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Antioxidants
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Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases
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Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 43449

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Luca Massaccesi

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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 31 20133 Milan, Italy
Interests: oxidative stress and related biomarkers; O-GlcNAcylation in physiological and pathological processes; ageing; inflammation; glycohydrolases
Prof. Dr. Carmela Rita Balistreri

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Co-Guest Editor
Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, Corso Tukory 211, Palermo, 90134 Italy
Interests: ageing; inflammation; innate immunuty; age-related diseases (particularly cardiovascular diseases); translation medicine; stem cell therapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Oxidative stress is considered to be an important player in the onset and progression of various diseases (i.e., cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, infection diseases, diabetes, and cancer).  The loss of physiological balance between pro-oxidant factors and antioxidant defenses, fundamental for the maintenance of low levels of free radicals, leads to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are toxic for cells, inducing cell damage that accumulates, leading to the destruction of cellular homeostasis with a severe relapse reaching the systemic level. The growing understanding of redox dynamics, of the biological mechanisms underlying diseases, and the need to have increasingly early markers in order to optimize the diagnostic process, has led to the identification of new specific and sensitive instruments for the measurement of oxidative stress in different biological materials. Many of these new markers have been proposed as effective tools in the monitoring of different diseases, and as valuable aids in the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatments.

We invite investigators to submit original research, short communication, and review articles in order to discuss the pivotal role of oxidative stress biomarkers in different acute and chronic diseases. Contributions describing recent developments in the identification of novel biomarkers are particularly welcome.

Prof. Luca Massaccesi
Prof. Carmela Rita Balistreri
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Oxidative stress
  • Biomarkers
  • Acute and chronic diseases

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 192 KiB  
Editorial
Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases
by Luca Massaccesi and Carmela Rita Balistreri
Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091766 - 7 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1283
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers consent to apply individual decisions in the complex management of both acute or chronic diseases, and their identification constitutes a fundamental phase for achieving the important object to develop personalized therapies [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)

Research

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15 pages, 2898 KiB  
Article
Oxidative Stress and Lipid Dysregulation in Lipid Droplets: A Connection to Chronic Kidney Disease Revealed in Human Kidney Cells
by Zhen Chen, Rojeet Shrestha, Xiaoyue Yang, Xunzhi Wu, Jiaping Jia, Hitoshi Chiba and Shu-Ping Hui
Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071387 - 18 Jul 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2483
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is defined as a condition causing the gradual loss of kidney function, shows renal lipid droplet (LD) accumulation that is associated with oxidative damage. There is a possibility that an LD abnormality in quality plays a role in [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is defined as a condition causing the gradual loss of kidney function, shows renal lipid droplet (LD) accumulation that is associated with oxidative damage. There is a possibility that an LD abnormality in quality plays a role in CKD development. This study aimed to explore the chemical composition of LDs that are induced in human kidney cells during exposure to free fatty acids as an LD source and oxidized lipoproteins as oxidative stress. The LDs were aspirated directly from cells using nanotips, followed by in-tip microextraction, and the LD lipidomic profiling was conducted using nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. As a result, the free fatty acids increased the LD lipid content and, at the same time, changed their composition significantly. The oxidized lipoproteins caused distorted proportions of intact lipids, such as triacylglycerols (TG), phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), and cholesteryl esters (CE). Notably, the oxidized lipids, including the hydroperoxides of TG, PC, and PE, exhibited significant elevations in dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, the dysregulation of intact lipids was paralleled with the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides. The present study has revealed that the oxidation of lipids and the dysregulation of the lipid metabolism coexisted in LDs in the kidney cells, which has provided a potential new target for diagnosis and new insights into CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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8 pages, 661 KiB  
Communication
Urinary Biomarkers as a Proxy for Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Patient Follow-Up
by Marta Peruzzi, Matteo Ramazzotti, Roberta Damiano, Marzia Vasarri, Giancarlo la Marca, Cinzia Arzilli, Raffaele Piumelli, Niccolò Nassi and Donatella Degl'Innocenti
Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050929 - 9 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1463
Abstract
Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is a rare genetic disorder of the autonomic nervous system and in particular of the respiratory control during sleep. No drug therapy is, to date, available; therefore, the survival of these patients depends on lifelong ventilatory support during [...] Read more.
Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is a rare genetic disorder of the autonomic nervous system and in particular of the respiratory control during sleep. No drug therapy is, to date, available; therefore, the survival of these patients depends on lifelong ventilatory support during sleep. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress is a recognized risk factor involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases. Therefore, monitoring systemic oxidative stress could provide important insights into CCHS outcomes. Because ROS-induced oxidative products are excreted as stable metabolites in urine, we performed an HPLC-MS/MS analysis for the quantitative determination of the three main representative oxidative biomarkers (i.e., diY, MDA, and 8-OHdG) in the urine of CCHS patients. Higher levels of urinary MDA were found in CCHS patients compared with age-matched control subjects. The noteworthy finding is the identification of urinary MDA as relevant biomarker of systemic oxidative status in CCHS patients. This study is a concise and smart communication about the impact that oxidative stress has in CCHS, and suggests the monitoring of urinary MDA levels as a useful tool for the management of these patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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20 pages, 4226 KiB  
Article
Ornipural® Mitigates Malathion-Induced Hepato-Renal Damage in Rats via Amelioration of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, Restoration of Antioxidant Activity, and Attenuation of Inflammatory Response
by Osama S. El Okle, Hossam G. Tohamy, Saed A. Althobaiti, Mohamed Mohamed Soliman, Heba I. Ghamry, Foad Farrag and Mustafa Shukry
Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040757 - 11 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2308
Abstract
The current study was instigated by investigating the ameliorative potential of Ornipural® solution against the hepato-renal toxicity of malathion. A total number of 35 male Wistar albino rats were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as control and received normal [...] Read more.
The current study was instigated by investigating the ameliorative potential of Ornipural® solution against the hepato-renal toxicity of malathion. A total number of 35 male Wistar albino rats were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as control and received normal saline intraperitoneally. Group 2, the sham group, were administered only corn oil (vehicle of malathion) orally. Group 3 was orally intoxicated by malathion in corn oil at a dose of 135 mg/kg BW via intra-gastric gavage. Group 4 received malathion orally concomitantly with Ornipural® intraperitoneally. Group 5 was given Ornipural® solution in saline via intraperitoneal injection at a dose of (1 mL/kg BW). Animals received the treatment regime for 30 days. Histopathological examination revealed the harmful effect of malathion on hepatic and renal tissue. The results showed that malathion induced a significant decrease in body weight and marked elevation in the activity of liver enzymes, LDH, and ACP. In contrast, the activity of AchE and Paraoxonase was markedly decreased. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the serum content of bilirubin, cholesterol, and kidney injury markers. A significant elevation in malondialdehyde, nitric oxide (nitrite), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine was observed, along with a substantial reduction in antioxidant activity. Furthermore, malathion increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the upregulation of IL-1B, BAX, and IFN-β genes, and the downregulation of Nrf2, Bcl2, and HO-1 genes. Concurrent administration of Ornipural® with malathion attenuated the detrimental impact of malathion through ameliorating metabolic biomarkers, restoring antioxidant activity, reducing the inflammatory response, and improving pathologic microscopic alterations. It could be concluded that Ornipural® solution demonstrates hepatorenal defensive impacts against malathion toxicity at biochemical, antioxidants, molecular, and cellular levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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29 pages, 5288 KiB  
Article
Effects of Volatile Anaesthetics and Iron Dextran on Chronic Inflammation and Antioxidant Defense System in Rats
by Dyana Odeh, Nada Oršolić, Emanuela Adrović, Lydia Gaćina, Petra Perić, Sahar Odeh, Vedran Balta, Nikola Lesar and Marina Kukolj
Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040708 - 3 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2294
Abstract
Iron, as an essential microelement, is involved in cell proliferation, metabolism, and differentiation. It also modulates the fate and function of macrophages in hematopoiesis and macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. On the other hand, anesthetics can affect the inflammatory process by modulating the response to [...] Read more.
Iron, as an essential microelement, is involved in cell proliferation, metabolism, and differentiation. It also modulates the fate and function of macrophages in hematopoiesis and macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. On the other hand, anesthetics can affect the inflammatory process by modulating the response to stress or the functions of immune cells. The aim of this paper is to understand how excessive iron intake alters physiological, functional characteristics of peripheral tissues and whether different anesthetics can alter cell metabolism regarding oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation through regulation of macrophage polarization. Y59 rats were injected intraperitoneally with iron dextran solution at a dose of 50 mg/kg or were exposed to inhaled anesthetics sevoflurane and isoflurane and their combination for 28 days every other day. The results show that the use of anesthetics reduces the rat’s organ weight and increases OS in peripheral tissues, leading to M1 macrophage polarization. Excessive iron intake leads to increased OS, inflammation, and an increased ratio of IL-12/IL-10 cytokines to the M1 macrophage phenotype. Iron, in combination with sevoflurane, has a protective effect in tissues showing the M2 phenotype of macrophages. The combination of iron dextran and isoflurane in rats leads to an increase in the erythropoiesis process made possible through the induction of hypoxia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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20 pages, 3419 KiB  
Article
Pulmonary Protein Oxidation and Oxidative Stress Modulation by Lemna minor L. in Progressive Bleomycin-Induced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
by Yanka Karamalakova, Ivaylo Stefanov, Ekaterina Georgieva and Galina Nikolova
Antioxidants 2022, 11(3), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030523 - 8 Mar 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2957
Abstract
Bleomycin (BLM) administration is associated with multifunctional proteins inflammations and induction of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Lemna minor L. extract, a free-floating monocot macrophyte possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The aim of the study was to examine the protective effect of L. minor [...] Read more.
Bleomycin (BLM) administration is associated with multifunctional proteins inflammations and induction of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Lemna minor L. extract, a free-floating monocot macrophyte possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The aim of the study was to examine the protective effect of L. minor extract on lung protein oxidation and oxidative stress modulation by BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Balb/c mice. For this purpose, the protein carbonyl content, advanced glycation end product, nitroxide protein oxidation (5-MSL), and lipid peroxidation (as MDA and ROS), in lung cells were examined. The histological examinations, collagen deposition, and quantitative measurements of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF in lung tissues and blood were investigated. Intraperitoneal, BLM administration (0.069 U/mL; 0.29 U/kg b.w.) for 33 days, caused IPF induction in Balb/c mice. Pulmonary combining therapy was administered with L. minor at dose 120 mg/mL (0.187 mg/kg b.w.). L. minor histologically ameliorated BLM induced IPF in lung tissues. L. minor significantly modulated (p < 0.05) BLM-alterations induced in lung hydroxyproline, carbonylated proteins, 5-MSL-protein oxidation. Oxidative stress decreased levels in antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems in the lung were significantly regulated (p < 0.05) by L. minor. L. minor decreased the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression in lung tissues and plasma. The L. minor improves the preventive effect/defense response in specific pulmonary protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, ROS identifications, and cytokine modulation by BLM-induced chronic inflammations, and could be a good antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic alternative or IPF prevention involved in their pathogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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13 pages, 1441 KiB  
Article
Early Blood Glucose Level Post-Admission Correlates with the Outcomes and Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
by Inn-Chi Lee, Jiann-Jou Yang and Ying-Ming Liou
Antioxidants 2022, 11(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010039 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2866
Abstract
The antioxidant defense system is involved in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). To analyze the relationship between first serum blood glucose levels and outcomes in neonatal HIE, seventy-four patients were divided, based on the first glucose level, into group 1 (>0 [...] Read more.
The antioxidant defense system is involved in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). To analyze the relationship between first serum blood glucose levels and outcomes in neonatal HIE, seventy-four patients were divided, based on the first glucose level, into group 1 (>0 mg/dL and <60 mg/dL, n =11), group 2 (≥60 mg/dL and <150 mg/dL, n = 49), and group 3 (≥150 mg/dL, n = 14). Abnormal glucose levels had poor outcomes among three groups in terms of the clinical stage (p = 0.001), brain parenchymal lesion (p = 0.004), and neurodevelopmental outcomes (p = 0.029). Hearing impairment was more common in group 3 than in group 1 (p = 0.062) and group 2 (p = 0.010). The MRI findings of group 3 exhibited more thalamus and basal ganglion lesions than those of group 1 (p = 0.012). The glucose level was significantly correlated with clinical staging (p< 0.001), parenchymal brain lesions (p = 0.044), hearing impairment (p = 0.003), and neurodevelopmental outcomes (p = 0.005) by Pearson’s test. The first blood glucose level in neonatal HIE is an important biomarker for clinical staging, MRI findings, as well as hearing and neurodevelopment outcomes. Hyperglycemic patients had a higher odds ratio for thalamus, basal ganglia, and brain stem lesions than hypoglycemic patients with white matter and focal ischemic injury. Hyperglycemia can be due to prolonged or intermittent hypoxia and can be associated with poor outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1856 KiB  
Article
Dried Blood Spot Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Associated with Blood Pressure in Rural Senegalese Women with Incident Hypertension
by Yan Lin, Xiangtian Wang, Luciane Lenz, Ousmane Ndiaye, Jian Qin, Xiaoli Wang, Hui Huang, Marc A. Jeuland and Junfeng Zhang
Antioxidants 2021, 10(12), 2026; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10122026 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2773
Abstract
Blood biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation have been associated with increased risk of hypertension development; yet their application in sub-Saharan Africa has been limited due to the lack of blood collection facilities. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of dried blood [...] Read more.
Blood biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation have been associated with increased risk of hypertension development; yet their application in sub-Saharan Africa has been limited due to the lack of blood collection facilities. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of dried blood spots (DBS), a more feasible alternative to venous blood, in rural sub-Saharan residents. We recruited 342 women with incident hypertension from rural Senegal, and measured C-reactive protein (CRP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in DBS and concurrent blood pressure (BP) at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Associations of DBS biomarkers with current levels of and 1-year changes in BP were examined after adjusting for demographic, medical, and socioeconomic covariates. DBS concentrations of MDA were significantly associated with concurrent systolic BP (SBP) (p < 0.05), while DBS baseline concentrations of CRP were associated with longitudinal changes in SBP between baseline and follow-up. Compared to participants with baseline CRP < 1 mg/L, those with CRP of 1–3 mg/L and 3–10 mg/L had 2.11 mmHg (95%CI: −2.79 to 7.02 mmHg) and 4.68 mmHg (95%CI: 0.01 to 9.36 mmHg) increases in SBP at follow-up, respectively. The results support the use of DBS biomarkers for hypertension prevention and control, especially in settings with limited clinical resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 3141 KiB  
Article
A Pilot Study on the 1H-NMR Serum Metabolic Profile of Takotsubo Patients Reveals Systemic Response to Oxidative Stress
by Domitilla Vanni, Nicola Viceconte, Greta Petrella, Flavio Giuseppe Biccirè, Francesco Pelliccia, Gaetano Tanzilli and Daniel Oscar Cicero
Antioxidants 2021, 10(12), 1982; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121982 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2728
Abstract
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) presents as an acute coronary syndrome characterized by severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and non-obstructive coronary artery disease that typically shows spontaneous recovery within days or weeks. The mechanisms behind TTS are mainly related to beta-adrenergic overstimulation and acute endogenous [...] Read more.
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) presents as an acute coronary syndrome characterized by severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and non-obstructive coronary artery disease that typically shows spontaneous recovery within days or weeks. The mechanisms behind TTS are mainly related to beta-adrenergic overstimulation and acute endogenous catecholamine surge, both of which could increase oxidative status that may induce further deterioration of cardiac function. Although several studies reported evidence of inflammation and oxidative stress overload in myocardial tissue of TTS models, systemic biochemical evidence of augmented oxidant activity in patients with TTS is lacking. In this study, serum samples of ten TTS patients and ten controls have been analyzed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The results of this pilot study show a marked alteration in the systemic metabolic profile of TTS patients, mainly characterized by significant elevation of ketone bodies, 2-hydroxybutyrate, acetyl-L-carnitine, and glutamate levels, in contrast with a decrease of several amino acid levels. The overall metabolic fingerprint reflects a systemic response to oxidative stress caused by the stressor that triggered the syndrome’s onset. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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15 pages, 1560 KiB  
Article
Method Validation and Characterization of the Associated Uncertainty for Malondialdehyde Quantification in Exhaled Breath Condensate
by Maud Hemmendinger, Jean-Jacques Sauvain, Nancy B. Hopf, Pascal Wild, Guillaume Suárez and Irina Guseva Canu
Antioxidants 2021, 10(11), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111661 - 22 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2067
Abstract
There are several methods for quantifying malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress biomarker, in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). However, due to the very diluted nature of this biological matrix, a high variability is observed at low concentrations. We aimed to optimize a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-based method [...] Read more.
There are several methods for quantifying malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress biomarker, in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). However, due to the very diluted nature of this biological matrix, a high variability is observed at low concentrations. We aimed to optimize a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-based method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and characterize the uncertainty associated with this method. We investigated the following parameters for the method validation: calibration linearity, limit of detection (LOD), precision, recovery, and matrix effect. The results were used to identify the main sources of uncertainty and calculating the combined uncertainty. The applicability of this method was evaluated in an ongoing epidemiological study by analyzing 164 EBC samples collected from different professional groups in subway environments. The optimized method was sensitive (LOD: 70 pg/mL), precise (inter-day variation < 19%) and accurate (recovery range: 92–106.5%). The calculated analytical uncertainty was the highest at the LOQ level and reached 23%. Although the analytical uncertainty was high at low MDA concentrations, it was significantly lower than that the observed inter-individual variability. Hence, this method performs sufficiently well and can be recommended for future use in epidemiological researches relying on between-subject differences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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15 pages, 6230 KiB  
Article
Oxidative Stress Linked Organ Lipid Hydroperoxidation and Dysregulation in Mouse Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Revealed by Lipidomic Profiling of Liver and Kidney
by Yue Wu, Zhen Chen, Hirotoshi Fuda, Takayuki Tsukui, Xunzhi Wu, Nianqiu Shen, Natsuki Saito, Hitoshi Chiba and Shu-Ping Hui
Antioxidants 2021, 10(10), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101602 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2400
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a prevalent disease related to lipid metabolism disorder and oxidative stress. Lipid hydroperoxidation is known to be a critical driving force of various disorders and diseases. However, the combination of both intact and hydroperoxidized lipids in NASH has not [...] Read more.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a prevalent disease related to lipid metabolism disorder and oxidative stress. Lipid hydroperoxidation is known to be a critical driving force of various disorders and diseases. However, the combination of both intact and hydroperoxidized lipids in NASH has not yet been studied. In this work, the liver and kidney samples from NASH-model mice were comprehensively investigated by using the LC/MS-based lipidomic analysis. As a result, triglycerides showed the amount accumulation and the profile alteration for the intact lipids in the NASH group, while phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, plasmalogens, and cardiolipins largely depleted, suggesting biomembrane damage and mitochondria dysfunction. Notably, the lipid hydroperoxide species of triglyceride and phosphatidylcholine exhibited a significant elevation in both the liver and the kidney of the NASH group and showed considerable diagnostic ability. Furthermore, the relationship was revealed between the lipid metabolism disturbance and the lipid hydroperoxide accumulation, which played a key role in the vicious circle of NASH. The present study suggested that the omics approach to the lipid hydroperoxide profile might be the potential diagnostic marker of NASH and other oxidative stress-related diseases, as well as the evaluative treatment index of antioxidants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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33 pages, 5821 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Oxidative Stress Markers in Hypothermic Preservation of Transplanted Kidneys
by Karol Tejchman, Anita Sierocka, Katarzyna Kotfis, Maciej Kotowski, Barbara Dolegowska, Marek Ostrowski and Jerzy Sienko
Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081263 - 8 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2446
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) after renal transplantation is a complex biochemical process. The first component is an ischemic phase during kidney storage. The second is reperfusion, the main source of oxidative stress. This study aimed to analyze the activity of enzymes and concentrations of [...] Read more.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) after renal transplantation is a complex biochemical process. The first component is an ischemic phase during kidney storage. The second is reperfusion, the main source of oxidative stress. This study aimed to analyze the activity of enzymes and concentrations of non-enzymatic compounds involved in the antioxidant defense mechanisms: glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), malondialdehyde (MDA), measured in preservation fluid before transplantation of human kidneys (KTx) grafted from brain dead donors. The study group (N = 66) was divided according to the method of kidney storage: Group 1—hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) in LifePort perfusion pump, n1 = 26, and Group 2—static cold storage (SCS), n2 = 40. The measurements of kidney function parameters, blood count, and adverse events were performed at constant time points during 7-day hospitalization and 3-month follow-up. Kidney perfusate in Group 2 was characterized by significantly more acidic pH (p < 0.0001), higher activity of GPX [U/mgHb] (p < 0.05) and higher concentration of MDA [μmol/L] (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant improvement of kidney function and specific blood count alterations concerning storage method in repeated measures. There were aggregations of significant correlations (p < 0.05) between kidney function parameters after KTx and oxidative stress markers: diuresis & CAT, Na+ & CAT, K+ & GPX, urea & GR. There were aggregations of significant correlations (p < 0.05) between recipient blood count and oxidative stress markers: CAT & MON, SOD & WBC, SOD & MON. Study groups demonstrated differences concerning the method of kidney storage. A significant role of recipient’s gender, gender matching, preservation solution, and perfusate pH was not confirmed, however, basing on analyzed data, the well-established long-term beneficial impact of HMP on the outcome of transplanted kidneys might partially depend on the intensity of IRI ischemic phase and oxidative stress, reflected by the examined biomarkers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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16 pages, 1264 KiB  
Article
A Blood Biomarker for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Shows That Oxidation State of Albumin Correlates with Protein Oxidation and Damage in Mdx Muscle
by Basma A. Al-Mshhdani, Miranda D. Grounds, Peter G. Arthur and Jessica R. Terrill
Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081241 - 3 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2472
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked muscle wasting disease with no cure. While the precise mechanisms of progressive dystropathology remain unclear, oxidative stress caused by excessive generation of oxidants is strongly implicated. Blood biomarkers that could track oxidant levels in tissues [...] Read more.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked muscle wasting disease with no cure. While the precise mechanisms of progressive dystropathology remain unclear, oxidative stress caused by excessive generation of oxidants is strongly implicated. Blood biomarkers that could track oxidant levels in tissues would be valuable to measure the effectiveness of clinical treatments for DMD; our research has focused on developing such biomarkers. One target of oxidants that has the potential to be harnessed as a clinical biomarker is the thiol side chain of cysteine 34 (Cys34) of the blood protein albumin. This study using the mdx mouse model of DMD shows that in plasma, albumin Cys34 undergoes thiol oxidation and these changes correlate with levels of protein thiol oxidation and damage of the dystrophic muscles. A comparison with the commonly used biomarker protein carbonylation, confirmed that albumin thiol oxidation is the more sensitive plasma biomarker of oxidative stress occurring in muscle tissue. We show that plasma albumin oxidation reflects muscle dystropathology, as increased after exercise and decreased after taurine treatment of mdx mice. These data support the use of albumin thiol oxidation as a blood biomarker of dystropathology to assist with advancing clinical development of therapies for DMD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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Review

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15 pages, 718 KiB  
Review
Osteomyelitis, Oxidative Stress and Related Biomarkers
by Luca Massaccesi, Emanuela Galliera, Antonio Pellegrini, Giuseppe Banfi and Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli
Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061061 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2488
Abstract
Bone is a very dynamic tissue, subject to continuous renewal to maintain homeostasis through bone remodeling, a process promoted by two cell types: osteoblasts, of mesenchymal derivation, are responsible for the deposition of new material, and osteoclasts, which are hematopoietic cells, responsible for [...] Read more.
Bone is a very dynamic tissue, subject to continuous renewal to maintain homeostasis through bone remodeling, a process promoted by two cell types: osteoblasts, of mesenchymal derivation, are responsible for the deposition of new material, and osteoclasts, which are hematopoietic cells, responsible for bone resorption. Osteomyelitis (OM) is an invasive infectious process, with several etiological agents, the most common being Staphylococcus aureus, affecting bone or bone marrow, and severely impairing bone homeostasis, resulting in osteolysis. One of the characteristic features of OM is a strong state of oxidative stress (OS) with severe consequences on the delicate balance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Here we describe this, analyzing the effects of OS in bone remodeling and discussing the need for new, easy-to-measure and widely available OS biomarkers that will provide valid support in the management of the disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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18 pages, 11158 KiB  
Review
Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Aorta Diseases as a Source of Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets, with a Particular Focus on Ascending Aorta Aneurysms
by Calogera Pisano, Umberto Benedetto, Giovanni Ruvolo and Carmela Rita Balistreri
Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020182 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2534
Abstract
Aorta diseases, such as ascending aorta aneurysm (AsAA), are complex pathologies, currently defined as inflammatory diseases with a strong genetic susceptibility. They are difficult to manage, being insidious and silent pathologies whose diagnosis is based only on imaging data. No diagnostic and prognostic [...] Read more.
Aorta diseases, such as ascending aorta aneurysm (AsAA), are complex pathologies, currently defined as inflammatory diseases with a strong genetic susceptibility. They are difficult to manage, being insidious and silent pathologies whose diagnosis is based only on imaging data. No diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or markers of outcome have been known until now. Thus, their identification is imperative. Certainly, a deep understanding of the mechanisms and pathways involved in their pathogenesis might help in such research. Recently, the key role of oxidative stress (OS) on the pathophysiology of aorta disease has emerged. Here, we describe and discuss these aspects by revealing some OS pathways as potential biomarkers, their underlying limitations, and potential solutions and approaches, as well as some potential treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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22 pages, 739 KiB  
Review
Role of Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurodegeneration: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Biomarker Discovery
by Francesca Romana Buccellato, Marianna D’Anca, Chiara Fenoglio, Elio Scarpini and Daniela Galimberti
Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091353 - 26 Aug 2021
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 5467
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder accounting for over 50% of all dementia patients and representing a leading cause of death worldwide for the global ageing population. The lack of effective treatments for overt AD urges the discovery of biomarkers for early [...] Read more.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder accounting for over 50% of all dementia patients and representing a leading cause of death worldwide for the global ageing population. The lack of effective treatments for overt AD urges the discovery of biomarkers for early diagnosis, i.e., in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or prodromal AD. The brain is exposed to oxidative stress as levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased, whereas cellular antioxidant defenses are decreased. Increased ROS levels can damage cellular structures or molecules, leading to protein, lipid, DNA, or RNA oxidation. Oxidative damage is involved in the molecular mechanisms which link the accumulation of amyloid-β and neurofibrillary tangles, containing hyperphosphorylated tau, to microglia response. In this scenario, microglia are thought to play a crucial role not only in the early events of AD pathogenesis but also in the progression of the disease. This review will focus on oxidative damage products as possible peripheral biomarkers in AD and in the preclinical phases of the disease. Particular attention will be paid to biological fluids such as blood, CSF, urine, and saliva, and potential future use of molecules contained in such body fluids for early differential diagnosis and monitoring the disease course. We will also review the role of oxidative damage and microglia in the pathogenesis of AD and, more broadly, in neurodegeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases)
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