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Antioxidants
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Antioxidants of Natural Product
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Antioxidants of Natural Product

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 79496

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Mee Ree Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
Interests: health functional food; antioxidants; oxidative stress; cell signal; diabetes; neurodegenerative disease; inflammation; immune/allergy; skin health; lipids & lipid metabolites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Antioxidant ingredients contribute to beneficial effects of natural products in health promotion and disease prevention through reducing oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which modify proteins, lipids, and DNA of tissues or organs in biological systems.

Antioxidants from natural products, compared with synthetic antioxidants, are considered to be more acceptable, reliable, and safer.

During the past decade, an increasing interest has been observed in exploring the major bioactive ingredients in natural products. Recently, many researchers have been conducting studies on minor compounds, whose special bioactivity recently has been increasingly noteworthy.

In this Special Issue, new efficacy or mechanisms that have not been revealed for antioxidants in natural products, derived from edible plants, herbs, spices and seaweeds, will be covered. Also, studies on antioxidants from food waste such as shells, seeds, and stems, will provide new information on ingredients for functional food or medicine.

We invite you to submit your latest research findings or review articles to this Special Issue, which will bring together current research concerning antioxidants from natural products including plants and algae, and the role that antioxidants can play in boosting radical scavenging in both normal processes as well as diseased states. This research can include both in vitro, in vivo, or therapeutic approaches to treat disease relating to any of the following topics: structure and function of antioxidants; regulation of antioxidative enzyme system; and role of antioxidants in cellular signaling pathways, cell proliferation, cellular stress, or epigenetic regulation.

As Guest Editor, I invite you to contribute to the Special Issue on “Antioxidants from Natural Products.” Original research reports and reviews will be published online in Antioxidants.

Prof. Dr. Mee Ree Kim
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • oxidative stress
  • antioxidants
  • natural products
  • cell signaling
  • cell proliferation
  • apoptosis
  • neurodegenerative diseases
  • diabetes
  • inflammation
  • allergy
  • skin health
  • lipids and lipid metabolites

Published Papers (21 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 185 KiB  
Editorial
Antioxidants of Natural Products
by Mee Ree Kim
Antioxidants 2021, 10(4), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040612 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2590
Abstract
Antioxidant ingredients are known to contribute to the beneficial effects of natural products in health promotion as well as disease prevention by reducing oxidative stress, caused by reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, in biological systems [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

16 pages, 4058 KiB  
Article
Ishige okamurae Suppresses Trimethyltin-Induced Neurodegeneration and Glutamate-Mediated Excitotoxicity by Regulating MAPKs/Nrf2/HO-1 Antioxidant Pathways
by Oh Yun Kwon and Seung Ho Lee
Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030440 - 12 Mar 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2545
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have several similar cellular dysregulations. We investigated the inhibitory role of Ishige okamurae, an edible brown alga, on neurodegenerative processes by estimating the effects of Ishige okamurae on excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in vitro and neurodegeneration induced by trimethyltin [...] Read more.
Many neurodegenerative diseases have several similar cellular dysregulations. We investigated the inhibitory role of Ishige okamurae, an edible brown alga, on neurodegenerative processes by estimating the effects of Ishige okamurae on excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in vitro and neurodegeneration induced by trimethyltin (TMT) in vivo. This study aimed to describe the molecular mechanisms responsible for the mediating anti-neurodegenerative effects of Ishige okamurae extract (IOE). The oral administration of IOE to TMT-injected mice impeded the TMT-mediated short- and long-term memory impairments investigated by the Morris water maze and Y-maze test. IOE attenuated TMT-mediated cellular apoptosis and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in mice brains. Glutamate-induced apoptosis and the expression of reactive oxygen species, Nrf2, and HO-1 in HT22 cells were also attenuated by IOE. In addition, TMT- and glutamate-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mouse brain tissues and HT22 cells were attenuated by the treatment of IOE. In HT22 cells, administration of MAPK inhibitors recovered the glutamate induced by the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and cellular dysregulation to the equal extent to IOE administration. Taken together, these results suggest that IOE could attenuate neurodegenerative processes, such as TMT- and glutamate-mediated neuronal dysregulation, by regulating MAPKs/Nrf-2/HO-1 antioxidant pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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20 pages, 2004 KiB  
Article
Ethanol Extract of Yak-Kong Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria from a Korean Infant Markedly Reduces Matrix Metallopreteinase-1 Expression Induced by Solar Ultraviolet Irradiation in Human Keratinocytes and a 3D Skin Model
by Heanim Park, Ji Won Seo, Tae Kyung Lee, Jae Hwan Kim, Jong-Eun Kim, Tae-Gyu Lim, Jung Han Yoon Park, Chul Sung Huh, Hee Yang and Ki Won Lee
Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020291 - 15 Feb 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3169
Abstract
Yak-Kong is a type of black soybean that is colloquially referred to as the “medicinal bean” and it elicits several beneficial effects that are relevant to human health, including attenuating the formation of skin wrinkles. It has previously been shown that soybean extracts [...] Read more.
Yak-Kong is a type of black soybean that is colloquially referred to as the “medicinal bean” and it elicits several beneficial effects that are relevant to human health, including attenuating the formation of skin wrinkles. It has previously been shown that soybean extracts elicit additional bioactivity that is fermented by lactic acid bacteria. In this study of lactic acid bacteria strains that were isolated from the stools of breast-feeding infants (<100 days old), we selected Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis LDTM 8102 (LDTM 8102) as the lead strain for the fermentation of Yak-Kong. We investigated the effects of LDTM 8102-fermented Yak-Kong on solar-ultraviolet irradiation (sUV)-induced wrinkle formation. In HaCaT cells, the ethanol extract of LDTM 8102-fermented Yak-Kong (EFY) effectively reduced sUV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secretion. The effect of EFY was superior to that of unfermented (UFY)- and Lactis KCTC 5854 (another Bifidobacterium animalis species)-fermented Yak-Kong. Additionally, EFY reduced sUV-induced MMP-1 mRNA expression and promoter activity, as well as the transactivation of AP-1 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. Furthermore, EFY alleviated sUV-induced MMP-1 secretion, the destruction of the epidermis, and degradation of collagen in a three-dimensional (3D) skin culture model. EFY had a higher total polyphenol content and anti-oxidative activity than UFY. Twelve metabolites were significantly (≥2-fold) increased in Yak-Kong extract after fermentation by LDTM 8102. Among them, the metabolites of major isoflavones, such as 6,7,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone (THIF), exerted the reducing effect of MMP-1, which indicated that the isoflavone metabolites contributed to the effect of EFY on MMP-1 expression as active compounds. These findings suggest that EFY is a potent natural material that can potentially prevent sUV-induced wrinkle formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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20 pages, 4241 KiB  
Article
Platycodon grandiflorum Root Protects against Aβ-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Pathology in Female Models of Alzheimer’s Disease
by Yunkwon Nam, Soo Jung Shin, Yong Ho Park, Min-Jeong Kim, Seong Gak Jeon, Hyewon Lee, Yeji Choi, Tae-Jin Kim, Seong Min Shin, Jwa-Jin Kim, Doo-Han Yoo, Hyung Don Kim, Sujin Kim and Minho Moon
Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020207 - 1 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3320
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by irreversible cognitive dysfunction. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is an important pathological factor that triggers the progression of AD through accumulation and aggregation, which leads to AD-related pathologies that consequently affect cognitive functions. Interestingly, [...] Read more.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by irreversible cognitive dysfunction. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is an important pathological factor that triggers the progression of AD through accumulation and aggregation, which leads to AD-related pathologies that consequently affect cognitive functions. Interestingly, several studies have reported that Platycodon grandiflorum root extract (PGE), besides exhibiting other bioactive effects, displays neuroprotective, anti-neuroinflammatory, and cognitive-enhancing effects. However, to date, it is not clear whether PGE can affect AD-related cognitive dysfunction and pathogenesis. Therefore, to investigate whether PGE influences cognitive impairment in an animal model of AD, we conducted a Y-maze test using a 5XFAD mouse model. Oral administration of PGE for 3 weeks at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment in 5XFAD mice. Moreover, to elucidate the neurohistological mechanisms underlying the PGE-mediated alleviative effect on cognitive dysfunction, we performed histological analysis of hippocampal formation in these mice. Histopathological analysis showed that PGE significantly alleviated AD-related pathologies such as Aβ accumulation, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In addition, we observed a neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of PGE in mouse hippocampal neurons. Our findings suggest that administration of PGE might act as one of the therapeutic agents for AD by decreasing Aβ related pathology and ameliorating Aβ induced cognitive impairment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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15 pages, 2188 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Korean Black Ginseng Extract through ER Stress Pathway
by Mi-Yeong An, So Rok Lee, Hye-Jeong Hwang, Ju-Gyeong Yoon, Hae-Jeung Lee and Jin Ah Cho
Antioxidants 2021, 10(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010062 - 6 Jan 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4633
Abstract
The excessive release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can result in the development of chronic inflammation. The mechanisms involved in inflammation are various, with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress known to be among them. We have previously shown that black ginseng (BG) reduced lipid [...] Read more.
The excessive release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can result in the development of chronic inflammation. The mechanisms involved in inflammation are various, with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress known to be among them. We have previously shown that black ginseng (BG) reduced lipid accumulation in and enhanced the antioxidant function of the liver in vitro and in vivo mostly due to ginsenoside Rb1, Rg3 and Rk1 components. Therefore, this study investigated the antioxidant effect of BG on the intestines and its possible mechanistic pathway through ER stress. The results showed that BG extract decreased ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production and reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels in vitro, and these results were confirmed by zebrafish embryos in vivo. However, this phenotype was abolished in the absence of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) but not in the absence of protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER-resistant kinase (PERK) or X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) in the mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) knockout (KO) cells, suggesting that BG elicits an antioxidant effect in an IRE1α-dependent manner. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in the liver and intestines of the mouse model affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which was induced by a high-fat/high-fructose diet. In the liver, BG treatment rescued NAFLD-induced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 expression. In the intestines, BG also rescued NAFLD-induced shortened villi, inflammatory immune cell infiltration, upregulated IL-6, cytosine-cytosine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine (CCAAT)/enhancer-binding homologous protein (CHOP) and binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) expression. In conclusion, our results show that BG reduces ROS and NO production followed by inflammation in an IRE1α-dependent and XBP1-independent manner. The results suggest that BG provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through an ER stress mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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17 pages, 3055 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant Effect of Lycium barbarum Leaf through Inflammatory and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mechanism
by So Rok Lee, Mi-Yeong An, Hye-Jeong Hwang, Ju-Gyeong Yoon and Jin Ah Cho
Antioxidants 2021, 10(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010020 - 28 Dec 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3182
Abstract
Although the prevalence and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a defective immune response of the gastrointestinal tract, has been increasing in North America and Western Europe, recent studies have shown that this disease is also increasing rapidly in Asia. Several studies have [...] Read more.
Although the prevalence and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a defective immune response of the gastrointestinal tract, has been increasing in North America and Western Europe, recent studies have shown that this disease is also increasing rapidly in Asia. Several studies have been searching for functional foods that can prevent or reduce IBD symptoms because the drug treatments for IBD are expensive with complications. Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), an observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals, showed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the causes of IBD. Previously, we reported the effects of Lyciumbarbarum fruit and this study investigated the effects of Lycium barbarum leaf (LL) on inflammation and ER stress of the intestine. The paracellular permeability, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory response were measured on polarized Caco-2 cells. The ER stress pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated on MEF-knockout cell lines, and on the intestines of the mice fed a high-fat diet with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Our data showed that the LL pretreatment strengthened the tight junction integrity and reduced NO production both in the presence and in the absence of inflammation. Furthermore, LL inhibited ER stress and inflammation via IRE1α and XBP1 in vitro as well as in the inflamed intestines of mice, highlighting the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function of LL in an IRE1α-XBP1-dependent manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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24 pages, 4416 KiB  
Article
Gallic Acid-Laminarin Conjugate Is a Better Antioxidant than Sulfated or Carboxylated Laminarin
by Marília Medeiros Fernandes-Negreiros, Lucas Alighieri Neves Costa Batista, Rony Lucas Silva Viana, Diego Araujo Sabry, Almino Afonso Oliveira Paiva, Weslley Souza Paiva, Raynara Iusk Araujo Machado, Francimar Lopes de Sousa Junior, Daniel de Lima Pontes, Jussier de Oliveira Vitoriano, Clodomiro Alves Junior, Guilherme Lanzi Sassaki and Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121192 - 27 Nov 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2707
Abstract
A 12.4 kDa laminarin (LM) composed of β(1→3)-glucan with β(1→6)-branches was extracted from brown seaweed Lobophora variegata and modified via carboxylation using dielectric barrier discharge (LMC), conjugation with gallic acid (LMG), and sulfation (LMS). Analyses of the chemical composition of LMC, LMG, and [...] Read more.
A 12.4 kDa laminarin (LM) composed of β(1→3)-glucan with β(1→6)-branches was extracted from brown seaweed Lobophora variegata and modified via carboxylation using dielectric barrier discharge (LMC), conjugation with gallic acid (LMG), and sulfation (LMS). Analyses of the chemical composition of LMC, LMG, and LMS yielded 11.7% carboxyl groups, 1.5% gallic acid, and 1.4% sulfate content, respectively. Antioxidant activities of native and modified laminarins were assessed using six different in vitro methods. Sulfation stopped the antioxidant activities of LM. On the other hand, carboxylation improved cooper chelation (1.2 times). LMG was found to be a more efficient antioxidant agent than LM in terms of copper chelation (1.3 times), reducing power (1.3 times), and total antioxidant capacity (80 times). Gallic acid conjugation was further confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy analyses. LMG also did not induce cell death or affect the cell cycle of Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. On the contrary, LMG protected MDCK cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Taken together, these results show that LMG has the potent antioxidant capacity, and, therefore, potential applications in pharmacological and functional food products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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10 pages, 1233 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant Activity and Acteoside Analysis of Abeliophyllum distichum
by Hak-Dong Lee, Ji Hyun Kim, Qi Qi Pang, Pil-Mun Jung, Eun Ju Cho and Sanghyun Lee
Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111148 - 19 Nov 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2867
Abstract
This study determined acteoside and its content in Abeliophyllum distichum via HPLC/UV and LC/ESI-MS to obtain insights into the potential use of this plant as an antioxidant agent. Moreover, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (•OH), and O2− radical scavenging activity assays [...] Read more.
This study determined acteoside and its content in Abeliophyllum distichum via HPLC/UV and LC/ESI-MS to obtain insights into the potential use of this plant as an antioxidant agent. Moreover, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (•OH), and O2− radical scavenging activity assays were performed to assess in vitro antioxidative activity. The DPPH, •OH, and O2− radical scavenging activities of A. distichum leaf EtOH extracts at a 250 μg/mL concentration were 88.32%, 94.48%, and 14.36%, respectively, whereas those of stem extracts at the same concentration were 88.15%, 88.99%, and 15.36%, respectively. The contents of acteoside in A. distichum leaves and stems were 162.11 and 29.68 mg/g, respectively. Acteoside was identified as the main antioxidant compound in A. distichum leaves, which resulted in DPPH, •OH, and O2− radical scavenging activities of 82.84%, 89.46%, and 30.31%, respectively, at a 25 μg/mL concentration. These results indicate that A. distichum leaves and stems containing the antioxidant acteoside can be used as natural ingredients for functional and nutritional supplements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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14 pages, 1117 KiB  
Article
Pharmaceutical Advantages of GenoTX-407, A Combination of Extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Root and Magnolia officinalis Bark
by Eun-Jung Yoon, Mi Young Lee, Byoung Il Choi, Kyong Jin Lim, Seung Young Hong and Dongsun Park
Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111111 - 11 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2216
Abstract
Background: Extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis root (SBR) and Magnolia officinalis barks (MOB) possess significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties; however, these also exert adverse effects such as cytotoxicity. To overcome the adverse effects, we formulated a combination of the extracts, named GenoTX-407, with [...] Read more.
Background: Extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis root (SBR) and Magnolia officinalis barks (MOB) possess significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties; however, these also exert adverse effects such as cytotoxicity. To overcome the adverse effects, we formulated a combination of the extracts, named GenoTX-407, with SBR and MOB extracts mixed in 5:1 ratio. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of SBR and MOB extracts and GenoTX-407 were evaluated. Methods: To optimize the extraction conditions of SBR and MOB, different ethanol concentrations and extraction times and treatments of the extracts with different solvents for varying time periods were tested. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via NO scavenging assay and analysis of anti-inflammatory activity-related gene expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Agar disk diffusion and microdilution assays were used to determine the antimicrobial activity. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH assay and analyses of peroxidation and antioxidant-related protein expression in HeLa cells. Results: Extraction with 0% ethanol for 2 h and 1.5% phosphoric acid for 0.5 h yielded maximum SBR extracts. For MOB, 50% ethanol extraction for 2 h followed by further extraction in hexane for 0.5 h yielded the highest extracts. SBR (46.1 ± 0.9 %) and MOB (48.9 ± 1.0 %) extracts effectively inhibited NO production, and dose-dependently reduced the expression of TNF-α, iNOS, NF-κB, COX2, and IL-6. MOB and GenoTX-407 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Propionibacterium acnes, as evidenced in disk diffusion and microdilution assays. SBR (EC50, 107.7 µg/mL and 38.3 µg/mL), MOB (62.41 µg/mL and 72.45 µg/mL), and GenoTX-407 (7.7 µg/mL and 26.4 µg/mL) exhibited excellent antioxidant potency and could scavenge free radicals of DPPH and lipid peroxidation; additionally, SOD, CAT, HO-1, and Nrf2 expression was increased in HeLa cells. SBR showed more potent antioxidant activity than MOB. Contrastingly, MOB exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities than SBR. Interestingly, GenoTX-407 was the most efficient in all the assays, compared with SBR and MOB. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that GenoTX-407, the combination of SBR and MOB, is a potential drug candidate exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects via the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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16 pages, 2208 KiB  
Article
New Oleoyl Hybrids of Natural Antioxidants: Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation as Inducers of Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells
by Gabriele Carullo, Sarah Mazzotta, Adrian Koch, Kristin M. Hartmann, Oliver Friedrich, Daniel F. Gilbert, Margarita Vega-Holm, Regine Schneider-Stock and Francesca Aiello
Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111077 - 3 Nov 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2339
Abstract
Nowadays, the beneficial role of a healthy lifestyle, particularly emphasizing the quality of foods and cancer management, is accepted worldwide. Polyphenols and oleic acid play a key role in this context, but are still scarcely used as anti-cancer agents due to their bio-accessibility [...] Read more.
Nowadays, the beneficial role of a healthy lifestyle, particularly emphasizing the quality of foods and cancer management, is accepted worldwide. Polyphenols and oleic acid play a key role in this context, but are still scarcely used as anti-cancer agents due to their bio-accessibility limits. Therefore, we aimed to synthesize a set of new oleoyl-hybrids of quercetin, morin, pinocembrin, and catechin to overcome the low bioavailability of polyphenols, throughout a bio-catalytic approach using pancreatic porcine lipase as a catalyst. The in vitro assays, using a wide panel of human cancer cell lines showed, mainly for two novel regioisomer oleoyl-hybrids of quercetin, a remarkable increase in apoptotic cell populations. We suggested that the DNA damage shown as ɣH2AX signals might be the major cause of apoptotic cell death. Finally, we demonstrated convincing data about two novel polyphenol-based hybrids displaying a highly selective anti-cancer cytotoxicity and being superior compared to their reference/parental compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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19 pages, 2141 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Azolla pinnata Ethanolic Extract against Lead-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
by Ahmed Shaaban Abd Elrasoul, Ahmed Abdelmoniem Mousa, Sahar Hassan Orabi, Mostafa Abd El-Gaber Mohamed, Shaban M. Gad-Allah, Rafa Almeer, Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim, Shaden A. M. Khalifa, Hesham R. El-Seedi and Mabrouk Attia Abd Eldaim
Antioxidants 2020, 9(10), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9101014 - 19 Oct 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4492
Abstract
The current study investigated the protective potential of Azolla pinnate ethanolic extract (APE) against lead-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sixty male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 10). The control group was orally administrated with saline. The second group [...] Read more.
The current study investigated the protective potential of Azolla pinnate ethanolic extract (APE) against lead-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sixty male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 10). The control group was orally administrated with saline. The second group received lead acetate (100 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally for 60 days). The third group was fed with APE (10 mg/kg BW orally for 60 days). The fourth group was administrated with lead acetate like the second group and APE like the third group, concomitantly, for 60 days. The fifth group was administrated with APE like the third group for 30 days, then orally administrated with the lead acetate like the second group for another 30 days. The sixth group was administrated with lead acetate like the second group for 30 days, then with APE like the third group for a further 30 days. Phytochemical analysis of APE indicated the presence of peonidin 3-O-glucoside cation, vitexin, rutin, thiamine, choline, tamarixetin, hyperoside, astragalin, and quercetin. The latter has been elucidated using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). Lead acetate increased the serum levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and that of urea, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 1β, hepatic tissue malondialdehyde contents, and caspase 3 protein expression, as well as altering the hepatic tissue architecture. However, it decreased the serum levels of interleukin 10 and glutathione (GSH) contents, and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in hepatic tissue. In contrast, the administration of APE ameliorated the lead-induced alterations in liver function and structure, exemplifying the benefits of Azolla’s phytochemical contents. Collectively, A. pinnate extract is a protective and curative agent against lead-induced hepatotoxicity via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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17 pages, 3927 KiB  
Article
The Preventive Effects of Xanthohumol on Vascular Calcification Induced by Vitamin D3 Plus Nicotine
by Shu-Fen Liou, Thi Tuyet Ngan Nguyen, Jong-Hau Hsu, Erna Sulistyowati, Shang-En Huang, Bin-Nan Wu, Ming-Chung Lin and Jwu-Lai Yeh
Antioxidants 2020, 9(10), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100956 - 6 Oct 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3809
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is highly prevalent in patients with atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. In blood vessels, VC is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events. Xanthohumol (XN), a main prenylated chalcone found in hops, has antioxidant effects to inhibit VC. [...] Read more.
Vascular calcification (VC) is highly prevalent in patients with atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. In blood vessels, VC is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events. Xanthohumol (XN), a main prenylated chalcone found in hops, has antioxidant effects to inhibit VC. This study aimed to investigate whether XN attenuates VC through in vivo study. A rat VC model was established by four weeks oral administration of vitamin D3 plus nicotine in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. In brief, 30 male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, 25 mg/kg nicotine in 5 mL corn oil and 3 × 105 IU/kg vitamin D3 administration (VDN), and combination of VDN with 20 mg/L in 0.1% ethanol of XN (treatment group). Physiological variables such as body and heart weight and drinking consumption were weekly observed, and treatment with XN caused no differences among the groups. In comparison with the control group, calcium content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were increased in calcified arteries, and XN treatment reduced these levels. Dihydroethidium (DHE) and 2′,7′-dichloroflurescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining to identify Superoxide and reactive oxygen species generation from aorta tissue showed increased production in VDN group compared with the control and treatment groups. Hematoxylin eosin (HE) and Alizarin Red S staining were determined to show medial vascular thickness and calcification of vessel wall. Administration of VDN resulted in VC, and XN treatment showed improvement in vascular structure. Moreover, overexpression of osteogenic transcription factors bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were significantly suppressed by XN treatment in VC. Moreover, downregulation of vascular phenotypic markers alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and smooth muscle 22 alpha (SM22α) were increased by XN treatment in VC. Furthermore, XN treatment in VC upregulated nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expressions. Otherwise, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) was alleviated by XN treatment in VC. In conclusion, our findings suggested that XN enhances antioxidant capacity to improve VC by regulating the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 pathway. Therefore, XN may have potential effects to decrease cardiovascular risk by reducing VC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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17 pages, 3776 KiB  
Article
Neuroprotective Activity of Polyphenol-Rich Ribes diacanthum Pall against Oxidative Stress in Glutamate-Stimulated HT-22 Cells and a Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia Animal Model
by Hyun Jeong Kim, Seung Yeon Baek, Dai-Eun Sok, Kun Jong Lee, Young-Jun Kim and Mee Ree Kim
Antioxidants 2020, 9(9), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090895 - 21 Sep 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3763
Abstract
Ribes diacanthum Pall, a native Mongolian medicinal plant, has been reported to show antioxidant activities due to its polyphenol and flavonoid content, and is especially rich in the ethyl acetate fraction from an 80% methanol extraction (RDP). We assessed the cytoprotective effect of [...] Read more.
Ribes diacanthum Pall, a native Mongolian medicinal plant, has been reported to show antioxidant activities due to its polyphenol and flavonoid content, and is especially rich in the ethyl acetate fraction from an 80% methanol extraction (RDP). We assessed the cytoprotective effect of RDP on glutamate-caused oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22 cells). Cell viability was significantly recovered by RDP treatment. Also, RDP effectively decreased the glutamate-induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In flow cytometric analysis, apoptotic cells and the mitochondrial membrane potential were suppressed by RDP. In the Western blotting analysis, we found that RDP not only decreased the release of apoptotic proteins but also recovered anti-apoptotic protein. Additionally, RDP enhanced the antioxidant defense system by regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, treatment with RDP activated the BDNF/TrkB pathway. In accordance with the in vitro results, RDP meliorated memory deficit by defending hippocampal neuronal cells against oxidative damage in scopolamine-injected mice. Taken together, our present study showed that RDP exerted antioxidant and neuroprotective actions against oxidative stress. Therefore, RDP might facilitate the development of candidates for functional health foods for neurodegenerative disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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19 pages, 1820 KiB  
Article
Extracts from Cephalaria Uralensis (Murray) Roem. & Schult. and Cephalaria Gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov as Potential Agents for Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Biological Evaluation
by Małgorzata Chrząszcz, Małgorzata Miazga-Karska, Katarzyna Klimek, Sebastian Granica, Dorota Tchórzewska, Grażyna Ginalska and Katarzyna Szewczyk
Antioxidants 2020, 9(9), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090796 - 26 Aug 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3160
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition, as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiacne, and cytotoxic activites of various extracts of Cephalaria gigantea and C. uralensis. It is worth underlining that we are the first to characterize the composition [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition, as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiacne, and cytotoxic activites of various extracts of Cephalaria gigantea and C. uralensis. It is worth underlining that we are the first to characterize the composition and evaluate the biological properties of extracts from Cephalaria gigantea and C. uralensis. Thus, the LC-DAD-MS3 analysis revealed the presence of 41 natural products in studied extracts. The 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, isoorinetin, and swertiajaponin were the main detected compounds. Among the tested samples, ethanol extract of the aerial parts of C. uralensis (CUE) possessed the most suitable biological properties. It exhibited moderate ability to scavenge free radicals and good capacity to inhibit cyclooxygenase-1, as well as cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, CUE possessed moderate antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. acnes), and importantly, it was non-toxic towards normal skin fibroblasts. Taking into account the value of calculated therapeutic index (>10), it is worth noting that CUE can be subjected to in vivo study. Thus, CUE constitutes a very promising antiacne agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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16 pages, 1409 KiB  
Article
New Insights into the Exploitation of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Aglianico Leaf Extracts for Nutraceutical Purposes
by Fabiana Labanca, Immacolata Faraone, Maria Rosaria Nolè, Ruth Hornedo-Ortega, Daniela Russo, Maria Carmen García-Parrilla, Lucia Chiummiento, Maria Grazia Bonomo and Luigi Milella
Antioxidants 2020, 9(8), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080708 - 4 Aug 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3510
Abstract
The leaves of Vitis vinifera L. have been used for a long time in traditional medicine for the treatment of many ailments. Grape polyphenols, indeed, have been demonstrated to be able to defend against oxidative stress, responsible for various disorders such as cancer, [...] Read more.
The leaves of Vitis vinifera L. have been used for a long time in traditional medicine for the treatment of many ailments. Grape polyphenols, indeed, have been demonstrated to be able to defend against oxidative stress, responsible for various disorders such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. The effects of different extraction techniques, Soxhlet (SOX), Accelerated Solvent (ASE 40, ASE 50) and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) were studied in this work to evaluate their impact on the chemical profile and bioactive potential of Vitis vinifera L. (cv. Aglianico) leaf extracts. The phytochemical profile was investigated by HPLC-DAD and 9 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the extract. Moreover, the antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antityrosinase activities were evaluated. In detail, the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacities and β-Carotene Bleaching assays) were evaluated and compared to assess the Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index (RACI). To test the inhibitory activity of extracts towards cholinesterases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition assays were performed. SOX and ASE 50 have shown the highest value of RACI, 0.76 and 0.65, respectively. Regarding enzymatic inhibitory activity, ASE 50 (IC50 = 107.16 ± 8.12 μg/mL) and SOX (IC50 = 171.34 ± 12.12 μg/mL) extracts exhibited the highest AChE and BChE inhibitory activity, respectively, while UAE (IC50 = 293.2 ± 25.6 μg/mL, followed by SOX (IC50 = 302.5 ± 38.3 μg/mL) showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition value. Our results demonstrated for the first time that Aglianico leaves are important sources of phenols that could be used to prevent oxidative stress and be potentially helpful in diseases treatable with tyrosinase and cholinesterase inhibitors, like myasthenia gravis or Alzheimer’s. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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22 pages, 3756 KiB  
Article
Fruit Quality Characterization of New Sweet Cherry Cultivars as a Good Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Potential
by Fabiana Antognoni, Giulia Potente, Roberto Mandrioli, Cristina Angeloni, Michela Freschi, Marco Malaguti, Silvana Hrelia, Stefano Lugli, Fabio Gennari, Enrico Muzzi and Stefano Tartarini
Antioxidants 2020, 9(8), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080677 - 28 Jul 2020
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4893
Abstract
Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) are highly appreciated fruits for their taste, color, nutritional value, and beneficial health effects. In this work, seven new cultivars of sweet cherry were investigated for their main quality traits and nutraceutical value. The phytochemical profile of [...] Read more.
Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) are highly appreciated fruits for their taste, color, nutritional value, and beneficial health effects. In this work, seven new cultivars of sweet cherry were investigated for their main quality traits and nutraceutical value. The phytochemical profile of three classes of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the new cultivars were investigated through high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and spectrophotometric assays, respectively, and compared with those of commonly commercialized cultivars. Cyanidine-3-O-rutinoside was the main anthocyanin in all genotypes, and its levels in some new cultivars were about three-fold higher than in commercial ones. The ORAC-assayed antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with the total anthocyanin index. The nutraceutical value of the new cultivars was investigated in terms of antioxidant/neuroprotective capacity in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. Results demonstrated that the new cultivars were more effective in counteracting oxidative stress and were also able to upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a pro-survival neurotrophin, suggesting their potential pleiotropic role in counteracting neurodegenerations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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19 pages, 2298 KiB  
Article
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ribes diacanthum Pall Mediated via Regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages and a TPA-Induced Dermatitis Animal Model
by Na Yeon Kim, Sun Hee Cheong, Kun Jong Lee, Dai-Eun Sok and Mee Ree Kim
Antioxidants 2020, 9(7), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070622 - 15 Jul 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5045
Abstract
Ribes diacanthum Pall (RDP) is a Mongolian traditional medicine used to treat renal inflammation. In the present study, we initially investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action of ethylacetate extract of RDP (EARDP) in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and [...] Read more.
Ribes diacanthum Pall (RDP) is a Mongolian traditional medicine used to treat renal inflammation. In the present study, we initially investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action of ethylacetate extract of RDP (EARDP) in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced dermatitis in mice. We demonstrated that EARDP protected against LPS-induced cell death by inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, as well as the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β. EARDP inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α) and the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, indicating that the anti-inflammatory effect of EARDP was mediated via the suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation. In addition, EARDP induced the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), indicating that EARDP induced HO-1 via the Nrf2 pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, EARDP significantly suppressed the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, ZnPP, a specific inhibitor of HO-1, reversed the EARDP-mediated inhibition of NO and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. EARDP blocked the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In the in vivo animal model, EARDP significantly and dose-dependently reduced TPA-induced secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in mouse ear. Based on these results, EARDP represents a promising natural compound, protective against oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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16 pages, 2941 KiB  
Article
Enteromorpha prolifera Extract Improves Memory in Scopolamine-Treated Mice via Downregulating Amyloid-β Expression and Upregulating BDNF/TrkB Pathway
by Seung Yeon Baek, Fu Yi Li, Da Hee Kim, Su Jin Kim and Mee Ree Kim
Antioxidants 2020, 9(7), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070620 - 15 Jul 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3917
Abstract
Enteromorpha prolifera, a green alga, has long been used in food diets as well as traditional remedies in East Asia. Our preliminary study demonstrated that an ethyl acetate extract of Enteromorpha prolifera (EAEP) exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity compared to ethanol or [...] Read more.
Enteromorpha prolifera, a green alga, has long been used in food diets as well as traditional remedies in East Asia. Our preliminary study demonstrated that an ethyl acetate extract of Enteromorpha prolifera (EAEP) exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity compared to ethanol or water extracts. Nonetheless, there has been no report on the effect of EAEP on memory impairment due to oxidative damage. This study investigated whether EAEP could attenuate memory deficits in an oxidative stress-induced mouse model. EAEP was orally administered (50 or 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) to mice and then scopolamine was administered. The oral administration of EAEP at 100 mg/kg b.w. significantly restored memory impairments induced by scopolamine, as evaluated by the Morris water maze test, and the passive avoidance test. Further, EAEP upregulated the protein expression of BDNF, p-CREB, p-TrkB, and p-Akt. Moreover, EAEP downregulated the expression of amyloid-β, tau, and APP. The regulation of cholinergic marker enzyme activities and the protection of neuronal cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death in the brain of mice via the downregulation of amyloid-β and the upregulation of the BDNF/TrkB pathway by EAEP suggest its potential as a pharmaceutical candidate to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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14 pages, 2945 KiB  
Article
Neuroprotective Effects of Euonymus alatus Extract on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits in Mice
by Yunju Woo, Ji Sun Lim, Jisun Oh, Jeong Soon Lee and Jong-Sang Kim
Antioxidants 2020, 9(5), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050449 - 22 May 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4645
Abstract
Euonymus alatus is considered to elicit various beneficial effects against cancer, hyperglycemia, menstrual discomfort, diabetic complications, and detoxification. The young leaves of this plant are exploited as food and also utilized for traditional medicine in East Asian countries, including Korea and China. Our [...] Read more.
Euonymus alatus is considered to elicit various beneficial effects against cancer, hyperglycemia, menstrual discomfort, diabetic complications, and detoxification. The young leaves of this plant are exploited as food and also utilized for traditional medicine in East Asian countries, including Korea and China. Our preliminary study demonstrated that ethanolic extract from the Euonymus alatus leaf (EAE) exhibited the strongest antioxidant enzyme-inducing activity among more than 100 kinds of edible tree leaf extracts. This study investigated whether EAE could attenuate the cognitive deficits caused by oxidative stress in mice. Oral intubation of EAE at 100 mg/kg bw or higher resulted in significant improvements to the memory and behavioral impairment induced via i.p. injection of scopolamine. Furthermore, EAE enhanced the expression levels of hippocampal neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor in mice, activated the Nrf2, and the downstream heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) a quintessential antioxidant enzyme. As rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinose) was abundantly present in EAE and free quercetin was able to induce defensive antioxidant enzymes in an Nrf2-dependent manner, our findings suggested that quercetin derived from rutin via the intestinal microflora played a significant role in the protection of the mouse hippocampus from scopolamine-induced damage through BDNF-mediated Nrf2 activation, thereby dampening cognitive decline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

20 pages, 811 KiB  
Review
Nigella sativa and Thymoquinone: A Natural Blessing for Periodontal Therapy
by Mohamed Mekhemar, Yasmine Hassan and Christof Dörfer
Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121260 - 11 Dec 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4855
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), the chief active constituent of Nigella sativa (NS), shows very valuable biomedical properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, antiparasitic and anti-asthmatic effects. Several studies have examined the pharmacological actions of TQ in the treatment of oral diseases but [...] Read more.
Thymoquinone (TQ), the chief active constituent of Nigella sativa (NS), shows very valuable biomedical properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, antiparasitic and anti-asthmatic effects. Several studies have examined the pharmacological actions of TQ in the treatment of oral diseases but its potential role in periodontal therapy and regeneration is not yet fully defined. The present investigation has been designed to review the scientific studies about the effects of TQ as an adjunct to periodontal treatment to promote healing and periodontal regeneration. Along with clinical experiments, in vitro studies exhibit the beneficial effects of TQ during periodontal therapy. Nevertheless, additional comprehensive clinical and preclinical studies at cellular and molecular levels are essential to examine the particular action mechanisms of Nigella sativa and its elements, particularly TQ, during periodontal treatment or regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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34 pages, 3286 KiB  
Review
Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Capabilities, and Bioavailability: Ellagic Acid or Urolithins?
by Silvana Alfei, Barbara Marengo and Guendalina Zuccari
Antioxidants 2020, 9(8), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080707 - 4 Aug 2020
Cited by 60 | Viewed by 6544
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), triggered by overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, is the main mechanism responsible for several human diseases. The available one-target drugs often face such illnesses, by softening symptoms without eradicating the cause. Differently, natural polyphenols from fruits and vegetables [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress (OS), triggered by overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, is the main mechanism responsible for several human diseases. The available one-target drugs often face such illnesses, by softening symptoms without eradicating the cause. Differently, natural polyphenols from fruits and vegetables possess multi-target abilities for counteracting OS, thus representing promising therapeutic alternatives and adjuvants. Although in several in vitro experiments, ellagitannins (ETs), ellagic acid (EA), and its metabolites urolithins (UROs) have shown similar great potential for the treatment of OS-mediated human diseases, only UROs have demonstrated in vivo the ability to reach tissues to a greater extent, thus appearing as the main molecules responsible for beneficial activities. Unfortunately, UROs production depends on individual metabotypes, and the consequent extreme variability limits their potentiality as novel therapeutics, as well as dietary assumption of EA, EA-enriched functional foods, and food supplements. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of OS; on EA and UROs chemical features and on the mechanisms of their antioxidant activity. A discussion on the clinical applicability of the debated UROs in place of EA and on the effectiveness of EA-enriched products is also included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants of Natural Product)
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