Straddling Physiology and Pathology: A Radical Control of Signal Transduction Pathways

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2022) | Viewed by 6125

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
Interests: cancer cell metabolism; redox alterations of cancer cells; mitochondria; apoptosis; tumor viruses; non-coding RNAs

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Guest Editor
1. Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
Interests: heart failure; cardiac function; metabolism; pharmacology; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; physiology; diabetes; antioxidants; antioxidant activity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The human body constantly gives rise to free radicals. They are standard products of processes involved in energy conservation (mitochondria) and other cell functions; for instance, in the defense against pathogenic mechanisms, modulation of signaling pathways, and cell differentiation and maturation. Moreover, it is now increasingly appreciated that a myriad of redox-based post-translational modifications have a substantial impact on protein structure and, thus, function. When kept at bay by antioxidant systems, both oxygen and nitrogen-free radicals (ROS and RNS, respectively) can modulate channels, transporters, and many other essential cell structures involved in many, if not all, cell processes. On the other hand, when their generation exceeds the cellular-scavenging capacity, both ROS and RNS cease to contribute to the organismal homeostasis and well-being, becoming a source of harm, the extent of which depends on many factors, including the intrinsic toxicity of the generated ROS or RNS species, the time of exposure to them, as well as the status of the local antioxidant weapons.

For the present Special Issue, we have invited expert investigators to share with the scientific community their new acquisitions on the role played by ROS and RNS in cell physiology and pathology.

Prof. Dr. Vincenzo Ciminale
Prof. Dr. Nazareno Paolocci
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 7493 KiB  
Article
Repurposing Verapamil to Enhance Killing of T-ALL Cells by the mTOR Inhibitor Everolimus
by Micol Silic-Benussi, Evgeniya Sharova, Alberto Corradin, Loredana Urso, Vittoria Raimondi, Ilaria Cavallari, Barbara Buldini, Samuela Francescato, Sonia A. Minuzzo, Donna M. D’Agostino and Vincenzo Ciminale
Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030625 - 3 Mar 2023
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Abstract
New therapies are needed for patients with T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) who do not respond to standard chemotherapy. Our previous studies showed that the mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreases the levels of NADPH and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the [...] Read more.
New therapies are needed for patients with T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) who do not respond to standard chemotherapy. Our previous studies showed that the mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreases the levels of NADPH and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and induces apoptosis in T-ALL cells. Studies in T-ALL-xenografted NOD/SCID mice demonstrated that everolimus improved their response to the glucocorticoid (GC) dexamethasone. Here we show that verapamil, a calcium antagonist used in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, enhanced the effects of everolimus on ROS and cell death in T-ALL cell lines. The death-enhancing effect was synergistic and was confirmed in assays on a panel of therapy-resistant patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and primary samples from T-ALL patients. The verapamil-everolimus combination produced a dramatic reduction in the levels of G6PD and induction of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Studies of NOD/SCID mice inoculated with refractory T-ALL PDX cells demonstrated that the addition of verapamil to everolimus plus dexamethasone significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, our results provide a rationale for repurposing verapamil in association with mTORC inhibitors and GC to treat refractory T-ALL. Full article
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19 pages, 5193 KiB  
Article
A Meta-Analysis Study to Infer Voltage-Gated K+ Channels Prognostic Value in Different Cancer Types
by Beatrice Angi, Silvia Muccioli, Ildikò Szabò and Luigi Leanza
Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030573 - 24 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1626
Abstract
Potassium channels are often highly expressed in cancer cells with respect to healthy ones, as they provide proliferative advantages through modulating membrane potential, calcium homeostasis, and various signaling pathways. Among potassium channels, Shaker type voltage-gated Kv channels are emerging as promising pharmacological targets [...] Read more.
Potassium channels are often highly expressed in cancer cells with respect to healthy ones, as they provide proliferative advantages through modulating membrane potential, calcium homeostasis, and various signaling pathways. Among potassium channels, Shaker type voltage-gated Kv channels are emerging as promising pharmacological targets in oncology. Here, we queried publicly available cancer patient databases to highlight if a correlation exists between Kv channel expression and survival rate in five different cancer types. By multiple gene comparison analysis, we found a predominant expression of KCNA2, KCNA3, and KCNA5 with respect to the other KCNA genes in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). This analysis highlighted a prognostic role of KCNA3 and KCNA5 in SKCM, LUAD, LUSC, and STAD, respectively. Interestingly, KCNA3 was associated with a positive prognosis in SKCM and LUAD but not in LUSC. Results obtained by the analysis of KCNA3-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs); tumor immune cell infiltration highlighted differences that may account for such differential prognosis. A meta-analysis study was conducted to investigate the role of KCNA channels in cancer using cancer patients’ datasets. Our study underlines a promising correlation between Kv channel expression in tumor cells, in infiltrating immune cells, and survival rate. Full article
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18 pages, 1825 KiB  
Review
Hydropersulfides (RSSH) and Nitric Oxide (NO) Signaling: Possible Effects on S-Nitrosothiols (RS-NO)
by Jon M. Fukuto, Cristina Perez-Ternero, Jessica Zarenkiewicz, Joseph Lin, Adrian J. Hobbs and John P. Toscano
Antioxidants 2022, 11(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010169 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2195
Abstract
S-Nitrosothiol (RS-NO) formation in proteins and peptides have been implicated as factors in the etiology of many diseases and as possible regulators of thiol protein function. They have also been proposed as possible storage forms of nitric oxide (NO). However, despite their proposed [...] Read more.
S-Nitrosothiol (RS-NO) formation in proteins and peptides have been implicated as factors in the etiology of many diseases and as possible regulators of thiol protein function. They have also been proposed as possible storage forms of nitric oxide (NO). However, despite their proposed functions/roles, there appears to be little consensus regarding the physiological mechanisms of RS-NO formation and degradation. Hydropersulfides (RSSH) have recently been discovered as endogenously generated species with unique reactivity. One important reaction of RSSH is with RS-NO, which leads to the degradation of RS-NO as well as the release of NO. Thus, it can be speculated that RSSH can be a factor in the regulation of steady-state RS-NO levels, and therefore may be important in RS-NO (patho)physiology. Moreover, RSSH-mediated NO release from RS-NO may be a possible mechanism allowing RS-NO to serve as a storage form of NO. Full article
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