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Applied Sciences
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Blast Loading and Blast Effect on Structures
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Blast Loading and Blast Effect on Structures

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2023) | Viewed by 8710

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Michele Godio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry and Applied Mechanics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 504 62 Borås, Sweden
Interests: masonry structures; blast engineering; impact engineering; earthquake engineering; machine learning; digital image correlation
Dr. Joosef Leppanen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
Interests: concrete structures; blast loading; impact loading; drop weight impact; digital image correlation; numerical modelling
Prof. Dr. Anders Ansell

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Interests: structural dynamics; concrete structures; concrete materials; blast engineering; impact engineering; earthquake engineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Research on impulse loads, such as blasts and impacts, and their effects on structures has increased significantly in recent years due to the reported increase in threats to buildings, monuments, and infrastructure in urban areas. Such threats can take the shape of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) that are carried by vehicles or people. The level of damage that these threats can cause is mainly dependant on the impacting mass, explosive charge, stand-off distance from the building, and the material used to construct and protect its perimetral structure. Furthermore, accidents on infrastructure can result in blast and impact loads of varying amplitudes.

When they are exposed to blasts and impacts, structures experience failure mechanisms that affect the overall stability of the building on the one hand and that engender fragments flying inside of the building on the other, putting the lives of the occupants in danger. Knowledge pertaining to impulse loads and their effect on structures is scattered, which poses challenges for the assessment of existing buildings and infrastructure along with the design of protection and strengthening solutions.

We encourage original articles on experimental tests, numerical studies, and theoretical breakthroughs that shed light on these topics through this Special Issue.

Contributions should concentrate on understanding and characterizing blast and impact loads as well as studying their influence on structures. We welcome articles studying the propagation of blast waves, including reflection, refraction, and diffraction phenomena by means of experimental or numerical approaches. Masonry, reinforced concrete, steel, timber, and structural glass are the main materials used in the construction of the perimetral walls of targeted structures. Assessing their response to impulse loads and establishing strengthening solutions or protection devices is of particular relevance here. Research studies focusing on the characterization of the structural or material response, including fluid-structure interaction, strain-rate effects, and the nonlinear transient dynamic response of the structure, are just a few among the possible topics of this Special Issue.

Dr. Michele Godio
Dr. Joosef Leppanen
Prof. Dr. Anders Ansell
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • blast loading
  • impact loading
  • protective structures
  • protection devices
  • structural response
  • material response
  • experimental tests
  • numerical simulations
  • strain-rate effect
  • fluid-structure interaction

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 6190 KiB  
Article
Performance of Base-Isolated RC School Building under Blast Loading
by Elif Toplu and Osman Kırtel
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5529; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095529 - 29 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1672
Abstract
It is known that bomb-laden vehicles target many buildings as a result of terrorist activities. The effects of such attacks must be reduced and structures must be protected against blast effects. In high seismic hazard regions, buildings are designed to be earthquake resistant. [...] Read more.
It is known that bomb-laden vehicles target many buildings as a result of terrorist activities. The effects of such attacks must be reduced and structures must be protected against blast effects. In high seismic hazard regions, buildings are designed to be earthquake resistant. One of the methods used to dampen earthquake effects on structures is base isolation. Base isolation is effective in distributing blast loads to the structure, similar to seismic loading. In this study, the effects of this distribution on the structure will be evaluated. The scope of the study encompasses the numerical estimation of explosive loads at different distances according to the explosive material carrying capacity of various vehicles and their effects on structures. Linear and nonlinear analysis methods were used to compare the dynamic behaviour of school buildings designed with and without base isolators. The Turkish Building Earthquake Code (2018), which includes the maximum seismic loads, was used in the design of the isolators. Numerical analysis was performed using SAP2000 software based on the finite element method. The blast loads were applied to the floors of the building using the direct integration method in the time domain. FEMA standards were used to determine the blast loads and the performance was evaluated in comparison with the numerical analysis results. As a result of the study, it was concluded that structures with base isolators are efficient in reducing the effects of an explosion at certain distances and these distances will affect the design of the shelter walls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blast Loading and Blast Effect on Structures)
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24 pages, 15096 KiB  
Article
Behavior of Barrier Wall under Hydrogen Storage Tank Explosion with Simulation and TNT Equivalent Weight Method
by Seungwon Kim, Taejin Jang, Topendra Oli and Cheolwoo Park
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3744; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063744 - 15 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3205
Abstract
Hydrogen gas storage place has been increasing daily because of its consumption. Hydrogen gas is a dream fuel of the future with many social, economic and environmental benefits to its credit. However, many hydrogen storage tanks exploded accidentally and significantly lost the economy, [...] Read more.
Hydrogen gas storage place has been increasing daily because of its consumption. Hydrogen gas is a dream fuel of the future with many social, economic and environmental benefits to its credit. However, many hydrogen storage tanks exploded accidentally and significantly lost the economy, infrastructure, and living beings. In this study, a protection wall under a worst-case scenario explosion of a hydrogen gas tank was analyzed with commercial software LS-DYNA. TNT equivalent method was used to calculate the weight of TNT for Hydrogen. Reinforced concrete and composite protection wall under TNT explosion was analyzed with a different distance of TNT. The initial dimension of the reinforced concrete protection wall was taken from the Korea gas safety code book (KGS FP217) and studied the various condition. H-beam was used to make the composite protection wall. Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) simulation from LS-DYNA and ConWep pressure had a good agreement. Used of the composite structure had a minimum displacement than a normal reinforced concrete protection wall. During the worst-case scenario explosion of a hydrogen gas 300 kg storage tank, the minimum distance between the hydrogen gas tank storage and protection wall should be 3.6 m. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blast Loading and Blast Effect on Structures)
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17 pages, 3877 KiB  
Article
Research on the Mechanism and Safe Thickness of Karst Tunnel-Induced Water Inrush under the Coupling Action of Blasting Load and Water Pressure
by Ya Duan, Xuemin Zhang, Xianshun Zhou and Xuefeng Ou
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 11891; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122311891 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1382
Abstract
When the drilling and blasting method is used to construct a tunnel through the karst stratum, the coupling effect of the blasting load and the karst water pressure in front of the tunnel face exposes the tunnel face to the risk of water [...] Read more.
When the drilling and blasting method is used to construct a tunnel through the karst stratum, the coupling effect of the blasting load and the karst water pressure in front of the tunnel face exposes the tunnel face to the risk of water inrush, which threatens the safety of personnel and property. It is very important for the design and construction of related tunnels to study the evolution mechanism of water inrush in karst tunnels and determine the minimum thickness of outburst prevention under blasting. Relying on the Dejiang tunnel Project in Tongren City, this paper adopts the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic–Finite Element Method (SPH-FEM) coupling calculation method to study the evolution process of water inrush in karst tunnels under blasting, analyzing the results of water inrush in tunnels under different rock wall thicknesses under blasting. Then, according to the regression of rock wall stress peak data, the analysis determines the minimum outburst prevention thickness of the karst tunnel. The research results show that there is a superposition effect between the blasting stress wave and the gravitational interaction of the karst water itself, and that the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) particles in the aquifer cause damage and cracks to the rock wall under the coupling action of the blasting load and the karst water pressure, further leading to the expansion of the cracks and the formation of inrush channels. the stress, vibration velocity, and displacement of the unit at the junction of the aquifer and the rock layer show a trend that first decreases, then increases, and then decreases with an increase in the thickness of the rock wall. Based on the actual geological conditions of the Dejiang tunnel project parameters, when the thickness of the rock wall is 3.08 m, the peak stress of the rock formation unit at the junction with the aquifer reaches the maximum value. In order to avoid water inrush during blasting, the minimum outburst prevention thickness should be greater than 3.08 m. Based on the analysis results, a corresponding water inrush prevention plan was formulated on site which effectively guaranteed construction safety and, at the same time, verified the reliability of the analysis results. The relevant research results can provide useful references for similar projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blast Loading and Blast Effect on Structures)
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19 pages, 63435 KiB  
Article
On the Residual Static and Impact Capacity of Shear-Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to an Initial Impact
by Viktor Peterson, Anders Ansell and Mikael Hallgren
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11377; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211377 - 9 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1224
Abstract
Impact loads in previous research showed to induce brittle responses of statically flexure-critical reinforced concrete (RC) beams designed for ductility. The impact load may produce flexural shear damage modes similar to that observed during quasi-static loads and local shear damage under the impact [...] Read more.
Impact loads in previous research showed to induce brittle responses of statically flexure-critical reinforced concrete (RC) beams designed for ductility. The impact load may produce flexural shear damage modes similar to that observed during quasi-static loads and local shear damage under the impact zone. The occurrence of shear damage modes during impact tests has been investigated extensively, but their effect on the residual quasi-static and dynamic capacity is not fully understood. For this aim, an initial high-velocity impact test initiated severe shear damage to RC beams. The beams were then tested quasi-statically and by sequential impact testing using the same setup as the initial tests. The results indicate a flexure-dominated response during sequential impact tests for beams containing extreme shear reinforcement amounts, favouring the energy-absorption capacity. Significant shear and flexural damage occurred for beams with less shear reinforcement, indicating a hybrid response that varied throughout the tests. The tests for the residual quasi-static capacity indicated severe consequences from initial local shear damage on the capacity, as shown by the brittle response of the beam with the most shear reinforcement. However, wide initial flexural cracks instead showed a favourable effect, as there was an indication of transfer from brittle to ductile failure. For beams showing both global and local shear damage, it was concluded that global shear damage modes were critical for the residual static and dynamic shear capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blast Loading and Blast Effect on Structures)
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