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Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0

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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 21686

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Dr. Ángel Isidro Cámpa-Córdova

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Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz 23096, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Interests: microalga; aquaculture
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Dear Colleagues,

Stress conditions in culture ponds are the main obstacle to successful aquaculture. Reared organisms are associated with a wide range of stresses, related to nutrition, environment, biology, handling and density. These factors may disrupt homeostasis, cause stress in farmed organisms, and significantly affect zootechnical parameters such as growth and survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess can lead to the oxidation of cell membranes, as well as lesions in mitochondria, proteins, DNA and other cell components. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems play a role in preventing and repairing oxidative damage. Metabolic pathways in cells are influenced by antioxidant enzymes, which may be valuable biomarkers of general health status. Some immunostimulants and antioxidants prevent infections and protect cells from damage during excessive ROS production.
This Special Issue will publish original research papers and reviews on the benefits of antioxidants in aquaculture, in relation to the following topics:

Dietary antioxidants and food supplements;
Screening of antioxidant products for biological activities;
Antioxidant potential of probiotic bacteria;
Antioxidant products in intestinal health;
Understanding the pathways of redox homeostasis;
The relationship between antioxidants and health.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Ángel Isidro Cámpa-Córdova
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

crustaceans
mollusks
fishes
oxidative stress
juvenile
larvae
superoxide dismutase
catalase
glutathione peroxidase
gene expression
enzymes
tissues
adults
antioxidant response
antioxidant enzymes
antioxidant gene expression

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Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture in Antioxidants (10 articles)

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Research

12 pages, 4122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Damage Associated with Seeding Surgery for Pearl Culture in the Winged Pearl Oyster Pteria sterna

by Andrés Granados-Amores, Ángel I. Campa-Córdova, Héctor Acosta-Salmón, Carlos Angulo, Tania Zenteno-Savín, Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo and Pedro E. Saucedo

Antioxidants 2024, 13(6), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060723 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 995

Abstract

To evaluate the antioxidant activity and oxidative damage by relaxing, wounding, and seeding of a saibo of different origin on Pteria sterna hosts, five oyster treatments were included: (1) relaxed (REL) but neither wounded nor seeded; (2) relaxed and wounded (WOU) but not seeded; (3) relaxed, wounded, and seeded with an allograft (ALL); (4) relaxed, wounded, and seeded with an autograft (AUT); and (5) unrelaxed, unwounded, and unseeded as control (CTR). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) activity were quantified between 3 and 24 h post-seeding. Compared to the CTR oysters, which did not suffer oxidative stress, SOD activity significantly decreased in the gonad and digestive gland in all treatments and decreased in mantle tissue in AUT oysters; this indicates that the entire process of preparing oysters for pearl culture (relaxing, wounding, and seeding) generates oxidative stress in the host. CAT was not a sensitive enzyme for measuring the short-term response of oysters to the wounding–seeding processes but rather a more prolonged or chronic stress. Similar to SOD, the lowest GPx and TBARS activity in seeded oysters evidenced their susceptibility to oxidative stress and damage, particularly in the WOU treatment. Evidence from this study indicates that SOD is a more sensitive enzyme for measuring the short-term response of the host oyster to the wounding and seeding of a saibo. It is also clear that the host undergoes stress at all stages of the pearl culture process, mostly during gonad wounding and regardless of the origin of saibo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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14 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) as a Functional Feed Ingredient on Growth Performance, Immune Enhancement, and Disease Resistance in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) under High Stocking Density

by Jinho Bae, Mohammad Moniruzzaman, Hyeong-Woo Je, Seunghan Lee, Wonsuk Choi, Taesun Min, Kang-Woong Kim and Sungchul C. Bai

Antioxidants 2024, 13(6), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060647 - 25 May 2024

Viewed by 1698

Abstract

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that is found in the brain and central nervous system of animals as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It has been shown to have a variety of physiological functions, including stress reduction and immune enhancement. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with GABA on growth, serum biochemistry, innate immunity, and disease resistance in juvenile olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) challenged with Edwardsiella tarda under high-stocking density. A control diet and three experimental diets were prepared, with 150 mg/kg (GABA150), 200 mg/kg (GABA200), and 250 mg/kg (GABA250) of GABA added to each diet, respectively. Each experimental diet was fed to olive flounders in triplicate with an initial weight of 12.75 g ± 0.3 g in 40 L tanks at two stocking densities: normal density (20 fish/tank) and high density (40 fish/tank). After 8 weeks of the feeding trial, growth, feed utilization, whole-body proximate compositions, blood analyses, and non-specific immune responses were measured, and challenge tests were performed. There were no significant differences in the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed the GABA-supplemented diets at the two stocking densities. However, the normal-density groups showed significantly higher WG and SGR than the high-density groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio among all groups. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the whole-body proximate composition analysis (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in cortisol levels in fish fed the GABA at both densities, but the high-density group showed a significantly higher cortisol than the low-density group. Blood GABA significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner regardless of the density groups (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity showed significantly higher levels than the control group, but there was no significant effect of the stocking densities in fish fed the GABA diets (p < 0.05). Myeloperoxidase activities in fish fed the GABA200 and GABA250 diets showed significantly higher levels at both of the stocking densities (p < 0.05). Lysozyme activity was significantly higher in the GABA150 group than in the CON, GABA200, and GABA250 groups (p < 0.05). After 15 days of challenge tests with Edwardsiella tarda, the cumulative survival rates of the GABA150, GABA200, and GABA250 groups were significantly higher than that of the CON group (p < 0.05). The results suggested that the optimal dietary GABA level for juvenile olive flounder culture is 150 mg/kg, regardless of rearing density, to enhance growth, immunity, and disease resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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21 pages, 2720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Hydroxytyrosol-Rich Extract Supplementation in a High-Fat Diet on Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Lipid Metabolism

by Sara Balbuena-Pecino, Manel Montblanch, Enrique Rosell-Moll, Verónica González-Fernández, Irene García-Meilán, Ramon Fontanillas, Ángeles Gallardo, Joaquim Gutiérrez, Encarnación Capilla and Isabel Navarro

Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040403 - 27 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1432

Abstract

High-fat diets (HFDs) enhance fish growth by optimizing nutrient utilization (i.e., protein-sparing effect); however, their potential negative effects have also encouraged the search for feed additives. This work has investigated the effects of an extract rich in a polyphenolic antioxidant, hydroxytyrosol (HT), supplemented (0.52 g HT/kg feed) in a HFD (24% lipid) in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Fish received the diet at two ration levels, standard (3% of total fish weight) or restricted (40% reduction) for 8 weeks. Animals fed the supplemented diet at a standard ration had the lowest levels of plasma free fatty acids (4.28 ± 0.23 mg/dL versus 6.42 ± 0.47 in the non-supplemented group) and downregulated hepatic mRNA levels of lipid metabolism markers (ppara, pparb, lpl, fatp1, fabp1, acox1, lipe and lipa), supporting potential fat-lowering properties of this compound in the liver. Moreover, the same animals showed increased muscle lipid content and peroxidation (1.58- and 1.22-fold, respectively, compared to the fish without HT), suggesting the modulation of body adiposity distribution and an enhanced lipid oxidation rate in that tissue. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering this phytocompound as an optimal additive in HFDs for gilthead sea bream to improve overall fish health and condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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25 pages, 1980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ferulic Acid on Respiratory Metabolism, Oxidative Lesions, and Apoptotic Parameters in Gills and Red Blood Cells of Carp (Cyprinus carpio Var. Jian) Response to Copper

by Huatao Li, Haijing Liu, Siyue Wu, Chengyan Ai, Qi Yang, Jingting Jia, Xiao Xu, Min Wu and Jun Jiang

Antioxidants 2024, 13(3), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13030314 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1442

Abstract

In sustainable aquaculture systems, copper sulfate (CuSO₄) is widely applied as a disinfectant to control parasitic infections and algal growth. However, aquatic organisms may suffer from exposure to excessive concentrations of Cu. Elevated Cu concentrations could activate damage to the respiratory functions of aquatic animals. Thus, this study explored the effects exerted by ferulic acid (FA) on respiratory metabolism, oxidation-related lesions, and the apoptosis parameters of the gills and red blood cells in copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄·5H₂O)-treated carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). When the 30-day feeding experiment was completed, the carp were exposed to 12.5 μM of Cu for 4 days. The results indicated that the Cu decreased the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates in the carp, reduced the metabolic- and antioxidant-related enzyme activities and glutathione levels in the carp, and enhanced the caspase activities and reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels in the gills of the carp. Moreover, in addition to the changes in the above parameters, the Cu decreased the cell numbers and hemoglobin concentrations and increased the phosphatidylserine exposure and cytochrome c levels in the red blood cells of the carp. These results demonstrate that Cu is capable of decreasing respiratory metabolism and increasing oxidation-related lesions and apoptosis inside the gills and red blood cells of the fish. However, dietary FA quenched the Cu-induced apoptosis and oxidative lesions by reversing the same biomarker indicators, thereby suppressing the Cu-induced decrease in respiratory metabolism. Thus, FA can be used as a suppressor of Cu stress in fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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17 pages, 3475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Impact of Disrupting the Glutamine Metabolism Pathway on Ammonia Excretion in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) under Carbonate Alkaline Stress Using Metabolomics Techniques

by Yanchun Sun, Chuanye Geng, Wenzhi Liu, Yingjie Liu, Lu Ding and Peng Wang

Antioxidants 2024, 13(2), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13020170 - 29 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1487

Abstract

With the gradual decline in freshwater resources, the space available for freshwater aquaculture is diminishing and the need to maximize saline water for aquaculture is increasing. This study aimed to elucidate the impact mechanisms of the disruption of the glutamate pathway on serum metabolism and ammonia excretion in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) under carbonate alkaline stress. A freshwater control group (C group), a 20 mmol/L NaHCO₃ stress group (L group), and a 40 mmol/L NaHCO₃ stress group (H group) were established. After 30 days of exposure, methionine sulfoximine (MSO) was injected to block the glutamate pathway metabolism, and the groups post-blocking were labeled as MC, ML, and MH. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with the quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) metabolomics technique was employed to detect changes in the composition and content of crucian carp serum metabolites. Significant differential metabolites were identified, and related metabolic pathways were analyzed. The results revealed that, following the glutamate pathway blockade, a total of 228 differential metabolites (DMs) were identified in the three treatment groups. An enrichment analysis indicated significant involvement in glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, purine metabolism, arginine and proline biosynthesis, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and fatty acid degradation, among other metabolic pathways. The results showed that ROS imbalances and L-arginine accumulation in crucian carp after the glutamate pathway blockade led to an increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in vivo, which may cause damage to the structure and function of cell membranes. Crucian carp improves the body’s antioxidant capacity and regulates cellular homeostasis by activating glutathione metabolism and increasing the concentration of phosphatidylcholine (PC) analogs. Additionally, challenges such as aggravated ammonia excretion obstruction and disrupted energy metabolism were observed in crucian carp, with the upregulation of purine metabolism alleviating ammonia toxicity and maintaining energy homeostasis through pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis as well as fatty acid degradation. This study elucidated the metabolic changes in crucian carp under carbonate alkaline stress after a glutamate pathway blockade at the cellular metabolism level and screened out the key metabolic pathways, which provide a scientific basis for further in-depth studies on the ammonia excretion of freshwater scleractinian fishes under saline and alkaline habitats at a later stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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14 pages, 2153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance, Liver Histology, Antioxidant and Related Genes Expression of Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂)

by Weibin Huang, Tao Li, Wenshan Cai, Hengyang Song, Hao Liu, Beiping Tan, Shuang Zhang, Menglong Zhou, Yuanzhi Yang and Xiaohui Dong

Antioxidants 2024, 13(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010088 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1895

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the impact of α-lipoic acid on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity in hybrid groupers (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus) fed with a high-lipid diet. Groupers (8.97 ± 0.01 g) were fed six different diets, with α-lipoic acid content in diets being 0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 mg/kg, named S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, and S6, respectively. The results show that the addition of 2000 mg/kg α-lipoic acid in the diet inhibited the growth, weight gain rate (WGR), and specific growth rate (SGR), which were significantly lower than other groups. In serum, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly higher in the S5 group than in the S1 group. In the liver, CAT, SOD and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) levels were significantly increased in α-lipoic acid supplemented groups. α-lipoic acid significantly upregulated liver antioxidant genes sod and cat, anti-inflammatory factor interleukin 10 (il10) and transforming growth factor β (tgfβ) mRNA levels. Conclusion: the addition of 2000 mg/kg of α-lipoic acid inhibits the growth of hybrid groupers. In addition, 400–800 mg/kg α-lipoic acid contents improve the antioxidant capacity of groupers and have a protective effect against high-lipid-diet-induced liver oxidative damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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14 pages, 2425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary β-Glucan Alleviates Antibiotic-Associated Side Effects by Increasing the Levels of Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Modifying Intestinal Microbiota in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

by Yanbing Qiao, Fenglu Han, Xuhan Peng, Artur Rombenso and Erchao Li

Antioxidants 2024, 13(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010052 - 28 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1843

Abstract

Antibiotics and their secondary metabolites are commonly found in aquatic ecosystems, leading to the passive exposure of many aquatic animals to low doses of antibiotics, which can affect their health. However, there is limited information available on how to mitigate the side effects of antibiotics on normal aquatic animals. This study aimed to investigate the potential of dietary β-glucan to alleviate the side effects induced by antibiotics in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (0.37 ± 0.02 g). A six-week feeding trial was conducted with four dietary treatments including a control, 1 g/kg β-glucan (β-glucan), 50 mg/kg oxytetracycline (OTC), and a combination of 50 mg/kg OTC and 1 g/kg β-glucan (Mix) groups. At the end of the trial, the growth performance, intestinal microbial composition, antioxidant capacity, and immune response of the shrimp were assessed. There were no significant differences in growth performance among the groups, but the condition factor of the shrimp in the Mix group was significantly decreased when compared to the control and β-glucan groups. The activities of hepatopancreas catalase (CAT) and serum phenol oxidase in the OTC group were significantly lower than those in the control group. On the other hand, the activities of hepatopancreas superoxide dismutase and CAT enzymes in the β-glucan group were significantly higher than those in the OTC group. The supplementation of β-glucan in combination with antibiotics significantly increased the CAT activity and bacteriolytic activity compared to the OTC and control groups, respectively. Moreover, an analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed that the Observed_species estimator in the Mix group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Dietary antibiotics significantly increased the abundance of Actinobacteria at the phylum level, but the Mix group showed no significant difference. The supplementation of β-glucan in combination with antibiotics also significantly increased the relative abundance of Meridianimaribacter compared to the control group. Additionally, the synergistic influence of β-glucan with antibiotics increased the beta diversity of intestinal microbiotas. These findings suggest that the supplementation of β-glucan in combination with antibiotics on Pacific white shrimp can alleviate the low antioxidant capacity and immune response caused by antibiotics while enhancing the intestinal microbial composition. This provides a potential solution to mitigate the negative impacts of antibiotics in aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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15 pages, 4380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ferrous Ion Alleviates Lipid Deposition and Inflammatory Responses Caused by a High Cottonseed Meal Diet by Modulating Hepatic Iron Transport Homeostasis and Controlling Ferroptosis in Juvenile Ctenopharyngodon idellus

by Hengchen Liu, Shiyou Chen, Yan Lin, Wenqiang Jiang, Yongfeng Zhao, Siyue Lu, Linghong Miao and Xianping Ge

Antioxidants 2023, 12(11), 1968; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111968 - 6 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2784

Abstract

To investigate the mechanisms through which ferrous ion (Fe²⁺) addition improves the utilization of a cottonseed meal (CSM) diet, two experimental diets with equal nitrogen and energy content (low-cottonseed meal (LCM) and high-cottonseed meal (HCM) diets, respectively) containing 16.31% and 38.46% CSM were prepared. Additionally, the HCM diet was supplemented with graded levels of FeSO₄·7H₂O to establish two different Fe²⁺ supplementation groups (HCM + 0.2%Fe²⁺ and HCM + 0.4%Fe²⁺). Juvenile Ctenopharyngodon idellus (grass carps) (5.0 ± 0.5 g) were fed one of these four diets (HCM, LCM, HCM + 0.2%Fe²⁺ and HCM + 0.4%Fe²⁺ diets) for eight weeks. Our findings revealed that the HCM diet significantly increased lipid peroxide (LPO) concentration and the expression of lipogenic genes, e.g., sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (srebp1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (scd), leading to excessive lipid droplet deposition in the liver (p < 0.05). However, these effects were significantly reduced in the HCM + 0.2%Fe²⁺ and HCM + 0.4%Fe²⁺ groups (p < 0.05). Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration was also significantly lower in the HCM and HCM + 0.2%Fe²⁺ groups compared to the LCM group (p < 0.05), whereas low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration was significantly higher in the HCM + 0.2%Fe²⁺ and HCM + 0.4%Fe²⁺ groups than in the LCM group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the plasma levels of liver functional indices, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and glucose (GLU), were significantly lower in the HCM + 0.4%Fe²⁺ group (p < 0.05). Regarding the expression of genes related to iron transport regulation, transferrin 2 (tfr2) expression in the HCM group and Fe²⁺ supplementation groups were significantly suppressed compared to the LCM group (p < 0.05). The addition of 0.4% Fe²⁺ in the HCM diet activated hepcidin expression and suppressed ferroportin-1 (fpn1) expression (p < 0.05). Compared to the LCM group, the expression of genes associated with ferroptosis and inflammation, including acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4b (acsl4b), lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (lpcat3), cyclooxygenase (cox), interleukin 1β (il-1β), and nuclear factor kappa b (nfκb), were significantly increased in the HCM group (p < 0.05), whereas Fe²⁺ supplementation in the HCM diet significantly inhibited their expression (p < 0.05) and significantly suppressed lipoxygenase (lox) expression (p < 0.05). Compared with the HCM group without Fe²⁺ supplementation, Fe²⁺ supplementation in the HCM diet significantly upregulated the expression of genes associated with ferroptosis, such as heat shock protein beta-associated protein1 (hspbap1), glutamate cysteine ligase (gcl), and glutathione peroxidase 4a (gpx4a) (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the expression of the inflammation-related genes interleukin 15/10 (il-15/il-10) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FeSO₄·7H₂O supplementation in the HCM diet maintained iron transport and homeostasis in the liver of juvenile grass carps, thus reducing the occurrence of ferroptosis and alleviating hepatic lipid deposition and inflammatory responses caused by high dietary CSM contents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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16 pages, 2833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbiome–Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Beneficial Effects of Dietary Kelp Resistant Starch on Intestinal Functions of Hybrid Snakeheads (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂)

by Shaodan Wang, Zhiheng Zuo, Bin Ye, Li Zhang, Yanbo Cheng, Shaolin Xie, Jixing Zou and Guohuan Xu

Antioxidants 2023, 12(8), 1631; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081631 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2076

Abstract

The benefits of resistant starch on hypoglycemia, obesity prevention, antioxidant status and the alleviation of metabolic syndrome have received considerable attention. In this study, we explored how dietary kelp resistant starch (KRS) enhances intestinal morphology and function through a microbiome–metabolomic analysis. Hybrid snakeheads (initial weight: 11.4 ± 0.15 g) were fed experimental diets for 60 days. Fish were fed a basic wheat starch diet and the KRS diet. Dietary KRS improved intestinal morphology and enhanced intestinal antioxidant and digestive capabilities, as evidenced by decreased intestinal damage and upregulated intestinal biochemical markers. The microbiome analysis showed that KRS administration elevated the proportion of butyrate-producing bacteria and the abundance of beneficial bacteria that increases insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, significant alterations in metabolic profiles were observed to mainly associate with the amino acid metabolism (particularly arginine production), the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, fat metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. Additionally, alterations in intestinal microbiota composition were significantly associated with metabolites. Collectively, changes in intestinal microbiota and metabolite profiles produced by the replacement of common starch with dietary KRS appears to play an important role in the development of intestinal metabolism, thus leading to improved intestinal function and homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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15 pages, 4954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris Effectively Enhanced the Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Status of Micropterus salmoides

by Heng Yu, Xianping Ge, Dongyu Huang, Chunyu Xue, Mingchun Ren and Hualiang Liang

Antioxidants 2023, 12(8), 1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081565 - 4 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2419

Abstract

An M. salmoides fish meal diet was supplemented with 0 (CHL0, Control), 38 (CHL38), 76 (CHL76), 114 (CHL114), and 152 (CHL152) mg/kg C. vulgaris for 60 days, and their serum and intestinal samples were analyzed. The results showed that the albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) contents were observably enhanced in the CHL76 group compared with the Control group. The intestinal glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) contents were enhanced significantly in the CHL76 group, while the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was enhanced in the CHL38 group, compared with the Control group. However, supplementation of >76 g/kg C. vulgaris significantly inhibited the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the intestines of M. salmoides. Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was observably dropped in the CHL-supplemented groups compared with the Control group. Transcriptome analysis of the CHL76 and Control groups displayed a total of 1384 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). KEGG analysis revealed that these DEGs were enriched in apoptosis, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, tight junction (TJ), and phagosome signaling pathways, which were associated with improved intestinal immunity in the CHL76 group. Additionally, the DEGs enriched in the above pathways were also correlated with the antioxidant parameters, such as catalase (CAT), GSH, GSH-Px, SOD, T-AOC, and MDA. Therefore, our study found that dietary supplementation of C. vulgaris effectively enhanced the intestinal antioxidant capacity of M. salmoides by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and decreasing MDA content. Additionally, dietary supplementation of C. vulgaris improved the intestinal immune status of M. salmoides by reducing proapoptotic and proinflammatory factors, increasing intestinal TJs- and phagosome-related genes expressions, and increasing the serum ALB and TP contents. Lastly, quadratic regression analysis of the serum biochemical indices (ALB and TP) and intestinal antioxidant parameters (GSH-Px and GSH) revealed that the optimal supplemental level of C. vulgaris in the M. salmoides diet was 58.25–77.7 g/kg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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16 pages, 2938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Benefits of Nanosized Magnesium Oxide in Fish Megalobrama amblycephala: Evidence in Growth Performance, Redox Defense, Glucose Metabolism, and Magnesium Homeostasis

by Ling Zhang, Zishang Liu, Ying Deng, Chaofan He, Wenbin Liu and Xiangfei Li

Antioxidants 2023, 12(7), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071350 - 27 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2105

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of dietary magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) on the growth, redox defense, glucose metabolism, and magnesium homeostasis in blunt snout bream. Fish (12.42 ± 0.33 g) were fed seven diets containing graded levels of MgO NPs (0, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960, and 1920 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Whole-body Mg retention decreased significantly as the dietary Mg increased. As dietary MgO NPs levels reached 120 mg/kg, the growth performance and feed utilization remarkably improved. When added at 240 mg/kg, oxidative stress was significantly reduced evidenced by the increased Mn-sod transcription and the decreased CAT and GSH-Px activities and the MDA content. Meanwhile, it enhanced glucose transport, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis, while inhibiting gluconeogenesis, as was characterized by the increased transcriptions of glut2, gk, and pk, and the decreased transcriptions of fbpase and g6pase. In addition, the supplementation of 120 mg/kg MgO NPs promoted Mg transport marked by a significant increase in the protein expressions of TRMP7, S41A3, and CNNM1. In conclusion, the moderate supplementation of MgO NPs improved the growth performance, reduced hepatic oxidative stress, and promoted glucose transport, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, and magnesium homeostasis in fish while inhibiting glu. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0)

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