. Thus, it is very important to detect PDs with offline or/and online PD Tests. A comparison of different MATLAB/Simulink PD models of PDs occurring in insulation materials is presented in this paper. Epoxy resin, mica, and a combination of these two insulation materials are used for simulations in order to investigate factors, such as the applied voltage and the geometry of a void inside the insulation, and how these affect the condition of the materials and are related to PDs and flashover voltages, which may also appear in electrical machines’ insulation. The aforementioned factors are examined in order to evaluate which of the materials is affected the most and which one is the most proper for SGs’ insulation system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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8 pages, 1675 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reliability Analysis of Hydraulic System of a Tunnel-Erecting Machine Based on Dynamic Fault Tree and Bayesian Network

by Gangfeng Wang, Junkang Yang and Runfeng Hou

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12888 - 15 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1158

Abstract

Prefabricated utility tunnels play an important role in modern urban infrastructure construction. However, prefabricated utility tunnel segments are heavy, and the hoisting conditions are complicated, resulting in increased requirements in terms of the reliability of the equipment used for the erection and paving [...] Read more.

Prefabricated utility tunnels play an important role in modern urban infrastructure construction. However, prefabricated utility tunnel segments are heavy, and the hoisting conditions are complicated, resulting in increased requirements in terms of the reliability of the equipment used for the erection and paving of utility tunnels, especially the hydraulic system of tunnel-erecting machines. Therefore, in this study, we performed reliability analysis of the hydraulic system of a tunnel-erecting machine. First, the working principle of the tunnel-erecting machine and its hydraulic system is analyzed, and a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) dynamic fault tree model is constructed using the T-S dynamic fault tree analysis method, which is further transformed into a Bayesian network (BN) model. Secondly, according to the failure probability of the root node, combined with the BN conditional probability table (CPT), the failure probability of the leaf nodes of the hydraulic system of the tunnel-erecting machine in each time period and task time is forwardly inferred. Then, through the quantitative analysis of the sensitivity parameters in the BN analysis method, the importance of the components in the system can be reflected. Finally, the posterior probability of failure of the root node of the hydraulic system is calculated through the reverse reasoning of the BN analysis method, and the sensitive components of the system are identified. The results show that the proposed method can determine the main factors affecting the hydraulic system of a tunnel-erecting machine and provide reference for the safe operation of such equipment, as well as system maintenance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 1887 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Virtual Model-Based Trajectory Optimization Algorithm for Aliquoting Robotic System

by Larisa Rybak, Dmitry Malyshev and Vladislav Cherkasov

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12911 - 21 Sep 2022

Viewed by 776

Abstract

This work was devoted to the optimization of the trajectory of a robotic system for aliquoting biosamples, consisting of serial and parallel manipulators. The optimization consisted of two stages. At the first stage, we considered the optimization constraints associated with the workspace, taking [...] Read more.

This work was devoted to the optimization of the trajectory of a robotic system for aliquoting biosamples, consisting of serial and parallel manipulators. The optimization consisted of two stages. At the first stage, we considered the optimization constraints associated with the workspace, taking into account the ranges of permissible values of the angles of the drive rotational joints, the link interference, and the singularities. The workspace in the space of input and output coordinates was represented as a partially ordered set of integers. At the second stage, constraints were formed related to the objects in the workspace during the aliquoting process, such as the body of the robotic system, test tubes, and racks. The condition for excluding collisions of the manipulator with other objects was provided by the geometric decomposition of objects and the exclusion of areas corresponding to external objects from the set describing the workspace of the manipulator. Optimization was performed in the space of input coordinates. The objective function was proportional to the duration of movement along the trajectory. The possibility of applying evolutionary algorithms to solve this problem is analyzed. An assessment of the performance is given. The optimization and export of the resulting trajectory were implemented in software, which enabled verification of the optimization results on a virtual model. The simulation results are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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5 pages, 864 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Accuracy and Repeatability of Thread Measurements Using Replication Techniques

by Anna Bazan

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12885 - 15 Sep 2022

Viewed by 964

Abstract

One of the important problems in verifying the dimensional and geometrical accuracy of products is measuring in difficult-to-reach places. One of the non-destructive measurement methods is the indirect measurement, using the replication technique. This study aimed to determine whether the error values of [...] Read more.

One of the important problems in verifying the dimensional and geometrical accuracy of products is measuring in difficult-to-reach places. One of the non-destructive measurement methods is the indirect measurement, using the replication technique. This study aimed to determine whether the error values of the measurements with the use of replicates depend on the thread parameter being checked. Two types of replica materials were used in the study—one in initial liquid consistency, and the other in paste form. The replicas obtained were cut into slices. Their profiles were measured on an iNEXIV VMA-2520 metrology system. The thread parameters measured were: thread angle, thread height, pitch and root radius. To assess the accuracy of the replica measurements, the results obtained were compared with the values from the direct measurement of the thread. The repeatability of the replicas in the context of measuring a given parameter was examined using the analysis of means. Irrespective of the replica material used, the largest errors in comparison with direct measurement were recorded for the thread angle. Measurements of this parameter were also characterized by the lowest repeatability. For the other parameters analyzed, the relative error was usually less than 1.5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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12 pages, 2489 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

New Transfer Learning Approach Based on a CNN for Fault Diagnosis

by Alasmer Ibrahim, Fatih Anayi and Michael Packianather

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12905 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1257

Abstract

Induction motors operate in difficult environments in the industry. Monitoring the performance of motors in such circumstances is significant, which can provide a reliable operation system. This paper intends to develop a new model for fault diagnosis based on the knowledge of transfer [...] Read more.

Induction motors operate in difficult environments in the industry. Monitoring the performance of motors in such circumstances is significant, which can provide a reliable operation system. This paper intends to develop a new model for fault diagnosis based on the knowledge of transfer learning using the ImageNet dataset. The development of this framework provides a novel technique for the diagnosis of single and multiple induction motor faults. A transfer learning model based on a VGG-19 convolutional neural network (CNN) was implemented, which provided a quick and fast training process with higher accuracy. Thermal images with different induction motor conditions were captured with the help of an FLIR camera and applied as inputs to investigate the proposed model. The implementation of this task involved the use of a VGG-19 CNN-based pre-trained network, which provides autonomous features learning based on minimum human intervention. Next, a dense-connected classifier was applied to predict the true class. The experimental results confirmed the robustness and reliability of the developed technique, which was successfully able to classify the induction motor faults, achieving a classification accuracy of 99.8%. The use of a VGG-19 network allowed the attributes to be automatically extracted and associated with the decision-making part. Furthermore, this model was further compared with other applications based on related topics; it successfully proved its superiority and robustness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 6249 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of Vision Algorithms to the Problem of Recognizing the Level of Blood in an Aliquoting Tube Biosample

by Dmitry Gavrilov, Artem Voloshkin, Larisa Rybak and Dmitry Malyshev

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12912 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 870

Abstract

This work is devoted to the analysis of the application of object detection algorithms for recognizing the level of blood in a test tube. Based on the initial data and data received from the sensory system, pattern recognition is performed and decisions are [...] Read more.

This work is devoted to the analysis of the application of object detection algorithms for recognizing the level of blood in a test tube. Based on the initial data and data received from the sensory system, pattern recognition is performed and decisions are made to complete the task. It is necessary to control the level of the liquid being determined in the test tube to solve the technological problems of biomaterial aliquoting. In this case, it should be taken into account that the liquid has two fractions that differ in color: a blood clot and serum. The glare of the tube surface and lighting features should also be taken into account. These factors greatly complicate the operation of the vision system. Software in the Python language has been developed that implements the ability of a vision system to recognize the level of blood in test tubes and visualize the recognized blood level in several ways: contour selection, dot marking, and color filtering. The developed methods are supposed to be applied for biosample aliquoting using a delta robot in a multirobotic system, which will increase the productivity of ongoing biomedical research through the application of new technical solutions and principles of intelligent robotics. The visualized results of the work of the programs under consideration are presented, and an assessment of the quality of recognition implementation is given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 1122 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Retrofit of a Heat Pump Unit

by Miguel Catarino, Pedro Barandier and Antonio J. Marques Cardoso

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12902 - 15 Sep 2022

Viewed by 823

Abstract

With a constant increase in heat pump (HP) use, it has become of great importance to use the application of fault diagnosis (FD) methods to detect faults at an early stage and thus ensure a proper working condition and improve the reliability of [...] Read more.

With a constant increase in heat pump (HP) use, it has become of great importance to use the application of fault diagnosis (FD) methods to detect faults at an early stage and thus ensure a proper working condition and improve the reliability of the equipment. The present paper addresses an FD and retrofit of a water-to-water HP unit. The faulty equipment, completely out of operation, was entirely analyzed, and a catastrophic failure in the three-phase compressor was identified. After identifying the faulty component, it was concluded that it should be replaced. Thereby, an adequate solution for this HP is retrofitting with a smaller capacity compressor, which is more suitable for the considered environment. The replacement is also motivated by the fact that the equipment cannot even be started without tripping the circuit breaker. To detect and identify the faults, the electrical part was analyzed first, starting with the verification of the components in the electrical circuits. After that, the resistance of each one of the windings was measured, and it was concluded that they were out of the manufacturer’s specification. The process of retrofitting with a new unit followed some steps. First, the thermal loads required for the environment were considered, and then, a suitable compressor capable of fulfilling such requirements was selected. This selection considered the compatibility with the other system components. Finally, to avoid future faults and failures, after retrofitting with the new compressor, temperature sensors shall be installed to be used as a basis for virtual sensors, which enabled an efficient FD approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 2367 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of a Nonmotorized Mechanism for Ankle Rehabilitation

by Rogério Sales Gonçalves, Lucas Antônio Oliveira Rodrigues, René Humbert and Giuseppe Carbone

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12899 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 975

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to present the development of a novel nonmotorized mechanism for ankle rehabilitation. The mechanism is based on the four-bar linkage. The mechanism transmits angular movement generated by the patient’s hand to an oscillatory movement on the ankle [...] Read more.

The objective of this paper is to present the development of a novel nonmotorized mechanism for ankle rehabilitation. The mechanism is based on the four-bar linkage. The mechanism transmits angular movement generated by the patient’s hand to an oscillatory movement on the ankle joint. The design of the device used a differential evolution algorithm to find the mechanism dimensions. To validate the system, a virtual tridimensional model was constructed to verify the angular outputs, check the existence of singularities, and execute movements with a virtual wooden test dummy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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7 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Defining the Technical Availability of a Production System with Respect to Its Complexity

by Lennard Sielaff, Dominik Lucke and Alexander Sauer

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12892 - 15 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1401

Abstract

Production systems are becoming increasingly complex, which means that the main task of industrial maintenance, ensuring the technical availability of a production system, is also becoming increasingly difficult. The previous focus of maintenance efforts on individual machines must give way to a holistic [...] Read more.

Production systems are becoming increasingly complex, which means that the main task of industrial maintenance, ensuring the technical availability of a production system, is also becoming increasingly difficult. The previous focus of maintenance efforts on individual machines must give way to a holistic view encompassing the whole production system. Against this background, the technical availability of a production system must be redefined. The aim of this publication is to present different definition approaches of production systems’ availability and to demonstrate the effects of random machine failures on the key figures considering the complexity of the production system using a discrete event simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 836 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Maintenance Strategy Selection Based on FMEA/FMECA Approach Using Time Dependent Failure Probability

by Lennard Sielaff

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12893 - 15 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1578

Abstract

Maintenance strategies are one of the key aspects determining the availability of a production system and its maintenance cost. For complex machines with multiple components, each of which can have several failure modes, maintenance strategy selection based on a failure mode and effect [...] Read more.

Maintenance strategies are one of the key aspects determining the availability of a production system and its maintenance cost. For complex machines with multiple components, each of which can have several failure modes, maintenance strategy selection based on a failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) approach is particularly suitable. The combination of failure probability and failure effect of each component allows an evaluation of different maintenance actions. The aim of this publication is to introduce a new aspect of the approach, allowing failure probabilities of components to be time dependent. This in turn can lead to different ideal maintenance strategies over time, based on the expected wear of a component. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 1283 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Symmetrical Six-Phase Induction Motor Stator Faults Diagnostics Approach, Immune to Unbalanced Supply Voltage, Based on the Analysis of the Midpoint Electrical Potential of the Stator Star

by Hugo R. P. Antunes, Davide S. B. Fonseca and Antonio J. Marques Cardoso

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12891 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1005

Abstract

The distinction of inter-turn short-circuit faults (ITSCF) from abnormal conditions, such as an unbalanced voltage supply condition, has been challenging over the last few years. The asymmetries caused by both conditions are similar, therefore the detection of ITSCF becomes a difficult task. An [...] Read more.

The distinction of inter-turn short-circuit faults (ITSCF) from abnormal conditions, such as an unbalanced voltage supply condition, has been challenging over the last few years. The asymmetries caused by both conditions are similar, therefore the detection of ITSCF becomes a difficult task. An ITSCF diagnostic approach based on the analysis of the electrical potential of the midpoint of the stator star, in a symmetrical six-phase induction motor (S6PIM) supplied by unbalanced voltages, is addressed in this paper. Simulation results, covering different load torques, unbalanced supply voltage levels, and fault severities, are presented in order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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7 pages, 2404 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Inter-Turn Short-Circuit Fault Detection in Synchronous Reluctance Machines, Based on Current Analysis

by Kévin Henriques, Khaled Laadjal and Antonio J. Marques Cardoso

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12884 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1697

Abstract

Fault diagnosis in electrical drives can be very difficult, especially when the input data come from an operating electrical machine. The occurrence of inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC) faults is one of the most dangerous electrical machine failures, and if these are not detected at [...] Read more.

Fault diagnosis in electrical drives can be very difficult, especially when the input data come from an operating electrical machine. The occurrence of inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC) faults is one of the most dangerous electrical machine failures, and if these are not detected at an early stage of development, they can result in serious consequences both in terms of repair cost and safety. In this context, an effective offline approach for diagnosing ITSC faults is proposed, which is based on the computation of a specific severity indicator. This does not require the determination of motor parameters and only involves the use of current sensors. Several tests were performed on a synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM), for various operating conditions (healthy and faulty). The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique for diagnosing ITSC faults, with high reliability, rapidity, and accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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5 pages, 506 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of a Novel 8-DOF Hexapod Based Motion Platform

by Thomas Bernhofer, Andreas Seefried, Tobias Bellmann and Patrick Weber

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12895 - 15 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1102

Abstract

In motion simulation, motion platforms enable the simulation of forces and angular velocities acting, for example, on a person in a car or in an airplane. Other applications include perceptual research and testing the dynamic behavior of mechanical structures. This work presents a [...] Read more.

In motion simulation, motion platforms enable the simulation of forces and angular velocities acting, for example, on a person in a car or in an airplane. Other applications include perceptual research and testing the dynamic behavior of mechanical structures. This work presents a novel motion platform consisting of a Stewart platform with two additional rotational axes on top. A Stewart platform can perform highly dynamic movements, resulting in high forces and torques acting on objects mounted on it. The actuators of the two rotary axes must be sized in such a way that they provide sufficient drive torque for each movement of the Hexapod to prevent slippage. In order to select suitable drives, an optimization problem is formulated that generates trajectories in which the torque for the two additional axes is maximized. This method can also be used to determine load cases, which are used to perform a stress analysis of the entire structure on the Stewart platform using finite element simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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8 pages, 4697 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Studying the Influence of the Impact Gap Value on the Average Translational Speed of the Wheeled Vibration-Driven Robot

by Vitaliy Korendiy, Oleksandr Kachur, Volodymyr Gurskyi and Pavlo Krot

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12897 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 877

Abstract

The general design of the wheeled vibration-driven robot is developed in the SolidWorks software (Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation, Premium 2022, Waltham, MA, USA) on the basis of a double-mass semidefinite oscillatory system. The idea of implementing the vibro-impact working regimes of the internal [...] Read more.

The general design of the wheeled vibration-driven robot is developed in the SolidWorks software (Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation, Premium 2022, Waltham, MA, USA) on the basis of a double-mass semidefinite oscillatory system. The idea of implementing the vibro-impact working regimes of the internal (disturbing) body is considered. The corresponding mathematical model describing the robot motion conditions is derived using Euler-Lagrange equations. The numerical modeling is carried out by solving the obtained system of differential equations with the help of the Runge-Kutta methods in the Mathematica software (Wolfram Research, Inc., 13.0, Champaign, IL, USA). The computer simulation of the robot motion is conducted in the MapleSim (Waterloo Maple Inc., 2019.1., Waterloo, ON, Canada) and SolidWorks software under different robot design parameters and friction conditions. The experimental prototype of the wheeled vibration-driven robot is developed at the Vibroengineering Laboratory of Lviv Polytechnic National University. The corresponding experimental investigations are carried out in order to verify the correctness of the obtained results of the numerical modeling and computer simulation. All the results are presented in the form of time dependencies of the robot’s basic kinematic characteristics: displacements, velocities, accelerations of the wheeled platform and disturbing body. The influence of the impact gap value on the average translational speed of the robot’s wheeled platform is studied, and the corresponding recommendations for designers and researchers of similar robotic systems are stated. The prospective directions of further investigations on the subject of the present paper and similar vibration-driven locomotion systems are considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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7 pages, 1155 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Influence of the Layer Thickness Change on the Accuracy of the Zygomatic Bone Geometry Manufactured Using the FDM Technology

by Paweł Turek

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12883 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 790

Abstract

Due to the unique geometry of the models of anatomical structures, manufacturing them using subtractive methods is difficult or often impossible. This situation makes the additive processes an ideal alternative for manufacturing this model type. Many factors during 3D printing affect the accuracy [...] Read more.

Due to the unique geometry of the models of anatomical structures, manufacturing them using subtractive methods is difficult or often impossible. This situation makes the additive processes an ideal alternative for manufacturing this model type. Many factors during 3D printing affect the accuracy of the model geometry. The most important factors are the type of technology used, the finishing treatment, the material used, the print layer’s selected thickness, and the object’s orientation in the 3D printer space. The manuscript determined the impact of changing the layer thickness on the zygomatic bone geometry accuracy. The manufacturing process was carried out on a Fortus 360-mc 3D printer. Physical models of the zygomatic bone were made of ABS material using four-layer thicknesses: 0.127 mm, 0.178 mm, 0.254 mm, and 0.330 mm. The MCA-II measuring arm with an MMD × 100 laser head system was used to assess the accuracy of the model geometry. Statistical parameters and histograms presented the accuracy analysis. The obtained results showed a gradual deterioration in the accuracy of the model geometry representation with the increase in the print layer thickness. However, all the models manufactured are within the accuracy of ±0.25 mm geometry, which is acceptable to surgeons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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6 pages, 1498 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An In-Depth Analytical Study of Switching States of Direct Torque Control Algorithm for Induction Motor over the Entire Speed Range

by Mussaab M. Alshbib, Mohamed Elgbaily and Fatih Anayi

Eng. Proc. 2022, 24(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECMA2022-12900 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1005

Abstract

In this paper, a full analysis of voltage vectors (VVs) in the DTC algorithm is presented. The analytical analysis shows that the application of specific VVs results in false switching states called uncontrollable angles (UCAs). A robust scheme that ensures the elimination of [...] Read more.

In this paper, a full analysis of voltage vectors (VVs) in the DTC algorithm is presented. The analytical analysis shows that the application of specific VVs results in false switching states called uncontrollable angles (UCAs). A robust scheme that ensures the elimination of UCAs is proposed for medium and high speeds with (18) subsectors (SSs). Simulation results are obtained and validated using MATLAB/Simulink. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Machines and Applications)

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