Antioxidants

Editorial

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4 pages, 193 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition

by Carlo Corino and Raffaella Rossi

Antioxidants 2021, 10(12), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121877 - 25 Nov 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3381

Abstract

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and their neutralization by the antioxidants’ defenses [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

Research

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11 pages, 1287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Plant Extracts Improve the Antioxidant Reserves in Weaned Piglets

by Carlo Corino, Michel Prost, Barbara Pizzi and Raffaella Rossi

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050702 - 29 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2789

Abstract

Reducing the use of antibiotics in livestock in order to contain antibiotic resistance and studying natural substance additives are key to sustainability. Among the various biological activities of plant extracts, antioxidant activity plays an important role. The present study assesses the total antioxidant [...] Read more.

Reducing the use of antibiotics in livestock in order to contain antibiotic resistance and studying natural substance additives are key to sustainability. Among the various biological activities of plant extracts, antioxidant activity plays an important role. The present study assesses the total antioxidant activity and antioxidant reserves using the Kit Radicaux Libres test (KRL™ Kirial International, Couternon, France). One hundred and sixty piglets (Topics × Tempo) weaned at 28 days of age were divided into four dietary treatment groups that were fed a commercial diet (the control group, C); 500 mg/kg Boswellia extract (BOS); 200 and 50 mg/kg Uncaria and Tanacetum extracts (UT) respectively; and 225 mg/kg of an antioxidant plant extract mixture (AOX). The blood antioxidant activity of the piglets was measured using the KRL test and the reserves were analyzed on whole blood samples after hydrolysis with glucosidase, sulfatase and glucuronidase. No significant differences were observed in growth performance. The delta KRL values of the whole blood showed a significantly higher total antioxidant status of the piglets from the BOS and AOX groups than the UT and C groups (+30.7 BOS; +27.7 AOX vs. +17.81 UT +13.30 C; p = 0.002) between 18 and 28 days post-weaning. The delta KRL values of red blood cells (RBCs) showed a significantly higher total antioxidant status of the piglets from the AOX groups than the UT and BOS groups (+22.2 AOX; vs. +9.90 UT +9.4 BOS; p = 0.016) between the two sampling times. Reserves of UT and AOX were higher than C and BOS for all enzymes, glucosides, sulphates, and glucuronides. The biological KRL test proved to be an extremely sensitive tool to evaluate the piglets’ antioxidant status. Determining the antioxidant reserve also provides a better understanding of the real antioxidant status of pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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12 pages, 1259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Supplementation with Herbal Antioxidants during Pregnancy in Swine

by Víctor H. Parraguez, Francisco Sales, Oscar A. Peralta, Mónica De los Reyes, Alfonso Campos, Javier González, Wolfgang Peralta, Camila Cabezón and Antonio González-Bulnes

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050658 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3265

Abstract

The effects of a combined supplementation with herbal antioxidants during pregnancy on reproductive traits and piglet performance (number of live, dead, and mummified newborns and litter weight at birth and individual body weight at both birth and weaning) were assessed in a total [...] Read more.

The effects of a combined supplementation with herbal antioxidants during pregnancy on reproductive traits and piglet performance (number of live, dead, and mummified newborns and litter weight at birth and individual body weight at both birth and weaning) were assessed in a total of 1027 sows (504 treated and 523 control females) kept under commercial breeding conditions. The supplementation increased the number of live-born piglets (13.64 ± 0.11 vs. 12.96 ± 0.13 in the controls; p = 0.001) and the total litter weight, decreasing the incidence of low-weight piglets without affecting the number of stillbirths and mummified newborns. Such an effect was modulated by the number of parity and the supplementation, with supplementation increasing significantly the number of living newborns in the first, second, sixth, and seventh parities (0.87, 1.10, 1.49, and 2.51 additional piglets, respectively; p < 0.05). The evaluation of plasma vitamin concentration and biomarkers of oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity, TAC, and malondialdehyde concentration, MDA) performed in a subset of farrowing sows and their lighter and heavier piglets showed that plasma levels of both vitamins were significantly higher in the piglets than in their mothers (p < 0.05 for vitamin C and p < 0.005 for vitamin E), with antioxidant supplementation increasing significantly such concentrations. Concomitantly, there were no differences in maternal TAC but significantly higher values in piglets from supplemented sows (p < 0.05). On the other hand, supplementation decreased plasma MDA levels both in the sows and their piglets (p < 0.05). Finally, the piglets from supplemented mothers showed a trend for a higher weaning weight (p = 0.066) and, specifically, piglets with birth weights above 1 kg showed a 7.4% higher weaning weight (p = 0.024). Hence, the results of the present study, with high robustness and translational value by offering data from more than 1000 pregnancies under standard breeding conditions, supports that maternal supplementation with herbal antioxidants during pregnancy significantly improves reproductive efficiency, litter traits, and piglet performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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16 pages, 3431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Supplementing Rumen-Protected Methionine and Lysine on Milk Performance and Oxidative Status of Dairy Ewes

by Alexandros Mavrommatis, Christina Mitsiopoulou, Christos Christodoulou, Paraskevi Kariampa, Marica Simoni, Federico Righi and Eleni Tsiplakou

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050654 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3939

Abstract

There is limited information on the impact of dietary supplementation with separate rumen-protected (RP) amino acids (AA), or with their combination, on ewes’ oxidative status. Sixty ewes were divided into five groups; C: basal diet (control); M: basal diet + 6 g/ewe RP [...] Read more.

There is limited information on the impact of dietary supplementation with separate rumen-protected (RP) amino acids (AA), or with their combination, on ewes’ oxidative status. Sixty ewes were divided into five groups; C: basal diet (control); M: basal diet + 6 g/ewe RP methionine; L: basal diet + 5 g/ewe RP lysine; LML: basal diet + 6 g methionine and 5 g lysine/ewe; and HML: basal diet + 12 g methionine + 5 g lysine/ewe. Milk’s fat content increased in RP-AA fed ewes, while that of protein in M and L only. In blood plasma, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was reduced in the M, LML, and HML compared to C-fed ewes. An increase in glutathione transferase activity in the blood plasma of the M and LML compared to the C and HML-fed ewes were found. In milk, lower values of the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in the LML and HML-fed ewes and of 2,2′-Azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) in LML only, were found. Lysine increased milk’s FRAP values and MDA content. Both L and HML diets increased milk’s protein carbonyls content. Methionine improves the organism’s oxidative status, without adversely affecting milk’s oxidative stability. Lysine dietary inclusion affects negatively the oxidative stability of milk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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14 pages, 1706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Different Sources of Selenium Supplementation on the Meat Quality Traits of Young Charolaise Bulls during the Finishing Phase

by Silvia Grossi, Luciana Rossi, Michele De Marco and Carlo Angelo Sgoifo Rossi

Antioxidants 2021, 10(4), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040596 - 13 Apr 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3104

Abstract

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of sodium selenite (SS), selenium yeast (SY), and hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet) on the meat quality and selenium (Se) deposition of finishing beef cattle. Sixty-three bulls were distributed over 3 treatments and fed SS, SY, [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of sodium selenite (SS), selenium yeast (SY), and hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet) on the meat quality and selenium (Se) deposition of finishing beef cattle. Sixty-three bulls were distributed over 3 treatments and fed SS, SY, or OH-SeMet at 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ dry matter (DM) for 60 d. None of the Se sources affected the growth performance or carcass characteristics. OH-SeMet showed a higher Se transfer to the meat than SS or SY (p < 0.01). SY and OH-SeMet reduced the shear force of the meat (p < 0.0001), improved pH (p < 0.001), and reduced the drip losses (p < 0.001) and the lipid oxidation of the meat (p < 0.001). During 8 d of storage, OH-SeMet showed higher levels of meat lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) than SS (p < 0.001), while the SY meat showed a higher L* than SS, albeit only on d 6. OH-SeMet improved b*, compared to SS, and also compared to SY on days 4, 7, and 8 (p < 0.001). Supplementing beef with SY and OH-SeMet improved several meat quality parameters. OH-SeMet appears to be the most effective strategy to improve the Se content and color stability of beef cattle meat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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12 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dietary Hazelnut Peels on the Contents of Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Tocopherols, and on the Shelf-Life of Ripened Ewe Cheese

by Vita Maria Marino, Teresa Rapisarda, Margherita Caccamo, Bernardo Valenti, Alessandro Priolo, Giuseppe Luciano, Antonio Natalello, Adriana Campione and Mariano Pauselli

Antioxidants 2021, 10(4), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040538 - 30 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2179

Abstract

Hazelnut peel (HNP), a by-product from the chocolate industry, is considered to be a suitable ingredient to be included in the diet of ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding dairy ewes with a diet containing HNP on ripened cheese [...] Read more.

Hazelnut peel (HNP), a by-product from the chocolate industry, is considered to be a suitable ingredient to be included in the diet of ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding dairy ewes with a diet containing HNP on ripened cheese quality, including fatty acid (FA) profile, cholesterol, and tocopherol content, as well as stability during storage under commercial conditions. In total, 10 experimental cheeses were produced with bulk milk obtained from ewes fed a commercial concentrate (C group; n = 5) or a concentrate containing 36% HNP in dry matter (HNP group; n = 5). After 40 days of aging, each cheese was sub-sampled into three slices: one was analyzed immediately (C0 and HNP0), and the other two were refrigerated and analyzed after seven days (C7 and HNP7) and 14 days (C14 and HNP14), respectively. Compared to C, HNP cheese had more than twice as many tocopherols and mono-unsaturated FA and respectively 38% and 24% less of cholesterol and saturated FA. Tocopherols and cholesterol levels remained rather stable up to 14 days of storage regardless of the experimental group, suggesting no cholesterol oxidation. Therefore, the inclusion of HNP in ewe diets could be a valid resource to produce cheese with a healthier lipid profile and higher tocopherols content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

14 pages, 1205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus delbrueckii Protected Intestinal Integrity, Alleviated Intestinal Oxidative Damage, and Activated Toll-Like Receptor–Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase–Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Pathway in Weaned Piglets Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide

by Fengming Chen, Jiayi Chen, Qinghua Chen, Lingyuan Yang, Jie Yin, Yinghui Li and Xingguo Huang

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030468 - 16 Mar 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3818

Abstract

Oxidative stress is increasingly being recognized as a player in the pathogenesis of intestinal pathologies, and probiotics are becoming an attractive means of addressing it. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LAB) on intestinal integrity and oxidative [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is increasingly being recognized as a player in the pathogenesis of intestinal pathologies, and probiotics are becoming an attractive means of addressing it. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LAB) on intestinal integrity and oxidative damage in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged piglets. A total of 36 crossbred weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large Yorkshire) were randomly divided into three groups: (1) non-challenged controls (CON), (2) LPS-challenged controls (LPS), and (3) 0.2% LAB (2.01 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g) + LPS treatment (LAB + LPS). On the 29th day of the experiment, the LPS and CON groups were injected intraperitoneally with LPS and saline at 100 ug/kg body weight, respectively. The results show that the LPS-induced elevation of the serum diamine oxidase (DAO) level and small intestinal crypt depth (CD) were reversed by the dietary addition of LAB, which also markedly increased the ileal expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1) in the LPS-challenged piglets. Furthermore, LAB supplementation normalized other LPS-induced changes, such as by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) in both the serum and intestinal mucosa and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the jejunal mucosa, increasing glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in both the serum and intestinal mucosa, and increasing glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the jejunal mucosa. LAB also activated Toll-like receptor (TLR)–Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk)–nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) signaling pathways in the intestine, suggesting that it plays a vital role in the ameliorative antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets. In summary, LAB increased intestinal integrity by improving the intestinal structure and tight junctions while enhancing antioxidant functions via the activation of the TLR–Btk–Nrf2 signaling pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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10 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sesame Meal, Vitamin E and Selenium Influence Goats’ Antioxidant Status

by Eleni Tsiplakou, Christina Mitsiopoulou, Chrysoula Karaiskou, Marica Simoni, Athanasios C. Pappas, Federico Righi, Kyriaki Sotirakoglou and Nikolaos E. Labrou

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030392 - 5 Mar 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3218

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the impact of sesame meal, selenium (Se), and vitamin E (VitE) on goats’ oxidative status. Thirty mid-lactation crossbred goats were divided into five homogeneous groups, and were fed 1 kg of alfalfa hay and 1.2 kg of concentrates [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the impact of sesame meal, selenium (Se), and vitamin E (VitE) on goats’ oxidative status. Thirty mid-lactation crossbred goats were divided into five homogeneous groups, and were fed 1 kg of alfalfa hay and 1.2 kg of concentrates daily. The control group (C) received a basal diet. In the concentrates of the treated groups, 10% of the soybean meal was replaced by sesame meal and no extra VitE or Se (SM), or an extra 60 mg of VitE (SME), or 0.1 mg organic Se (SMSe), or their combination (60 mg VitE and 0,1 mg organic Se/kg of concentrate (SMESe). In the plasma of the goats, the dietary treatments did not affect glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, or the total antioxidant capacity. A reduction and a trend for lower protein carbonyls content was found in goats fed SM (p = 0.03) and SME (p = 0.06) compared to SMESe. In the milk, the lactoperoxidase activity decreased with SMSe and SMESe. A numerical decrease in the total antioxidant capacity and an increase in the MDA content in the milk of the SMESe group compared with the other treated groups was found. In mid-lactation goats, SM improves the oxidative status of both the organism and the milk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

13 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Muscle Antioxidant Activity and Meat Quality Are Altered by Supplementation of Astaxanthin in Broilers Exposed to High Temperature

by Abdolreza Hosseindoust, Seung Min Oh, Han Seo Ko, Se Min Jeon, Sang Hoon Ha, Aera Jang, Ji Seon Son, Gur Yoo Kim, Hwan Ku Kang and Jin Soo Kim

Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111032 - 23 Oct 2020

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4696

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of dietary astaxanthin (AST) on the meat quality, antioxidant status, and immune response of chickens exposed to heat stress. Four hundred and eighty male broilers were assigned to four treatments including AST0, AST20, AST40, and AST80 with 0, [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effect of dietary astaxanthin (AST) on the meat quality, antioxidant status, and immune response of chickens exposed to heat stress. Four hundred and eighty male broilers were assigned to four treatments including AST0, AST20, AST40, and AST80 with 0, 20, 40, and 80 ppm astaxanthin supplementation levels, respectively. There was a linear decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leg muscle. Catalase and superoxide dismutase levels in the plasma were linearly increased. There was a linear increase in the level of total antioxidant capacity in the leg muscle. The 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate reducing activity of leg muscle was significantly increased in the AST80 treatment. The AST40 treatment showed an increase in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity of leg muscles. Breast meat redness and yellowness were linearly increased. The astaxanthin-supplemented treatments exhibited lower drip loss and MDA concentration of leg muscle compared with the AST0 treatment at days 3 and 9 of storage. Supplementation of 40 or 80 mg/kg astaxanthin significantly decreased heat shock protein (HSP)27, HSP70, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 expression in the livers. The feather corticosterone was significantly lower in the astaxanthin-supplemented treatments than in the AST0 treatment. In conclusion, astaxanthin decreased the hyperthermic stress level and improved meat quality, and antioxidant status of chickens exposed to heat stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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13 pages, 6065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

N-Acetyl Serotonin Alleviates Oxidative Damage by Activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Signaling in Porcine Enterocytes

by Haiwei Liang, Ning Liu, Renjie Wang, Yunchang Zhang, Jingqing Chen, Zhaolai Dai, Ying Yang, Guoyao Wu and Zhenlong Wu

Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040303 - 7 Apr 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3698

Abstract

Apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells following oxidative stress is a major cause of mucosal barrier dysfunction and is associated with the pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal diseases. Although L-tryptophan (Trp) is known to improve intestinal integrity and function, a beneficial effect of N-acetyl serotonin [...] Read more.

Apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells following oxidative stress is a major cause of mucosal barrier dysfunction and is associated with the pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal diseases. Although L-tryptophan (Trp) is known to improve intestinal integrity and function, a beneficial effect of N-acetyl serotonin (NAS), a metabolite of Trp, on the apoptosis of enterocytes and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the present study, we showed that porcine enterocytes treated with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a metabolite of lipid peroxidation, led to upregulation of apoptotic proteins, including Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and reduction of tight junction proteins. These effects of 4-HNE were significantly abrogated by NAS. In addition, NAS reduced ROS accumulation while increasing the intracellular concentration of glutathione (GSH), and the abundance of the Nrf2 protein in the nucleus and its downstream target proteins. Importantly, these protective effects of NAS were abrogated by Atra, an inhibitor of Nrf2, indicating a dependence on Nrf2 signaling. Taken together, we demonstrated that NAS attenuated oxidative stress-induced cellular injury in porcine enterocytes by regulating Nrf2 signaling. These findings provide new insights into a functional role of NAS in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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13 pages, 1260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Postbiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Improves Serum and Ruminal Antioxidant Activity and Upregulates Hepatic Antioxidant Enzymes and Ruminal Barrier Function in Post-Weaning Lambs

by Wan Ibrahim Izuddin, Ali Merzza Humam, Teck Chwen Loh, Hooi Ling Foo and Anjas Asmara Samsudin

Antioxidants 2020, 9(3), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030250 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 99 | Viewed by 7901

Abstract

Postbiotics from Lactobacillus plantarum have been reported to improve growth performance, nutrient utilization, immune status and gut health in livestock. However, there is scarce information on the antioxidant activity of postbiotics and its modulation of antioxidant activity and rumen barrier function in animals. [...] Read more.

Postbiotics from Lactobacillus plantarum have been reported to improve growth performance, nutrient utilization, immune status and gut health in livestock. However, there is scarce information on the antioxidant activity of postbiotics and its modulation of antioxidant activity and rumen barrier function in animals. We investigated the antioxidant activity of postbiotics from L. plantarum RG14, RG11 and TL1 and dietary effects in post-weaning lambs on serum and ruminal antioxidant activity, hepatic antioxidant enzymes and ruminal barrier function. Postbiotic RG14 showed the highest antioxidant activity in both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay and was chosen to be evaluated in animal trials. Twelve post-weaning Dorper lambs were allotted to the control group and postbiotic group (0.9% (v/w) postbiotic RG14). The improvement in antioxidant activity of the postbiotic group was observed by greater glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in serum and ruminal fluid and lower serum TBARS. The findings were strengthened by the upregulation of hepatic GPX1, GPX4 and copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) in the postbiotic group. Lambs received postbiotics had higher regulation of rumen barrier function through upregulation of tight junction protein (TJP), occludin (OCLD), claudin-1 (CLDN1) and CLDN4. The current study demonstrated that dietary postbiotics enhanced the serum and ruminal fluid antioxidant activity, reduced the serum lipid peroxidation and upregulated hepatic antioxidant enzymes and ruminal barrier function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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13 pages, 598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Status of Goats with Different CSN1S1 Genotypes Fed ad Libitum with Fresh and Dry Forages

by Daniela Giorgio, Adriana Di Trana, Paola Di Gregorio, Andrea Rando, Marcella Avondo, Adriana Bonanno, Bernardo Valenti and Antonino Di Grigoli

Antioxidants 2020, 9(3), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030224 - 9 Mar 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3763

Abstract

Forty late-lactation Girgentana goats were used to study the effect of diets fed ad libitum and αS1-casein (CSN1S1) genotype on redox balance. The goats genotyped at CSN1S1 locus (A/A, A/F) were subjected to four feeding treatments different for percentage inclusion of dry and [...] Read more.

Forty late-lactation Girgentana goats were used to study the effect of diets fed ad libitum and αS1-casein (CSN1S1) genotype on redox balance. The goats genotyped at CSN1S1 locus (A/A, A/F) were subjected to four feeding treatments different for percentage inclusion of dry and fresh forage: DAF100 (98% of Dry Alfalfa Forage), DAF65 (65% of Dry Alfalfa Forage), FSF100 (100% of Fresh Sulla Forage) and FSF65 (65% of Fresh Sulla Forage). Blood samples were analyzed for superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), albumin, glucose and cholesterol contents. The oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as percentage ratio of ROMs to BAP. Redox balance was improved by Sulla inclusion, as reflected in the lower OSI values found in FSF100 and FSF65 groups. DAF100 group displayed the highest GPX activity, while other groups exhibited the highest SOD activity. Fresh forage diets increased albumin concentration while no effect of tested factors was noted on glucose, NEFA, BHBA and cholesterol contents. The interaction diet × genotype was significant only for GPX activity. GPX and albumin were negatively correlated and were correlated positively and negatively with ROMs, respectively. Diet rather than genotype affects redox balance in dairy goats and a possible role of forage polyphenol compounds on oxidative status needs to be tested in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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Review

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12 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins in Livestock Animal Products Yield, Quality, and Oxidative Status: A Review

by Eleni Tsiplakou, Rosario Pitino, Carmen L. Manuelian, Marica Simoni, Christina Mitsiopoulou, Massimo De Marchi and Federico Righi

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050780 - 14 May 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5136

Abstract

The interest for safe and natural foods of animal origin is currently increasing the use of plant feed additives (PFA) as antioxidants in animal nutrition. However, studies with livestock animals dealing with PFA as antioxidants are scarce. The aim of the present review [...] Read more.

The interest for safe and natural foods of animal origin is currently increasing the use of plant feed additives (PFA) as antioxidants in animal nutrition. However, studies with livestock animals dealing with PFA as antioxidants are scarce. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the antioxidant impact of PFA compared with synthetic vitamins on animal food product yield and quality. For this purpose, peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2020 were collected. Most papers were carried out on ruminants (n = 13), but PFA were also tested in swine (n = 6) and rabbits (n = 2). The inclusion of PFA in the diets of pigs, rabbits, and ruminants improved the products’ quality (including organoleptic characteristics and fatty acids profile), oxidative stability, and shelf life, with some impacts also on their yields. The effects of PFA are diverse but often comparable to those of the synthetic antioxidant vitamin E, suggesting their potential as an alternative to this vitamin within the diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

13 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins on Yield, Quality, and Oxidative Status of Poultry Products: A Review of the Literature of the Last 20 Years

by Rosario Pitino, Massimo De Marchi, Carmen L. Manuelian, Marion Johnson, Marica Simoni, Federico Righi and Eleni Tsiplakou

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050757 - 11 May 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4601

Abstract

Scientific evidence demonstrates that plant feed additives (PFA) can be a viable alternative to synthetic antioxidant vitamins in poultry nutrition. PFA are represented by plants, essential oils, plant extracts, and by-products from herbal or crop processing. The use of PFA in the feed [...] Read more.

Scientific evidence demonstrates that plant feed additives (PFA) can be a viable alternative to synthetic antioxidant vitamins in poultry nutrition. PFA are represented by plants, essential oils, plant extracts, and by-products from herbal or crop processing. The use of PFA in the feed industry has increased in recent years as their biologically active compounds (polyphenols) have demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant effects in food-producing animals. However, few trials have directly compared the effects of PFA with synthetic vitamins. After a systematic literature review of studies comparing the effects of PFA and synthetic vitamins on poultry products in the last 20 years (2000–2020), a total of 44 peer-reviewed articles were included in the present work. A positive effect of PFA on poultry products’ oxidative stability during storage, organoleptic characteristics, and fatty acids profile has been observed without a specific impact on their performances. The effects of PFA are variable but often similar to those of vitamin E, suggesting the opportunity for a partial substitution of the latter in poultry diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

29 pages, 2589 KiB

Open AccessReview

Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens and the Effect of Dietary Polyphenols, with Special Reference to Willow (Salix spp.) Bark Supplements—A Review

by Mihaela Saracila, Tatiana Dumitra Panaite, Camelia Puia Papuc and Rodica Diana Criste

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050686 - 27 Apr 2021

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6971

Abstract

Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the use of a wide range of phytoadditives to counteract the harmful effects of heat stress in poultry. Willow (Salix spp.) is a tree with a long history. Among various forms, [...] Read more.

Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the use of a wide range of phytoadditives to counteract the harmful effects of heat stress in poultry. Willow (Salix spp.) is a tree with a long history. Among various forms, willow bark is an important natural source of salicin, β-O-glucoside of saligenin, but also of polyphenols (flavonoids and condensed tannins) with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity. In light of this, the current review presents some literature data aiming to: (1) describe the relationship between heat stress and oxidative stress in broilers, (2) present or summarize literature data on the chemical composition of Salix species, (3) summarize the mechanisms of action of willow bark in heat-stressed broilers, and (4) present different biological effects of the extract of Salix species in different experimental models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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18 pages, 335 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins on Poultry Performances, Health, and Oxidative Status: A Review of the Literature in the Last 20 Years

by Federico Righi, Rosario Pitino, Carmen L. Manuelian, Marica Simoni, Afro Quarantelli, Massimo De Marchi and Eleni Tsiplakou

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050659 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6324

Abstract

Plant feed additives (PFA) such as essential oils, extracts, and by-products from plant processing can be included in poultry diets. A total of 39 peer-reviewed articles were selected from the literature published in the last 20 years (2000–2020) comparing PFA antioxidant effects with [...] Read more.

Plant feed additives (PFA) such as essential oils, extracts, and by-products from plant processing can be included in poultry diets. A total of 39 peer-reviewed articles were selected from the literature published in the last 20 years (2000–2020) comparing PFA antioxidant effects with synthetic antioxidant vitamins (mainly vitamin E) in poultry nutrition. The PFA can be used as an effective nutritional strategy to face poultry’s oxidative stress with positive impact also on their productivity and efficiency. They can partially or completely replace antioxidant synthetic vitamins (the latter administered at doses between 150 and 500 mg/kg) in animal diets, sometimes affecting important physiological functions or expressing synergistic effect with the synthetic antioxidants. It is crucial to take into consideration the issues related to the absorption and the metabolism of these additives and their interaction with gut microbiota. However, some form- and dose-dependent negative effects on growth performances are observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

41 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Oxidative Distress: A Review of Nutritional Challenges as Models for Poultry, Swine and Fish

by Elodie Bacou, Carrie Walk, Sebastien Rider, Gilberto Litta and Estefania Perez-Calvo

Antioxidants 2021, 10(4), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040525 - 27 Mar 2021

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 4544

Abstract

The redox system is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. When redox homeostasis is disrupted through an increase of reactive oxygen species or a decrease of antioxidants, oxidative distress occurs resulting in multiple tissue and systemic responses and damage. Poultry, swine and fish, raised [...] Read more.

The redox system is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. When redox homeostasis is disrupted through an increase of reactive oxygen species or a decrease of antioxidants, oxidative distress occurs resulting in multiple tissue and systemic responses and damage. Poultry, swine and fish, raised in commercial conditions, are exposed to different stressors that can affect their productivity. Some dietary stressors can generate oxidative distress and alter the health status and subsequent productive performance of commercial farm animals. For several years, researchers used different dietary stressors to describe the multiple and detrimental effects of oxidative distress in animals. Some of these dietary challenge models, including oxidized fats and oils, exposure to excess heavy metals, soybean meal, protein or amino acids, and feeding diets contaminated with mycotoxins are discussed in this review. A better understanding of the oxidative distress mechanisms associated with dietary stressors allows for improved understanding and evaluation of feed additives as mitigators of oxidative distress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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