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Advances in the Use of Therapeutic Drugs for Improved Animal...
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Advances in the Use of Therapeutic Drugs for Improved Animal Welfare

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Welfare".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 14400

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Peter White

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
Interests: animal welfare; pain mitigation; pain measurement and evaluation; pharmacology of analgesic drugs
Dr. Dominique Van der Saag

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
Interests: animal welfare; animal pain; pain management in livestock; pain measurement; pharmacology of pain management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Pain is being increasingly recognized by pet owners and consumers of animal-based products as a major contributor to reduced animal welfare. In particular, consumers of animal products demand higher levels of welfare for farmed animals, and this includes reducing pain, especially where painful husbandry procedures are concerned. Currently, there are limitations on the number of therapeutic agents available for the treatment of pain in animals. This is especially the case for farmed animals, where the issues of cost, withholding period and prescribed medications may prevent the adoption of a widespread analgesic use.

This Special Issue seeks articles related to the management of pain in animals, including novel therapeutics, novel delivery methods of therapeutics and treatment of chronic pain. 

Dr. Peter White
Dr. Dominique Van der Saag
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Pain management
  • pain measurement
  • delivery methods
  • analgesics
  • livestock
  • chronic pain

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3015 KiB  
Article
Nociception-Induced Changes in Electroencephalographic Activity and FOS Protein Expression in Piglets Undergoing Castration under Isoflurane Anaesthesia
by Judith Reiser, Matthias Kreuzer, Julia Werner, Anna M. Saller, Johannes Fischer, Steffanie Senf, Pauline Deffner, Nora Abendschön, Tanja Groll, Andrea Grott, Regina Miller, Shana Bergmann, Michael H. Erhard, Mathias Ritzmann, Susanne Zöls, Gerhard Schneider, Katja Steiger and Christine Baumgartner
Animals 2022, 12(18), 2309; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182309 - 6 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1531
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the electroencephalographic reaction pattern and FOS protein expression in male piglets undergoing surgical castration under light isoflurane anaesthesia with or without local anaesthesia. The experiment was conducted under isoflurane anaesthesia to exclude the effect of [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to investigate the electroencephalographic reaction pattern and FOS protein expression in male piglets undergoing surgical castration under light isoflurane anaesthesia with or without local anaesthesia. The experiment was conducted under isoflurane anaesthesia to exclude the effect of the affective components of pain on the measurements. Changes in the oscillatory activity of the cerebral cortex over a 90 s period after noxious stimulation or simulated interventions were analysed. FOS expression was determined postmortem by performing immunohistochemistry in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The analysis of the response to an interdigital pinch revealed a biphasic reaction pattern in the electroencephalogram (EEG) that similarly was observed for the surgical stimuli during the castration procedure in the group without analgesia. This EEG response was attenuated or altered by the application of local anaesthetics. Immunohistochemical staining for FOS indicated a lower expression in the handling and in three local anaesthetic groups than in the animals castrated without pain relief. The findings indicate that EEG and FOS expression may serve as indicators for nociception in piglets under light isoflurane anaesthesia. A lower activation of nociceptive pathways occurs during castration after the application of local anaesthetics. However, EEG and FOS analyses should be combined with additional parameters to assess nociception, e.g., haemodynamic monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Use of Therapeutic Drugs for Improved Animal Welfare)
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19 pages, 16468 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Two Injection Techniques in Combination with the Local Anesthetics Lidocaine and Mepivacaine for Piglets Undergoing Surgical Castration
by Julia Werner, Anna M. Saller, Judith Reiser, Steffanie Senf, Pauline Deffner, Nora Abendschön, Johannes Fischer, Andrea Grott, Regina Miller, Yury Zablotski, Katja Steiger, Shana Bergmann, Michael H. Erhard, Mathias Ritzmann, Susanne Zöls and Christine Baumgartner
Animals 2022, 12(8), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12081028 - 14 Apr 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2631
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of two injection techniques in combination with lidocaine or mepivacaine for piglets undergoing castration. To improve ease of use, a cannula with side holes (one-step fenestrated (F)) was invented to simultaneously deliver a local anesthetic into the [...] Read more.
The present study evaluated the effects of two injection techniques in combination with lidocaine or mepivacaine for piglets undergoing castration. To improve ease of use, a cannula with side holes (one-step fenestrated (F)) was invented to simultaneously deliver a local anesthetic into the testis and scrotum and was compared to a two-step injection technique. The distribution of a lidocaine/contrast agent mixture using the two methods was examined using computed tomography. Piglets were randomly divided into treatment groups: handling, castration without pain relief and castration after lidocaine or mepivacaine injection using the one-step F or two-step method. Acute physiological responses to noxious stimuli were evaluated by measuring the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and nocifensive movements. Fos protein expression in the spinal dorsal cord was semi-quantitatively analyzed. Both injection techniques achieved similar distribution patterns. The one-step F method was faster and easier. Injection was not associated with significant changes in MAP or HR, but Mepi1 and NaCl elicited significantly increased nocifensive movements. Both techniques significantly reduced MAP and nocifensive movements when the spermatic cords were cut, regardless of the local anesthetic type. Compared to NaCl, only the lidocaine treatments significantly reduced HR during skin incision. Lido2 significantly reduced Fos protein expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Use of Therapeutic Drugs for Improved Animal Welfare)
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16 pages, 3033 KiB  
Article
The Characteristics and Distribution of α2D-, α2B- and α2C-Adrenoceptor Subtypes in Goats
by Ming Xu, Qiulin Zhang, Qi Wang, Di Pan, Mingxing Ding and Yi Ding
Animals 2022, 12(5), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050664 - 7 Mar 2022
Viewed by 1756
Abstract
α2-Adrenegic receptors (α2Rs) are important presynaptic modulators of central noradrenergic function (auto receptors) and postsynaptic mediators of many of the widespread effects of catecholamines and related drugs. Studies have shown that ruminants (such as goats and cattle) express special α2DR subtypes in addition [...] Read more.
α2-Adrenegic receptors (α2Rs) are important presynaptic modulators of central noradrenergic function (auto receptors) and postsynaptic mediators of many of the widespread effects of catecholamines and related drugs. Studies have shown that ruminants (such as goats and cattle) express special α2DR subtypes in addition to α2BR and α2CR. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to investigate the distribution and density of α2R in different nuclei of the goat central nervous system, selected regions of the spinal cord (L4-L6), and in various peripheral tissues. α2-AR subtype-specific antibodies were injected intrathecally and intracerebroventricularly into the tested goats to block the corresponding subtype of receptors. Pain threshold and physiological parameters were evaluated to explore the functional characteristics of α2BR, α2CR and α2DR in goats. Our results suggest that the expression of the mRNAs and proteins of all three α2R subtypes are widely but unevenly distributed in the goat CNS and peripheral tissues. Furthermore, α2DR plays a more important role in α2R-mediated analgesia in goats than α2BR and α2CR, whereas α2CR activation exerts a greater effect on body temperature than α2BR and α2DR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Use of Therapeutic Drugs for Improved Animal Welfare)
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7 pages, 1756 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Investigation into a Novel Sustained-Release Formulation of Meloxicam in Sheep (Ovis aries)—Pharmacokinetic Profile
by Christine Plummer, Peter J. White, Benjamin Kimble, Merran Govendir and Dominique Van der Saag
Animals 2021, 11(9), 2484; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092484 - 24 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2061
Abstract
This study is a preliminary investigation describing the pharmacokinetic profile of a novel subcutaneous sustained-release meloxicam formulation (SRMF) in sheep. Six merino ewe hoggets (41.5 ± 4.6 kg) were treated with a novel subcutaneous SRMF at 2 mg/kg bodyweight (BW). Blood samples were [...] Read more.
This study is a preliminary investigation describing the pharmacokinetic profile of a novel subcutaneous sustained-release meloxicam formulation (SRMF) in sheep. Six merino ewe hoggets (41.5 ± 4.6 kg) were treated with a novel subcutaneous SRMF at 2 mg/kg bodyweight (BW). Blood samples were collected at t = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 168, 192, and 336 h following treatment, and interstitial (ISF) fluid samples were collected at periods of 8 to 12 h, 12 to 24 h, 24 to 48 h, 48 to 52 h, and 92 to 96 h following treatment. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with ultraviolet detection was utilised to determine the concentration of meloxicam in plasma and ISF. The SRMF exhibited the following mean (±SD) pharmacokinetic indices: Cmax of 1.58 μg/mL (±0.82 μg/mL) at a Tmax of 10.0 h (±1.79 h), and half life (t1/2) of 31.4 h (±13.17 h) in sheep plasma. Interstitial fluid samples were collected from three of the six sheep, with a decrease in meloxicam concentration exhibited over 52 h. This study demonstrates a variable extended t1/2, a delayed Tmax, and a lower Cmax of the SRMF, as compared to that of a conventional meloxicam formulation (CMF) in sheep, as previously referenced (t1/2: 14.28 h; Tmax: 5 h; Cmax: 15.94 μg/mL). Further research to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of the SRMF in sheep is warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Use of Therapeutic Drugs for Improved Animal Welfare)
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14 pages, 1892 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Animal Well-Being When Supplementing Drinking Water with Tramadol or Metamizole during Chronic Pancreatitis
by Guanglin Tang, Wiebke-Felicitas Nierath, Rupert Palme, Brigitte Vollmar and Dietmar Zechner
Animals 2020, 10(12), 2306; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122306 - 5 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2296
Abstract
Pain management during in vivo experiments is an animal welfare concern and is in many countries also legally required. In this study, we evaluated C57Bl/6J mice when 3 g/L metamizole or 1 g/L tramadol was provided via drinking water, before and during cerulein-induced [...] Read more.
Pain management during in vivo experiments is an animal welfare concern and is in many countries also legally required. In this study, we evaluated C57Bl/6J mice when 3 g/L metamizole or 1 g/L tramadol was provided via drinking water, before and during cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis. Supplementation of drinking water with metamizole or tramadol did not significantly reduce the amount of consumed water. In order to evaluate the wellbeing of mice, a distress score, burrowing activity, nesting behavior, and body weight was assessed. Before induction of pancreatitis, neither tramadol nor metamizole influenced these readout parameters. Chronic pancreatitis caused a significantly increased distress score, decreased burrowing activity and a reduction in body weight. Mice drinking tramadol-supplemented water experienced less loss in body weight and consumed more water than mice drinking metamizole, at a few time-points during chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic atrophy, a characteristic feature of chronic pancreatitis was not differentially influenced by either analgesic. In conclusion, both analgesics can be used during 33 days of chronic pancreatitis, but tramadol seems to be moderately advantageous when compared to metamizole. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Use of Therapeutic Drugs for Improved Animal Welfare)
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13 pages, 1701 KiB  
Article
Pressure Algometry Validation and Determination of Efficacy of Articaine Hydrochloride Ring Block in Antler Removal in Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)
by Farzin Sahebjam, Kavitha Kongara, John Paul Chambers, Ruth Ellen Walker, Rafea Naffa, Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos and Preet Mohinder Singh
Animals 2020, 10(11), 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112023 - 3 Nov 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2828
Abstract
New Zealand deer farming centres on the production of meat and velvet antler. Velvet antler removal is a painful procedure and currently, New Zealand Animal Welfare regulations dictate surgical removal of velvet antlers under lignocaine anaesthesia. To improve our knowledge on the efficacy [...] Read more.
New Zealand deer farming centres on the production of meat and velvet antler. Velvet antler removal is a painful procedure and currently, New Zealand Animal Welfare regulations dictate surgical removal of velvet antlers under lignocaine anaesthesia. To improve our knowledge on the efficacy and duration of other local anaesthetics to mitigate pain after antler removal, it is important to accurately assess and quantify pain arising from antler removal. Therefore, the current study was designed to validate mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) testing using a Wagner hand-held algometer, and to apply this methodology to assess the efficacy and duration of action of articaine for antler removal in deer. Baseline force (N) required to elicit the nociceptive response was recorded in 40 yearling male red deer on three alternate days. Ten of the 40 animals were selected for antler removal after administration of 4% articaine hydrochloride as a ring block. The duration of analgesic efficacy of articaine was assessed by algometry across 5 time points. There was a significant difference in MNTs among the three days (day 3 versus day 1 (p < 0.0001), day 2 versus day 1 (p < 0.0001), and day 1 versus day 2 (p < 0.01)). Positive correlations were observed between weight, antler length and thresholds. The MNT values remained above 20N for 6 h after removal of velvet antlers under the articaine ring block. This study provides valuable information about the use of MNT in red deer. These findings lay a foundation for future studies in the topics of peri-operative and postoperative pain management in deer antler removal, and a possible alternative use for articaine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Use of Therapeutic Drugs for Improved Animal Welfare)
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