Animals

22 pages, 549 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Phytase in Pig Diets: Technical and Economic Evaluation

by Danilo de Souza Sanches, Charles Kiefer, Ricardo Carneiro Brumatti, Karina Marcia Ribeiro de Souza Nascimento, Luan Souza dos Santos, Anderson Corassa, Elis Regina de Moraes Garcia, Gislaine da Cunha de Andrade and Giovana Cristina Giannesi

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111714 - 3 Jun 2026

Abstract

Despite the widespread use of phytase in swine diets, there is a need to update the current evidence on its effects on performance, carcass traits, and economic outcomes. This meta-analysis evaluated the impact of phytase supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, and economic [...] Read more.

Despite the widespread use of phytase in swine diets, there is a need to update the current evidence on its effects on performance, carcass traits, and economic outcomes. This meta-analysis evaluated the impact of phytase supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, and economic returns in growing–finishing pigs, combining meta-analysis with economic modeling. A systematic review (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus) revealed 1049 studies, 17 of which met the inclusion criteria (PRISMA). Three treatments were considered: a basal diet (BD), a reduced-P diet without phytase (DRP), and a reduced-P diet with phytase (DRP + P), with effect sizes expressed as weighted mean differences (WMDs). The meta-analysis included performance traits (daily feed intake, DFI; daily weight gain, DWG; feed conversion, FC; and final weight, FW) and carcass traits (carcass weight, CW; carcass yield, CY; backfat thickness, BT; loin eye area, LEA; lean meat percentage, LMP; and lean meat yield, LMY). With respect to BD vs. DRP, P reduction impaired performance and decreased ADG, DFI, and final weight (p < 0.001), especially at reductions ≥0.12%. In DRP + P vs. BD, phytase had no significant effects on performance (WMD = 0.008 kg/day) or carcass traits. In DRP + P vs. DRP, phytase improved performance (ADG: +0.068 kg/day; DFI: +0.106 kg/day; FW: +4.630 kg; FC: −0.115; p < 0.001), with stronger effects in males and at greater P reductions. In DRP + P vs. DB, carcass traits were not significantly affected, whereas DB vs. DRP reduced LEA (WMD = −1.820, p < 0.00), and DRP + P vs. DRP produced subgroup-dependent changes in CW, LEA, and LMY according to sex, phytase source, and diet composition. Economically, phytase increased profit by up to US$ 2.66 (vs. BD) and US$ 5.14 (vs. DRP), remaining advantageous even with enzyme price increases of up to 4×. Overall, phytase supplementation improved performance and economic returns, representing an effective strategy for the development of swine production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feeding Strategies to Optimize Growth and Reduce Waste in Pigs)

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28 pages, 315 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Effects of Enzyme Inclusion Rates in Reduced Protein Diets to Improve Nutrient Digestibility in Laying Hens

by Aamir Nawab, Thi Hiep Dao, Sukirno Sukirno, Kenneth Bruerton, Eunjoo Kim, Tamsyn M. Crowley and Amy F. Moss

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111713 - 3 Jun 2026

Abstract

Enzymes have the potential to enhance nutrient utilisation and provide economic and environmental benefits in reduced protein (RP) diets; however, responses to different inclusion levels of phytase and carbohydrase enzymes remain inconsistent. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of phytase, [...] Read more.

Enzymes have the potential to enhance nutrient utilisation and provide economic and environmental benefits in reduced protein (RP) diets; however, responses to different inclusion levels of phytase and carbohydrase enzymes remain inconsistent. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of phytase, xylanase, and β-glucanase inclusion levels in RP diets on nutrient digestibility and performance in laying hens. A total of 8 dietary treatments were allocated to 13 replicate cages of two hens per cage per treatment (n = 208) from 35 to 57 weeks of age. Experimental diets comprised two protein levels (standard protein (SP) at 16.5% crude protein versus RP at 14.5% crude protein), two phytase levels (600 and 1200 FTU/kg), and two XB levels (xylanase, β-glucanase 100 g/ton and 150 g/ton) were examined via a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Between 35 and 57 weeks of age, no significant interactions were observed in laying performance parameters. However, RP diets significantly decreased egg weight across all periods, 35–47 weeks (p = 0.049), 48–57 weeks (p = 0.045), and overall, from 35 to 57 weeks (p = 0.044). Reduced protein diets also decreased egg mass from 35 to 47 weeks (p = 0.035). High Xylanase and β-glucanase (XB) inclusion (150 g/ton) lowered hen day egg production during 48–57 weeks (p = 0.015). At 47 weeks, RP diets reduced yolk weight (p = 0.021) and increased egg shape index (p = 0.048). Additionally, XB at 150 g/ton with 600 FTU/kg PhyG improved shell breaking strength (p = 0.046) but reduced it at 1200 FTU/kg. At 57 weeks, RP diets decreased albumen weight (p = 0.016), albumen proportion (p = 0.006) and increased yolk proportion (p = 0.005). Xylanase and β-glucanase inclusion at 150 g/ton reduced shell breaking strength (p = 0.036), and XB reduced yolk colour score (p = 0.038) only in SP diets. Also, RP diets reduced excreta moisture (p = 0.015) and improved dry matter digestibility (p = 0.020). Notably, feeding RP diets increased apparent metabolisable energy digestibility (p = 0.003), decreased protein excretion (p < 0.001) and increased apparent protein digestibility (p = 0.013). It is therefore concluded that decreasing RP diets to appropriate levels may benefit the environment without affecting the feed efficiency of laying hens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

7 pages, 2204 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Fatal Garlic (Allium sativum) Toxicosis in a Dog: Gross and Histopathological Findings in a Rare Case of Systemic Hemolytic Injury

by Elena Biasibetti, Valentina Maza, Virginia Tagliati, Simona Zoppi, Alessia Di Blasio, Elena Bozzetta and Marzia Pezzolato

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1712; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111712 - 3 Jun 2026

Abstract

Garlic (Allium sativum) contains organosulfur compounds capable of inducing oxidative damage to erythrocytes in dogs, leading to hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. Although Allium toxicosis is relatively common, fatal cases with detailed histopathological characterization are rarely reported. This case report describes a [...] Read more.

Garlic (Allium sativum) contains organosulfur compounds capable of inducing oxidative damage to erythrocytes in dogs, leading to hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. Although Allium toxicosis is relatively common, fatal cases with detailed histopathological characterization are rarely reported. This case report describes a fatal episode of garlic toxicosis in a 3-year-old female mixed-breed dog. At necropsy, gastric contents included food material and raw garlic cloves (16 g). Gross findings included pulmonary hyperemia and thoracic hemorrhagic effusion. Histopathological examination revealed multifocal myocardial hemorrhages, diffuse pulmonary capillary congestion, hepatic sinusoidal dilation with hemorrhagic areas, splenic hemorrhage, and renal glomerular capillary dilation. These lesions were consistent with systemic hypoxic and vascular injury secondary to oxidative erythrocyte damage. The lower quantity of garlic recovered compared with reported toxic doses suggests possible individual susceptibility or incomplete recovery of ingested material. This case highlights the diagnostic value of histopathology in suspected Allium fatal toxicosis and contributes to increasing the limited literature describing these outcomes in dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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11 pages, 2464 KB

Open AccessArticle

RHOB Regulates Apoptosis of Granulosa Cells in Muscovy Duck Follicles via Mitochondrial Pathway

by Yuexia Liu, Xin Wang, Leyong Li, Yaping Zhang, Senyang Lian and Xu Wu

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1711; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111711 - 3 Jun 2026

Abstract

Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) exhibit strong nesting tendencies, which result in reduced egg-laying performance. The research team previously identified differential expression of the Ras homolog family member B (RHOB) gene in the ovaries of Muscovy duck during the nesting and laying [...] Read more.

Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) exhibit strong nesting tendencies, which result in reduced egg-laying performance. The research team previously identified differential expression of the Ras homolog family member B (RHOB) gene in the ovaries of Muscovy duck during the nesting and laying periods through RNA-seq and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. This finding suggested that RHOB may be associated with nesting behavior in Muscovy ducks. Previous studies have demonstrated that the nesting behavior of Muscovy ducks is closely associated with the proliferation and apoptosis of their ovarian granulosa cells. It is speculated that RHOB may be involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of Muscovy duck ovarian granulosa cells. This study employed qPCR, immunofluorescence staining, live-cell Caspase3 activity and mitochondrial membrane potential assays, reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining, 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, cell cycle analysis, cell apoptosis detection and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. Our results showed that RHOB inhibited granulosa cell apoptosis and promoted granulosa cell proliferation. Similarly, in a granulosa cell apoptosis model, RHOB was also found to inhibit apoptosis in Muscovy duck granulosa cells. Further studies revealed that RHOB regulates mitochondrial function in granulosa cells. The combined experimental results indicate that RHOB regulates granulosa cell apoptosis in Muscovy duck follicles via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. These findings provide an experimental basis and theoretical foundation for the selective breeding of desirable traits in Muscovy ducks, such as low nesting behavior and high egg production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Genetic Analysis of Important Traits in Poultry)

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18 pages, 8316 KB

Open AccessArticle

Koala Kyphoscoliosis: Radiographic and CT Features of Abnormal Vertebral Column Curvature in Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia

by Stuart Eddy, Wayne S. J. Boardman, Matthew Stacy, Lucy Woolford, Xander Huizing, Rob Turner, Chelsea Beale and Natasha Speight

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111710 - 3 Jun 2026

Abstract

Abnormal vertebral column curvature is sporadically reported in koalas of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. This study evaluates the imaging features of 23 koalas from the Mount Lofty Ranges presenting with abnormal vertebral column curvature between 2015 and 2023 using digital radiography [...] Read more.

Abnormal vertebral column curvature is sporadically reported in koalas of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. This study evaluates the imaging features of 23 koalas from the Mount Lofty Ranges presenting with abnormal vertebral column curvature between 2015 and 2023 using digital radiography and computed tomography (CT). All images were evaluated by four reviewers to assess curve morphology, severity and Cobb angles for both scoliosis and kyphosis. For Cobb angle measurement, radiography performed similarly to CT with good agreement as measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (0.835 and 0.825 respectively) and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (>0.85). The apex vertebra was always located between T7 and L6. For both scoliosis and kyphosis apex vertebrae, the thoracolumbar region was the most common location (8/22 and 9/19, respectively). For scoliosis, the caudal thoracic and lumbar regions were equally common (7/22 each), whereas for kyphosis, the caudal thoracic region (7/19) was more frequent than the lumbar region (3/19). Vertebral body rotation was a common component particularly in severely affected individuals, in which complex or ‘S’ shaped curves also occurred. Severity ranged from minimal or mild (6/23) to moderate (5/23) and severe (12/23), with simultaneous kyphosis and scoliosis present most frequently (21/23). As a result, the term, kyphoscoliosis is the most appropriate morphological description for abnormal vertebral curvature in koalas and may have pathophysiologic commonalities with human idiopathic scoliosis. This study is the first to describe imaging features of abnormal vertebral column curvature in koalas and evaluate inter-modality and interobserver agreement between radiography and CT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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19 pages, 6098 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Fiber Levels Modulate Intestinal Mucosal Architecture and the Microbiome–Metabolome Axis to Support Immune Homeostasis in Brooding Wanxi White Geese

by Zhiying Yuan, Fei Xie, Yuancui Ding, Xiaojin Li, Ahmed H. Ghonaim, Changsheng Jiang, Man Ren and Shenghe Li

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1709; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111709 - 3 Jun 2026

Abstract

Dietary fiber is a critical determinant of intestinal health, yet its optimal inclusion level for WWG during the critical brooding period remains undefined. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying dietary CF levels (approximately 3%, 5%, and 9%) on the intestinal [...] Read more.

Dietary fiber is a critical determinant of intestinal health, yet its optimal inclusion level for WWG during the critical brooding period remains undefined. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying dietary CF levels (approximately 3%, 5%, and 9%) on the intestinal morphology, immune function, and microbiome-metabolome axis of brooding WWG. A total of 120 one-day-old goslings were randomly assigned to the three dietary treatments for a 28-day trial. Histological analysis revealed that the 9% CF diet significantly improved gut morphology, yielding superior villus-to-crypt ratios in the jejunum and ileum. Molecular assays indicated that higher fiber levels (5–9%) upregulated the expression of nutrient transporters (SGLT1 and GLUT2). Concurrently, the 9% CF diet effectively suppressed the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in the jejunum while appropriately upregulating IL-6 and NF-κB, indicating enhanced mucosal immune vigilance and structural maturation. Multi-omics integration (shotgun metagenomics and LC-MS metabolomics) demonstrated that specific fiber levels significantly shifted microbial abundances, specifically enriching Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. These microbial shifts were strongly correlated with enriched metabolic pathways, notably lysine biosynthesis and purine metabolism, which synergistically support mucosal homeostasis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that a 9% dietary CF inclusion is an effective nutritional strategy to optimize intestinal architecture and microbial-metabolic profiles in brooding WWG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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12 pages, 669 KB

Open AccessArticle

Proteomic Changes Associated with Wooden Breast and White Striping in the Pectoralis major of Hubbard × Ross 708 Broilers: A Pilot Study

by Madeline C Karolak, Ahmet Yaman, Isain Zapata, Michael D Cressman and Macdonald P Wick

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1708; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111708 - 3 Jun 2026

Abstract

Wooden Breast (WB) and White Striping (WS) are prevalent myopathies affecting the Pectoralis major (PM) muscle of modern broiler chickens, with significant implications for animal welfare and meat quality. This pilot study aimed to characterize proteomic alterations associated with increasing severity of WB [...] Read more.

Wooden Breast (WB) and White Striping (WS) are prevalent myopathies affecting the Pectoralis major (PM) muscle of modern broiler chickens, with significant implications for animal welfare and meat quality. This pilot study aimed to characterize proteomic alterations associated with increasing severity of WB and WS in the PM of Hubbard × Ross 708 broilers. Muscle samples (n = 12) were previously categorized into four severity ranks based on established macroscopic criteria. Presently, proteins were extracted and analyzed using LC-MS/MS-based shotgun proteomics. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using Generalized Linear Models. Fibronectin 1, fibrinogen alpha chain, musculoskeletal embryonic nuclear protein 1, glutathione S-transferase 2, calsequestrin-2, and endoplasmin emerged as potential biological markers and their prospective roles in the pathogenesis of these myopathies are discussed. Our findings suggest a progressive alteration of the muscle proteome with increasing disease severity, highlighting pathways related to muscle structure, metabolism, and stress response. These results aid in providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying WB and WS and may inform future research on genetic and management strategies. As a pilot study, these findings warrant further investigation in larger cohorts and different commercial lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathology in Poultry Production)

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15 pages, 3661 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Development and Preliminary Evaluation of an OMP16-Targeting Trivalent Nanobody-HRP-Based cELISA for Serological Detection of Bovine Brucellosis

by Gaowa Wudong, Qing Lu, Yunyi Zhai, Ye Yuan, Xiaofang Liu, Yuanhao Yang, Lu Zhang, Yaping Jin, Dong Zhou and Aihua Wang

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1707; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111707 - 3 Jun 2026

Abstract

Brucellosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease that imposes considerable economic burdens on the livestock industry and remains a significant threat to public health. Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based serological assays are widely used in routine diagnosis, their inherent limitations—particularly cross-reactivity with other Gram-negative bacteria—underscore [...] Read more.

Brucellosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease that imposes considerable economic burdens on the livestock industry and remains a significant threat to public health. Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based serological assays are widely used in routine diagnosis, their inherent limitations—particularly cross-reactivity with other Gram-negative bacteria—underscore the need for the development of diagnostic approaches based on non-LPS antigens. In this study, we developed a trivalent nanobody–horseradish peroxidase (3Nbs-HRP) fusion protein targeting Brucella OMP16 and established a cELISA for the serological detection of bovine brucellosis. The diagnostic performance of the assay was assessed using 204 Brucella antibody-negative and 123 Brucella antibody-positive bovine serum samples. ROC curve analysis yielded a sensitivity of 87.7% and a specificity of 89.4%, with no significant cross-reactivity observed. By employing a recombinant antigen and a 3Nbs-HRP probe, this assay enhances biosafety and demonstrates strong potential for standardization and large-scale application, serving as a complementary tool to conventional LPS-based assays for the surveillance, diagnosis, and control of bovine brucellosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Disease Dynamics in Modern Livestock Production Systems: Prevention and Control Strategies)

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30 pages, 631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Animals on Screen: Representations and Anthropomorphism in Australian Preschool Television

by Kaye Ahern and Bradley P. Smith

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111706 - 2 Jun 2026

Abstract

Animals feature regularly on children’s television, exposing children to implicit and explicit messages about the natural world. Although animal representation and anthropomorphism have been examined across children’s media, film, literature, and popular culture, less is known about how animals are portrayed in preschool [...] Read more.

Animals feature regularly on children’s television, exposing children to implicit and explicit messages about the natural world. Although animal representation and anthropomorphism have been examined across children’s media, film, literature, and popular culture, less is known about how animals are portrayed in preschool television, particularly in relation to biological and ecological accuracy. This study examined animal representations in programs aired on ABC Kids, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s free-to-air children’s television channel, using quantitative and qualitative content analysis. A total of 947 episodes from 92 programs were analyzed, with a subset of 265 episodes (43 h and 45 min) from 39 programs examined in greater detail. Animals were prominently featured, appearing on screen for 88% (171 h and 40 min) of total programming time, with programs featuring animals as central characters accounting for 41% (81 h). Nearly all central animal characters exhibited anthropomorphic traits, such as walking, talking, dressing, or behaving like humans. Inaccuracies in species depiction were common, including portrayals of animals in human-like social structures, unrealistic environments, and mixed predator–prey groupings, alongside a hierarchy based on roles and relationships. These findings indicate that realistic portrayals of animals and the natural world were uncommon. The study highlights the need for greater consideration of how animal characters are represented in preschool television, and how imaginative animal portrayals might be balanced with biologically and ecologically grounded depictions. Further research should examine how such portrayals influence children’s understanding of animals and their connection with nature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Invisible Bond: How Animals Shape Human Society)

19 pages, 2633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research Trends and Emerging Frontiers in Racehorse Genetics: A Bibliometric Analysis

by Qiuping Huang, Xinkui Yao, Xue Yang, Tianwei Wang, Xinlong Li, Dehaxi Shan, Yi Su and Jianwen Wang

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111705 - 2 Jun 2026

Abstract

The global horse racing industry relies heavily on elite breeding. Therefore, a molecular understanding of athletic traits is crucial for the industry’s advancement. This study utilized Bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 869 publications in the Web of [...] Read more.

The global horse racing industry relies heavily on elite breeding. Therefore, a molecular understanding of athletic traits is crucial for the industry’s advancement. This study utilized Bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 869 publications in the Web of Science Core Collection (2011–2025), decoding the academic landscape and evolutionary trajectory of equine genetics. The results indicate a significant upward trend in academic output since 2019, with the United States, South Korea, and the United Kingdom emerging as the primary contributors. Institutions such as the University of California, Davis, and University College Dublin serve as key hubs within a highly structured global collaborative network. Analysis of keyword co-occurrence and bursts reveals a distinct paradigm shift: research has evolved from early single-gene identification (e.g., MSTN) to large-scale genome-wide scans, and more recently to functional genomics and bioethical issues. Contemporary research frontiers increasingly focus on “gene doping” “homozygosity” and “risk factors” signaling that horse genetics is shifting from performance-oriented selection toward a comprehensive framework that integrates phenotypes, health, and genetic diversity. This study provides researchers with a strategic roadmap to help them align with emerging trends and foster international collaboration in equine genomic selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

17 pages, 3850 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Antioxidant Activity of Stallion Spermatozoa After Cryopreservation with Natural Antioxidant-Supplemented Extenders

by Stefano Cecchini Gualandi, Alessandro Pistone, Angela Ostuni, Graziano Preziosi, Maria Antonietta Ferrara and Raffaele Boni

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1704; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111704 - 2 Jun 2026

Abstract

Cryopreservation of stallion semen is associated with oxidative stress (OS), which can impair sperm function and fertility. This study evaluated antioxidant activities in seminal plasma and sperm cytosols and investigated their relationships with selected sperm functional parameters following cryopreservation, with or without antioxidant [...] Read more.

Cryopreservation of stallion semen is associated with oxidative stress (OS), which can impair sperm function and fertility. This study evaluated antioxidant activities in seminal plasma and sperm cytosols and investigated their relationships with selected sperm functional parameters following cryopreservation, with or without antioxidant supplementation. Semen was collected from ten fertile stallions and processed using a split-ejaculate design, including fresh semen and six freezing treatments: HF-20 extender alone; HF-20 supplemented with matcha, spirulina, horseradish, or quercetin; and a commercial extender (INRA Freeze). Total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; and glutathione reductase, GR) were measured in seminal plasma and sperm lysates. Linear regression analyses revealed significant associations between seminal plasma and fresh spermatozoa with respect to SOD and GR activities. In frozen-thawed semen, FRAP and CAT activities differed between samples cryopreserved with and without antioxidant supplementation. Significant correlations were observed among antioxidant activities, sperm kinetics, OS markers, and DNA fragmentation indices. Principal component analysis provided an exploratory overview of multidimensional patterns of covariation among sperm kinetics, redox balance, and nuclear fragmentation, explaining for 73% of the total variance. Overall, the results suggest complex associations between the antioxidant system and sperm quality and indicate that antioxidant supplementation of freezing extenders may modulate the redox status of stallion sperm after thawing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Role of Antioxidants and Advanced Management Strategies to Improve Animal Production, Reproduction, Health, and Welfare)

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16 pages, 299 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Adaptation of Dairy Cows to Automatic Milking Systems Using Statistical Methods and Machine Learning: Development of the Robotic Adaptability Index

by Dariusz Piwczyński, Wilhelm Grzesiak, Daniel Zaborski and Kamil Siatka

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111703 - 2 Jun 2026

Abstract

The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify factors influencing the performance of dairy cows in an automated milking system (AMS); (2) to construct a synthetic robotic adaptability index (RAI) of cows’ adaptation to the AMS; (3) to evaluate the predictive capabilities [...] Read more.

The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify factors influencing the performance of dairy cows in an automated milking system (AMS); (2) to construct a synthetic robotic adaptability index (RAI) of cows’ adaptation to the AMS; (3) to evaluate the predictive capabilities of traits describing the milking process and RAI; and (4) to compare the predictive power of different modeling approaches. The data on 796 primiparous Polish Holstein–Friesian cows (40,233 milkings) were obtained from the milking robot management system. Milking efficiency (ME), and the average number (AA) and time (AT) of the teat cup attachments and RAI served as predicted variables. Days in milk, and four AMS milking-related and 18 linear conformation traits were used as predictors. The highest predictive ability for ME was achieved with multilayer perceptron (R² = 0.895), followed by linear regression. For AA, AT, and RAI, the highest R² values were obtained for LASSO regression (0.663, 0.642 and 0.670, respectively). The key factors determining milking performance were functional variables, particularly milk flow rate (MilkFlow) and the number of failed milking attempts (Failure), while conformation traits had limited significance. More complex machine learning models do not always lead to improved prediction quality compared to statistical methods, which emphasizes the need for a critical approach to their application in the analysis of production data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

18 pages, 934 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Yellow Bells (Tecoma stans) Flower Enhances Gut Health, Fillet Quality, Hematological Indices, and Whole-Body Composition in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

by Kanokwan Hyukhongkaeo, Nutt Nuntapong, Waraporn Hahor and Karun Thongprajukaew

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1702; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111702 - 2 Jun 2026

Abstract

Yellow bells (Tecoma stans) is a popular ornamental flowering plant used in public spaces. Its flowers are considered a medicinal herb rich in bioactive compounds. This study aimed to investigate the effect of using dried yellow bells flower (YB) as a [...] Read more.

Yellow bells (Tecoma stans) is a popular ornamental flowering plant used in public spaces. Its flowers are considered a medicinal herb rich in bioactive compounds. This study aimed to investigate the effect of using dried yellow bells flower (YB) as a dietary supplement for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Nile tilapia (0.74 ± 0.01 g body weight) were divided into six groups for an eight-week feeding trial, during which their diets were supplemented with 5 different levels by weight of YB: 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%. The control group received a non-supplemented diet. Parameters related to growth, feed utilization, skin and fillet coloration, gut functionality, fillet quality, blood parameters, and whole-body composition were observed. Survival, feed utilization, and skin and fillet coloration were unaffected by YB supplementation, and growth performance was generally maintained up to 8% dietary inclusion. However, at 4 to 6% YB intestinal cellulase activity and gastrointestinal radical-scavenging activities were significantly increased, while amylase and protease activities, and the amylase/trypsin ratio, were maintained. Fillet quality was improved at 4% YB, with higher myosin and total myofibrillar protein contents but without changes in RNA, total protein, or RNA/protein ratio. At moderate YB inclusion levels, white blood cell counts were lower and packed cell volume and hemoglobin levels were higher, indicating improved physiological status. Whole-body crude protein and ash were increased at higher YB levels, whereas moisture and lipid were unchanged. Overall, dietary inclusion of around 4% YB was associated with favorable improvements in gut functionality, fillet quality, blood parameters, and whole-body composition in Nile tilapia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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1 pages, 124 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: McCartney et al. Retrospective Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of a Cageless Tibial Tuberosity Advancement Technique in Small-Breed Dogs. Animals 2026, 16, 1212

by William McCartney, Christos Yiapanis, Ciprian Ober, Amarildo Gjeli, Denis Gaceu and Joshua Milgram

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1701; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111701 - 2 Jun 2026

Abstract

There was an error in Reference 21 in the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

18 pages, 405 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Different Dietary Selenium Sources on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Selected Hematological Parameters in Weaned Piglets

by Kristina Gvozdanović, Jakov Jurčević, Zlata Kralik, Ivona Djurkin Kušec, Goran Kušec, Mislav Đidara, Marcela Šperanda, Katarina Marić and Vladimir Margeta

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1700; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111700 - 1 Jun 2026

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different selenium sources on hematological parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities in weaned piglets. Two hundred crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) piglets were divided into four groups (n = 50) supplemented with [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different selenium sources on hematological parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities in weaned piglets. Two hundred crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) piglets were divided into four groups (n = 50) supplemented with different forms of selenium: control group (K; standard diet without selenium supplementation), organic selenium (P1), selenium from biofortified feeds (P2), and nano-selenium (P3). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 22, and 45 post-weaning. A significant effect of selenium supplementation was found for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (p = 0.029) and platelet count (p = 0.049). Selenium source affected glutathione peroxidase in plasma (p = 0.003) and erythrocytes (p = 0.001), as well as carbonyl proteins (p = 0.001). At the same time, treatment × sampling time interactions were significant for glutathione peroxidase in plasma (p = 0.001) and carbonyl proteins (p = 0.001). Nano-selenium showed relatively consistent antioxidant enzyme activity over time. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values in different muscles increased significantly after 7 days in all analyzed muscles. A treatment effect was observed only in m. triceps femoris (p = 0.048), while a significant treatment × storage interaction was detected in m. intercostales sternales (p = 0.022). Although the time after weaning had a strong influence on the hematological parameters, selenium supplementation mainly modulated antioxidant parameters, while its effect on lipid oxidation was muscle-dependent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Uses of Trace Elements and Plant-Derived Bioactive Additives in Swine Nutrition)

13 pages, 417 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Oxidative Stress and Blood Parameters During Shearing in Sheep Treated with Melatonin

by Vincenzo Carcangiu, Sebastiano Luridiana, Raffaella Cocco, Othmane Trimasse, Imane Bennaghmouch, Mortadha Ouadday and Maria Consuelo Mura

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1699; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111699 - 1 Jun 2026

Abstract

Shearing is a stressful procedure for sheep, combining isolation, restraint, and the mechanical action of shearing, which activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and induces oxidative stress. This study investigated whether melatonin—a pleiotropic hormone with well-documented antioxidant properties—administration could modulate the stress response and oxidative [...] Read more.

Shearing is a stressful procedure for sheep, combining isolation, restraint, and the mechanical action of shearing, which activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and induces oxidative stress. This study investigated whether melatonin—a pleiotropic hormone with well-documented antioxidant properties—administration could modulate the stress response and oxidative stress in Sarda sheep during shearing. Forty lactating ewes (aged 3–5 years, mean body weight 41 ± 1.1 kg) were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10 each): two groups received a subcutaneous melatonin implant (18 mg); two remained untreated as controls. Within each category, one group was shorn and the other subjected only to restraint. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after shearing to measure cortisol, glucose, reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and oxidative stress index (OSI). Procedures elevated cortisol, glucose, ROMs, and OSI in all groups, but melatonin treatment significantly reduced these parameters and increased BAP relative to untreated animals at all sampling points (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between shorn and unshorn animals within the same treatment, suggesting that the handling, restraint, and isolation associated with the shearing procedure represent the major sources of stress, rather than the mechanical act of shearing itself. In conclusion, melatonin administration blunts the stress response and reduces oxidative stress in sheep during routine shearing-related handling procedures, suggesting its potential as a practical tool to improve animal welfare during routine management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Role of Antioxidants and Advanced Management Strategies to Improve Animal Production, Reproduction, Health, and Welfare)

17 pages, 2721 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenological Changes in the Fecal Microbiota of Elaphurus davidianus in Inner Mongolia Daqingshan National Nature Reserve

by Chunyan Liu, Jingjing Zhang, Yingshan Dong, Hua Ju, Taben Haoren, Lun He, Suritu, Haibo Ma, Jiawen Liu, Defu Hu, Dong Zhang, Liping Yan, Shumiao Zhang and Yunyun Gao

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1698; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111698 - 1 Jun 2026

Abstract

Given the ongoing global decline in biodiversity, species reintroduction has become an important strategy for the conservation of endangered wildlife. Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus), a historically extinct-in-the-wild species successfully reintroduced in China, represents a useful model for evaluating ecological responses [...] Read more.

Given the ongoing global decline in biodiversity, species reintroduction has become an important strategy for the conservation of endangered wildlife. Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus), a historically extinct-in-the-wild species successfully reintroduced in China, represents a useful model for evaluating ecological responses following reintroduction into different habitats. Increasing evidence suggests that fecal microbiota can serve as a non-invasive indicator of host-associated microbial communities and their variation under different conditions. In this study, we investigated the fecal microbiota of a reintroduced population in the Daqingshan National Nature Reserve (Inner Mongolia). A total of 90 fresh fecal samples were collected between December 2021 and October 2023 across different seasonal periods. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize microbial community structure, and comparative analyses were conducted alongside published datasets from populations in Beijing and Shishou. The results revealed significant seasonal variation in microbial community composition and diversity, with distinct clustering of rainy, dry, and transitional (October) samples. Several taxa exhibited differential enrichment between seasons, suggesting temporal shifts in microbial community structure. A comparative analysis with other populations (Beijing and Shishou) revealed differences in microbial composition at broad taxonomic levels, suggesting potential variations related to regional environmental conditions, diet, and management practices. Overall, the observed patterns are consistent with seasonal variation in plant resource availability and highlight the potential influence of geographic context on microbial community structure. This study provides baseline data on the fecal microbiota of Père David’s deer in a semi-arid steppe environment and the potential indication of host suitability from the perspective of the microbiome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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17 pages, 2205 KB

Open AccessCommunication

A Provisional Conceptual Framework for Mucosal Colour Assessment in Terrestrial Mammals

by Mette Uldahl and David J. Mellor

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111697 - 1 Jun 2026

Abstract

Mucosal colour assessment is widely used in veterinary medicine as an indicator of physiological states, but current approaches are characterized by inconsistent terminology, variable methodology, and differing levels of validation. This communication introduces the provisional Uldahl Standard, a conceptual framework developed to improve [...] Read more.

Mucosal colour assessment is widely used in veterinary medicine as an indicator of physiological states, but current approaches are characterized by inconsistent terminology, variable methodology, and differing levels of validation. This communication introduces the provisional Uldahl Standard, a conceptual framework developed to improve consistency, transparency, and reproducibility in mucosal colour assessment in terrestrial mammals. The framework integrates principles from veterinary medicine, colorimetry, and modern imaging technologies, combining perceptual, computational, and instrument-based approaches to colour analysis. Mucosal colour assessment is defined as a multidimensional process comprising colour category, light saturation level, physiological association, assessment method, and level of validation. Nine principal colour categories and eight standardised saturation modifiers were identified through a literature review and incorporated into the framework. The standard further emphasizes transparent reporting of assessment conditions, validation procedures, artefact evaluation, and analytical pathways, including examples using AI-assisted visual analysis. The framework acknowledges the inherent variability in mucosal colour assessment arising from environmental conditions, limitations of human colour perception, and differences in descriptive methods while providing a structured and comparable terminology, linked to defined levels of validation. It is anticipated that application of the proposed Uldahl Standard will provide markedly more robust and consistent descriptions of mucosal colours, which, provided they are combined with well validated clinical signs of the underlying physiology and/or pathophysiology, will greatly enhance the diagnostic power of the procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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13 pages, 3904 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Beauty to Protection: How Phenotypic Traits Influence Conservation Perceptions of Freshwater Fish

by Jana Fančovičová, Simona Todáková and Pavol Prokop

Animals 2026, 16(11), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111696 - 1 Jun 2026

Abstract

Biodiversity conservation is closely linked to human willingness to conserve individual species. However, fish, as the least visible group of vertebrates, are often overlooked, despite the fact that they constitute almost 60% of all known vertebrate species and are characterized by great morphological [...] Read more.

Biodiversity conservation is closely linked to human willingness to conserve individual species. However, fish, as the least visible group of vertebrates, are often overlooked, despite the fact that they constitute almost 60% of all known vertebrate species and are characterized by great morphological and color diversity. Our study aimed to identify phenotypic traits of freshwater fish that influence their attractiveness and, at the same time, the perceived need for their conservation. The research consisted of two parts: a touchscreen-based evaluation of 30 fish species followed by an online survey focusing on a selected subset of 15 species. The most attractive species were those with colorful coloration, unusual body shape and distinctive fins. Respondents also attributed a high conservation value to species with striking or unusual features. An interesting finding was that even less attractive species were able to arouse a willingness to protect them thanks to their unusual appearance, which evoked prehistoric signs and aroused a feeling of compassion. Only species with serpentine body shapes received the lowest rankings in both attractiveness and willingness to protect. Based on these findings, we recommend using attractive and atypical fish species as so-called flagship species, which can effectively support the protection and preservation of the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems. The results also represent a starting point for the creation of educational programs that can shape positive public attitudes towards fish and their conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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