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Applied Sciences
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Probiotics and Microbiota-Derived Molecules for Inflammation, Neuroinflammation and Mood Disorders
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Probiotics and Microbiota-Derived Molecules for Inflammation, Neuroinflammation and Mood Disorders

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2020) | Viewed by 27536

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Giovanna Traina

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Romana, 06126 Perugia, Italy
Interests: inflammation; neuroinflammation; gut-brain axis; mast cells; learning and memory
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Many studies support the existence of a relationship between the ecosystem of microorganisms that populate the gut and health status. The microbiota plays a crucial role in stress, anxiety, learning and memory, addiction, sexual behaviour, social interaction and depression, as well as in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.

The microbiota–gut–brain axis is an integrated system of tissues and organs communicating through a complex multidirectional manner via neural, endocrine, circulatory pathways in order to preserve homeostasis.

Dietary ingestion of probiotics and prebiotics affects the gut microbiota composition and reveals the key role played by specific metabolites also in brain health. Microbiota-derived peptides participate in regulating the gut–brain axis.

Some effects and mechanisms of probiotics can be similar to those of drugs and may provide suggestions for future interventions. Manipulation of the microbiota can represent a promising therapeutic strategy for mood disorders.

Dr. Giovanna Traina
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • probiotic
  • inflammation
  • neuroinflammation
  • mood disorders
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • microbiota–gut–brain axis
  • gut peptides

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 155 KiB  
Editorial
Probiotics and Microbiota-Derived Molecules for Inflammation, Neuroinflammation and Mood Disorders
by Giovanna Traina
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8727; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178727 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 862
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in inflammation, neuroinflammation and the function of neuronal cells [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics and Microbiota-Derived Molecules for Inflammation, Neuroinflammation and Mood Disorders)

Research

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21 pages, 3589 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Bacterial Vaginosis by Oral Lactobacillus Supplement: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Trial
by Ta-Chin Lin, I-Ling Hsu, Wan-Hua Tsai, Yi-Chih Chu, Lung-Ching Kuan, Min-Syuan Huang, Wen-Ling Yeh, Ya-Hui Chen, Shan-Ju Hsu and Wen-Wei Chang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11030902 - 20 Jan 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7847
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection globally, with a high recurrent rate after antibiotic treatment. Probiotics consumption is known to improve BV with different efficacy among species or strains. After in vitro selection of Lactobacillus strains with growth inhibition and [...] Read more.
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection globally, with a high recurrent rate after antibiotic treatment. Probiotics consumption is known to improve BV with different efficacy among species or strains. After in vitro selection of Lactobacillus strains with growth inhibition and preventing adhesion to HeLa cervical epithelial cells, a randomized and double-blinded trial of two Lactobacillus formula, namely, VGA-1 and VGA-2, in BV patients with Nugent scores of 4–10 was conducted. Among 37 subjects who completed the trial, we observed significantly decreased Nugent scores in both VGA-1 (n = 18) and VGA-2 (n = 19) consumption groups. VGA-1 consumption significantly improved vaginal discharge odor/color and itching at both 2-week and 4-week-consumption, but those only observed after a 4-week-consumption in the VGA-2 group. We also observed a tendency to reduce recurrent rates among enrolled participants after VGA-1 or VGA-2 consumption. The improvement effect of VGA-1/VGA-2 was associated with the significant reduction of interleukin-6 expression after 4-week-consumption and the restoration of normal vaginal microflora by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. In conclusion, VGA-1 or VGA-2 displayed beneficial effects in BV patients, but the VGA-1 formula showed a better efficacy, potentially used for BV intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics and Microbiota-Derived Molecules for Inflammation, Neuroinflammation and Mood Disorders)
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13 pages, 1546 KiB  
Article
Depression and Microbiome—Study on the Relation and Contiguity between Dogs and Humans
by Elisabetta Mondo, Alessandra De Cesare, Gerardo Manfreda, Claudia Sala, Giuseppe Cascio, Pier Attilio Accorsi, Giovanna Marliani and Massimo Cocchi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020573 - 13 Jan 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4540
Abstract
Behavioral studies demonstrate that not only humans, but all other animals including dogs, can suffer from depression. A quantitative molecular evaluation of fatty acids in human and animal platelets has already evidenced similarities between people suffering from depression and German Shepherds, suggesting that [...] Read more.
Behavioral studies demonstrate that not only humans, but all other animals including dogs, can suffer from depression. A quantitative molecular evaluation of fatty acids in human and animal platelets has already evidenced similarities between people suffering from depression and German Shepherds, suggesting that domestication has led dogs to be similar to humans. In order to verify whether humans and dogs suffering from similar pathologies also share similar microorganisms at the intestinal level, in this study the gut-microbiota composition of 12 German Shepherds was compared to that of 15 dogs belonging to mixed breeds which do not suffer from depression. Moreover, the relation between the microbiota of the German Shepherd’s group and that of patients with depression has been investigated. The results indicate that the German Shepherd’s gut-microbiota has a different composition compared to other dog breeds and is characterized by microbial groups identified in humans with depression, highlighting the existence of a “core” microbiota associated with depression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics and Microbiota-Derived Molecules for Inflammation, Neuroinflammation and Mood Disorders)
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Review

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12 pages, 530 KiB  
Review
Mast Cells, Astrocytes, Arachidonic Acid: Do They Play a Role in Depression?
by Giovanna Traina and Massimo Cocchi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(10), 3455; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103455 - 17 May 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4805
Abstract
Evidence support that brain membrane fatty acids play a crucial role in psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety disorders. Although the pathogenesis of depression is not still defined, drugs commonly used to reduce arachidonic turnover in the brain can control mood disorders, such [...] Read more.
Evidence support that brain membrane fatty acids play a crucial role in psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety disorders. Although the pathogenesis of depression is not still defined, drugs commonly used to reduce arachidonic turnover in the brain can control mood disorders, such as depression. Both astrocytes and mast cells release arachidonic acid during silent inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that arachidonic acid freed from lipid droplets of mast cells, as well as the one released from activated astrocytes, could contribute to characterize a depressive condition, and the fatty acids profile of mast cells, astrocytes and microglia could also vary, reflecting the pathophysiological depressive state of the subject. Finally, there is evidence that gut microbiota is deeply implicated in mood and behavioral disorders. Human gut microbiota can control nervous system diseases through neuroimmune pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics and Microbiota-Derived Molecules for Inflammation, Neuroinflammation and Mood Disorders)
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19 pages, 1087 KiB  
Review
Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Neurodegeneration and Mast Cells
by Carmela Conte, Marzia Sichetti and Giovanna Traina
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1828; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051828 - 6 Mar 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5417
Abstract
Many studies highlighted that a bidirectional communication between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS) exists. A vigorous immune response to antigens must be avoided, and pathogenic organisms crossing the gut barrier must be detected and killed. For this reason, the immune [...] Read more.
Many studies highlighted that a bidirectional communication between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS) exists. A vigorous immune response to antigens must be avoided, and pathogenic organisms crossing the gut barrier must be detected and killed. For this reason, the immune system developed fine mechanisms able to maintain this delicate balance. The microbiota is beneficial to its host, providing protection against pathogenic bacteria. It is intimately involved in numerous aspects of host physiology, from nutritional status to behavior and stress response. In the last few years, the implication of the gut microbiota and its bioactive microbiota-derived molecules in the progression of multiple diseases, as well as in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, gained increasing attention. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the gut microbiota with particular attention toward neurological disorders and mast cells. Relevant roles are played by the mast cells in neuroimmune communication, such as sensors and effectors of cytokines and neurotransmitters. In this context, the intake of beneficial bacterial strains as probiotics could represent a valuable therapeutic approach to adopt in combination with classical therapies. Further studies need to be performed to understand if the gut bacteria are responsible for neurological disorders or if neurological disorders influence the bacterial profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics and Microbiota-Derived Molecules for Inflammation, Neuroinflammation and Mood Disorders)
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Other

8 pages, 997 KiB  
Commentary
Tryptophan and Membrane Mobility as Conditioners and Brokers of Gut–Brain Axis in Depression
by Massimo Cocchi and Giovanna Traina
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 4933; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144933 - 17 Jul 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3137
Abstract
The aim of this brief narrative commentary is to discuss some aspects involved in depression. It is increasingly evident that the phenomenon of mood disorders, despite its unequivocal genetic origin, slips into a multifactorial set of biochemical and molecular events that involve the [...] Read more.
The aim of this brief narrative commentary is to discuss some aspects involved in depression. It is increasingly evident that the phenomenon of mood disorders, despite its unequivocal genetic origin, slips into a multifactorial set of biochemical and molecular events that involve the whole organism. A vast literature has provided evidence that recognizes changes in serotonergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of depression. In addition, an increased arachidonic acid/omega-3 fatty acid ratio, which confers to mammalian cell membranes their fluidity, is associated with the depressive state. The combination of the excessive expression of kinurenine and the increased fluidity of the membrane has never been considered in the meaning of a simultaneous effect in the determinism of the depressive condition. Furthermore, various evidence supports the relationship between intestinal microbiota and depression and confirms alterations in the microbiota in depressive pathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics and Microbiota-Derived Molecules for Inflammation, Neuroinflammation and Mood Disorders)
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