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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 17986

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Dr. Giovanni Bruno

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Guest Editor

Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy
Interests: orthodontics; dentistry; dental sleep medicine; dental materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Alberto De Stefani

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Guest Editor

Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
Interests: orthodontics; dentistry; dental sleep medicine; dental materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Antonio Gracco

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Guest Editor

Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy
Interests: orthodontics; dentistry; dental sleep medicine; dental materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the oral environment, restorative and prosthetic materials and appliances are exposed to chemical, thermal and mechanical challenges. The mechanical properties of a material define how it responds to the application of a physical force. The mechanical properties which are of importance in dentistry include brittleness, compressive strength, ductility, elastic modulus, fatigue limit, flexural modulus, flexural strength, fracture toughness, hardness, impact strength, malleability, Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, shear and tensile strength, torsional strength and Young’s modulus. All of these are measures of the resistance of materials to deformation, crack or fracture, under an applied force or pressure. Measured responses can be both elastic (reversible on force removal) and plastic (irreversible on force removal).

Recent advances in nanotechnology and 3D printing have rapidly spread and manufacturers continuously develop new materials and solutions to provide high quality dental care, with particular attention being paid to long-term follow-up. Restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, oral surgery, implants, periodontology, and orthodontics are all involved in this continuing evolution.

This Special Issue focuses on all the recent technology that can enhance the mechanical properties of materials used in all of the different branches of dentistry. For this purpose, we invite you to submit original research articles and systematic reviews which focus on any of the topics mentioned above.

Thank you in advance for your contribution!

Dr. Giovanni Bruno
Dr. Alberto De Stefani
Prof. Antonio Gracco
Guest Editors

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Keywords

dental materials
mechanical properties
restorative dentistry
prosthodontics
implants
orthodontics
nanotechnology
3D printing

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature Changes in Composite Materials during Photopolymerization

by Leszek Szalewski, Magdalena Szalewska, Paweł Jarosz, Michał Woś and Jolanta Szymańska

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020474 - 6 Jan 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2436

Abstract

During polymerization, composite materials cause a temperature rise which may lead to irreversible changes in the dental pulp. The mechanical properties of composite materials depend on a number of factors, such as the composition of the material, the type of polymerization unit, the polymerization mode, and the duration of polymerization. The objective of this study was to assess the temperature rise values and flexural strength of composite materials, as obtained using different modes and times of polymerization. A total of six composite materials were used in the study. Samples of each of the materials were cured using seven polymerization protocols. A CMP-401 digital meter (Sonel, Świdnica, Poland), complete with a type K thermocouple (NiCr-Ni), was used to record the temperature increases during the light curing of the resin composites. Temperature rises were recorded beneath the composite disc in an acrylic matrix. The specimens were tested for flexural strength using a Cometech QC-508M2 testing machine. The lowest results for the increased mean temperature were obtained for Fast-Cure 3 s (39.0 °C), while the highest results were obtained for Fast-Cure 20 s (45.8 °C). The highest average temperature values for all tested protocols were recorded for the Z550 Filtek material. Mean flexural strengths as measured in each test group were higher than the minimum value for composite materials as per the ISO:4049 standard. In the case of deep caries with a thin layer of dentin separating the filling from pulp, a base layer or a short polymerization duration mode is recommended to protect pulp from thermal injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Materials)

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9 pages, 2253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anisotropic Yield Criterion of Rolled AZ31 Magnesium Alloy via Nanoindentation

by Zai Wang, Xin Hao, Ji Qiu, Tao Jin, Xuefeng Shu and Xin Li

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8997; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248997 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1533

Abstract

In this paper, the anisotropic mechanical properties of rolled AZ31 magnesium alloys are investigated using nanoindentation tests at room temperature. Nanoindentation was carried out at four angles, including the rolling direction (0°), diagonal direction (45°), transverse direction (90°), and vertical direction (ND). Experimental results show that hardness increases as the rolling angle increases from 0° to 90° and is lowest in the ND direction. The hardness independent of the effect of indentation depth is obtained by analyzing the indentation size effect and then converting hardness values into yield strengths. A new criterion is proposed on the basis of the Hill48 yield criterion. The data obtained through the above experiments are used to determine the parameters in the new criterion. Finally, a solution to the challenge of modeling a function that accurately describes the anisotropic yielding behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloys is proposed using the nanoindentation technique to solve the requirements of specimen size and experimental methods of the macro test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Materials)

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13 pages, 7972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation of a Micro-Hybrid Dental Composite Reinforced with Polyaramide Fiber under the Influence of Cyclic Loads

by Leszek Szalewski, Aneta Kamińska, Eliza Wallner, Justyna Batkowska, Tomasz Warda, Dorota Wójcik and Janusz Borowicz

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7296; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207296 - 19 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2406

Abstract

Dental composites reinforced with glass fibers have a low tensile modulus and relatively low fatigue resistance. The aim of the study was to analyze the fatigue properties of a dental composite reinforced with polyaramide fibers under the influence of a cyclic, vertical load. For this purpose, we designed a thermoformable template, corresponding to the construction of adhesive bridges in the side section of the jaw. Fifty-four composite samples were made for the study. They were divided into three groups—control (K) and two experimental groups (R1 and R2). The experimental samples were subjected to cyclic fatigue using 75 N load. The number of cycles was 4690 and 20,100. The study used a three-point bending test. Statistical analysis showed a change in elasticity in groups related to the number of load cycles. The study showed that the samples from the control group required the greatest force to break in relation to those subjected to the work cycles. The maximum force in control (K) group was 738.1 N, R1—487.8 N, and R2—451.4 N. The determined algorithm showed a change in deflection associated with the increase of force value. The study did not show any relationship between the type of sample fracture and the number of load cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Materials)

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13 pages, 8993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Effects Caused by Three Different Mandibular Advancement Devices on the Periodontal Ligaments and Teeth for the Treatment of Osa: A Finite Element Model Study

by Giovanni Bruno, Alberto de Stefani, Manila Caragiuli, Francesca Zalunardo, Alida Mazzoli, Daniele Landi, Marco Mandolini and Antonio Gracco

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(19), 6932; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196932 - 3 Oct 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2642

Abstract

AIM: The purpose of this study is to compare the stress effects developed on the periodontal ligaments and teeth by three different types of mandibular advancement devices (MADs) using a finite element method (FEM) analysis. Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease with a high prevalence and, in recent years, the use of MADs as an alternative or support treatment to the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has spread. Their use finds relative contraindications in the case of partial edentulism and severe periodontal disease. Given the widespread of periodontal problems, it is essential to know the effects that these devices cause on the periodontal ligament of the teeth. Materials and methods: Starting from the computed tomography (CT) scan of a patient’s skull, 3D reconstructions of the maxilla and mandible were implemented. Three different MADs were prepared for the patient, then 3D scanned, and lastly, coupled with the 3D models of the jaws. The devices have two different mechanics: One has a front reverse connecting rod (Orthoapnea^TM), and two have lateral propulsion (Somnodent^TM and Herbst^TM). A FEM analysis was performed to calculate the stress applied on periodontal ligaments, on every single tooth and the displacement vectors that are generated by applying an advancement force on the mandible. Results: Herbst^TM and Somnodent^TM devices present very similar stress values, mainly concentrated on lateral teeth, but in general, the forces are very mild and distributed. The maximum stresses values are 3.27 kPa on periodontal ligaments and 287 kPa on teeth for Somnodent^TM and 3.56 kPa on periodontal ligaments and 302 kPa on teeth for Herbst^TM. Orthoapnea^TM has, instead, higher and concentrated stress values, especially in the anterior maxillary and mandibular area with 4.26 kPa and 600 kPa as maximum stress values, respectively, on periodontal ligaments and teeth. Conclusions: From the results, it is concluded that devices with a bilateral mechanism generate less and more distributed stress than an anterior connecting rod mechanism. Therefore, they may be advisable to patients with compromised periodontal conditions in the anterior area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Materials)

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15 pages, 3238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Properties of Concrete in Dry Environments with Different Curing Temperatures

by Zhengxiang Mi, Qingbin Li, Yu Hu, Chunfeng Liu and Yu Qiao

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 4734; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144734 - 9 Jul 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2572

Abstract

This paper investigated the fracture properties of concrete in dry environments with different curing temperatures (5, 20, 40, and 60 °C). For each curing condition, the key fracture parameters of concrete were tested using wedge splitting specimens at five different ages (3, 7, 14, 28, and 60 d). The results show that in dry environments, the effective fracture toughness and fracture energy of concrete exposed to elevated temperatures increased at a relatively high growth rate at an early age. Nevertheless, the growth speed of effective fracture toughness and fracture energy decreased more quickly at elevated temperatures in the later stages. As a result, the concrete cured at higher temperature exhibited lower ultimate values of fracture parameters, and vice-versa. Namely, a temperature crossover effect was found in the effective fracture toughness and fracture energy of concrete under dry environments. Considering the early growth rate and ultimate values of fracture parameters, the optimum temperature suitable for concrete fracture properties development under dry condition was around 40 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Materials)

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9 pages, 3165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical and Mechanical Roughening Treatments of a Supra-Nano Composite Resin Surface: SEM and Topographic Analysis

by Francesco Puleio, Giuseppina Rizzo, Fabiana Nicita, Fabrizio Lo Giudice, Cristina Tamà, Gaetano Marenzi, Antonio Centofanti, Marcello Raffaele, Dario Santonocito and Giacomo Risitano

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(13), 4457; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10134457 - 28 Jun 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2454

Abstract

Background: Repairing a restoration is a more advantageous and less invasive alternative to its total makeover. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of chemical and mechanical surface treatments aimed at increasing the roughness of a supra-nano composite resin. Methods: 27 cylindrical blocks of microhybrid composite were made. The samples were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 3). The samples’ surface was treated differently per each group: acid etching (35% H₃PO₄, 30 s and 60 s), diamond bur milling, sandblasting and the combination of mechanical treatment and acid etching. The samples’ surface was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a confocal microscope for observational study, and surface roughness (R_a) was recorded for quantitative analysis. Results: The images of the samples sandblasted with Al₂O₃ showed the greatest irregularity and the highest number of microcavities. The surfaces roughened by diamond bur showed evident parallel streaks and sporadic superficial microcavities. No significant roughness differences were recorded between other groups. The difference in roughness between the control group, diamond bur milled group and sandblasted group was statistically significant. (p < 0.01). Comparison between the diamond bur milled group and the sandblasted group was also significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion: According to our results, sandblasting is the best treatment to increase the surface roughness of a supra-nano composite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Materials)

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9 pages, 1924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Different Types of Failure on Anterior Cantilever Resin-Bonded Fixed Dental Prostheses Fabricated with Three Different Materials: An In Vitro Study

by Adolfo Di Fiore, Edoardo Stellini, Gianpaolo Savio, Stefano Rosso, Lorenzo Graiff, Stefano Granata, Carlo Monaco and Roberto Meneghello

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4151; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124151 - 17 Jun 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3098

Abstract

background: resin-bonded fixed dental prosthesis (RBFDP) represents a highly aesthetic and conservative treatment option to replace a single tooth in a younger patient. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the fracture strength and the different types of failure on anterior cantilever RBFDPs fabricated using zirconia (ZR), lithium disilicate (LD), and PMMA-based material with ceramic fillers (PM) by the same standard tessellation language (STL) file. Methods: sixty extracted bovine mandibular incisives were embedded resin block; scanned to design one master model of RBFDP with a cantilevered single-retainer. Twenty cantilevered single-retainer RBFDPs were fabricated using ZR; LD; and PM. Static loading was performed using a universal testing machine. Results: the mean fracture strength for the RBFDPs was: 292.5 Newton (Standard Deviation (SD) 36.6) for ZR; 210 N (SD 37.6) for LD; and 133 N (SD 16.3) for PM. All the failures of RBFDPs in ZR were a fracture of the abutment tooth; instead; the 80% of failures of RBFDPs in LD and PM were a fracture of the connector. Conclusion: within the limitations of this in vitro study, we can conclude that the zirconia RBFDPs presented load resistance higher than the maximum anterior bite force reported in literature (270 N) and failure type analysis showed some trends among the groups Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Materials)

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