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Biomedicines
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The Role of Cytokines in Health and Disease: 3rd Edition
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The Role of Cytokines in Health and Disease: 3rd Edition

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 April 2026 | Viewed by 4657

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Monika Zajkowska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
Interests: neurodegenerative diseases; cancer; specific proteins; cytokines; biomarkers; non-invasive diagnosis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue predominantly covers the usefulness of the determination of cytokines in healthy patients and patients with civilization diseases, with a particular emphasis on neurodegenerative and neoplastic diseases. Despite being non-contagious, civilization diseases are often referred to as the epidemics of the 21st century because they spread globally and lead to over 80% of premature deaths. For many years, it has been observed that society is progressively ageing, which results in an increase in the number of elderly people who are most at risk of developing degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, as well as cancer. As part of this Special Issue, we are looking for new indicators allowing for early detection (even in potentially healthy patients, years before the first symptoms of the emerging disease), and thus a better prognosis of the survival of patients with selected civilization diseases. It is assumed that the introduction of the concentrations of the analyzed proteins to the diagnosis of patients with civilization diseases may facilitate the diagnosis and differentiation of these diseases, and thus enable the early initiation of treatment.

This Special Issue aims to comprehensively study the role of cytokines in health and in various diseases (mainly, but not only, the diseases of civilization, such as cancers or neurodegenerative diseases). Moreover, the aim of this Special Issue is also to understand the involvement of different cytokine groups in diagnosis and/or therapy and to investigate the new potential therapies targeting cytokines. In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome.

Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Cytokines as prognostic factors of different diseases;
  • Cytokines as novel tumor markers in malignant tumors;
  • Cytokines in neurodegeneration;
  • Cytokines in neuroinflammation;
  • Cytokines in COVID-19;
  • Potential novel role of cytokines in health and disease.

I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Monika Zajkowska
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cytokine
  • chemokine
  • neurodegenerative disease
  • cancer
  • inflammatory mediator
  • diagnosis
  • biomarker

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Related Special Issues

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3426 KB  
Article
Effects of Platelet-Rich Fibrin on In Vitro Periodontal Ligament Cell Functions
by Pablo Cores Ziskoven, Andressa Vilas Boas Nogueira, Jean-Claude Imber, Philipp Bani, Charlott Luise Hell, Jens Weusmann and James Deschner
Biomedicines 2025, 13(10), 2360; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102360 - 26 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to tooth loosening and ultimately tooth loss. Regenerative approaches employing bioactive substances aim to restore lost tissues. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a simple and cost-effective option, but its effects on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells [...] Read more.
Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to tooth loosening and ultimately tooth loss. Regenerative approaches employing bioactive substances aim to restore lost tissues. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a simple and cost-effective option, but its effects on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells under inflammatory conditions remain unclear. Objectives: This study investigated the stimulating effects of platelet-rich fibrin on molecules crucial for periodontal wound healing and tissue remodelling in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, under normal and inflammatory conditions mimicked by TNF-α. Methods The stimulating effects of different concentrations of PRF on the gene expression of VEGF, BMP2, COX2, TNF-α, and SPP1 were analysed by real-time PCR and ELISA. In addition, the possible modulating effects of TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with periodontitis, on PRF-induced effects were studied. Furthermore, cell viability, proliferation, and migration were investigated. Results: A 2–3-fold dose-dependent increase in the expression of all the aforementioned genes by PRF was observed at 24 h and 48 h. Additional incubation with TNF-α did not lead to any significant modulation of PRF-induced expression patterns, indicating that the effects of PRF were not compromised in an inflammatory environment. Functionally, PRF caused a significant 35% increase in cell migration between 24 h and 48 h, which was again not affected by a pro-inflammatory condition. Cell viability and proliferation remained largely unaffected by PRF, irrespective of the presence of TNF-α or not. Conclusions: The results suggest that PRF can promote initial periodontal wound healing even in an inflammatory environment by stimulating the expression of cytokines, growth factors and markers of osteogenic differentiation such as VEGF, BMP2 and SPP1, which are involved in angiogenesis, tissue remodelling, and/or cell migration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Cytokines in Health and Disease: 3rd Edition)
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14 pages, 659 KB  
Article
Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of 2-(3-Acetyl-5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-Methyl-1H-Pyrrol-1-yl)-3-Phenylpropanoic Acid
by Hristina Zlatanova-Tenisheva and Stanislava Vladimirova
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 2003; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13082003 - 18 Aug 2025
Viewed by 802
Abstract
Background: The pursuit of novel anti-inflammatory agents with enhanced efficacy and safety is crucial. Pyrrole-containing compounds, integral to many NSAIDs, exhibit promising anti-inflammatory properties. Compound 3f (2-(3-acetyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-3-phenylpropanoic acid), a pyrrole derivative structurally inspired by the COX-2 selective inhibitor celecoxib, was evaluated [...] Read more.
Background: The pursuit of novel anti-inflammatory agents with enhanced efficacy and safety is crucial. Pyrrole-containing compounds, integral to many NSAIDs, exhibit promising anti-inflammatory properties. Compound 3f (2-(3-acetyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-3-phenylpropanoic acid), a pyrrole derivative structurally inspired by the COX-2 selective inhibitor celecoxib, was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in Wistar rats. Compound 3f was administered intraperitoneally at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, either as a single dose or daily for 14 days. Diclofenac (25 mg/kg) served as the reference. Edema volume was measured by plethysmometry. Systemic inflammation was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 were quantified by ELISA following single and repeated administration of compound 3f. Results: Single-dose administration of compound 3f at 20 mg/kg significantly reduced paw edema at 2 h (p = 0.001). After 14 days, all tested doses significantly inhibited paw edema at all time points (p < 0.001). In the LPS-induced systemic inflammation model, repeated treatment with 40 mg/kg of compound 3f significantly decreased serum TNF-α (p = 0.032). TGF-β1 levels increased significantly after both single and repeated doses (p = 0.002 and p = 0.045, respectively), while IL-10 levels remained unaffected. Conclusions: Compound 3f exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity, particularly after repeated dosing, reflected by reduced local edema and systemic TNF-α suppression. The marked elevation of TGF-β1 indicates a potential immunomodulatory mechanism, selectively modulating cytokine profiles without altering IL-10. These findings support compound 3f as a promising candidate for targeted anti-inflammatory therapy involving cytokine regulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Cytokines in Health and Disease: 3rd Edition)
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Review

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21 pages, 2253 KB  
Review
Role of the Th2-like Immune Response in Obesity: IL-4 as a Metabolic Regulator and IL-13 as an Effector of Muscle Energy Metabolism
by Lucía A. Méndez-García, Helena Solleiro-Villavicencio, Nallely Bueno-Hernández, Arturo Cérbulo-Vázquez, Galileo Escobedo, Marcela Esquivel-Velázquez and Miguel A. Fonseca-Sánchez
Biomedicines 2025, 13(9), 2208; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092208 - 9 Sep 2025
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Abstract
The Th2 immune response, associated with allergic diseases and helminth infections, has emerged as a significant modulator of metabolic processes in adipose and liver tissues. Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, regulate energy metabolism, insulin resistance, and obesity-related issues. IL-4 and [...] Read more.
The Th2 immune response, associated with allergic diseases and helminth infections, has emerged as a significant modulator of metabolic processes in adipose and liver tissues. Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, regulate energy metabolism, insulin resistance, and obesity-related issues. IL-4 and IL-13 play significant roles, while IL-5 mainly recruits eosinophils in visceral fat. IL-4 influences lipid metabolism via STAT6, promoting adipogenesis, lipolysis, and reducing leptin levels, thereby improving insulin resistance or inducing white adipose browning in the absence of leptin. IL-13 affects glucose metabolism by lowering gluconeogenesis and enhancing glucose control and increases energy expenditure in muscles during exercise via STAT3. Emerging therapies include recombinant cytokines, exosomes, and monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-4/IL-13 or IL-5, which are mostly approved for the treatment of allergic diseases. Their use in metabolic disorders is largely unexplored. Overall, Th2 cytokines are promising targets for obesity and metabolic diseases but require dedicated trials to assess benefits and risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Cytokines in Health and Disease: 3rd Edition)
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Other

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24 pages, 1775 KB  
Systematic Review
Role of Cytokines in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Sebastian Ciurescu, Victor Buciu, Denis Șerban, Florina Borozan, Larisa Tomescu, Ionuț Marcel Cobec, Diana Gabriela Ilaș and Ioan Sas
Biomedicines 2025, 13(9), 2203; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092203 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1314
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Cytokines play a fundamental role in the tumor microenvironment, influencing breast cancer progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prognostic impact and therapeutic relevance of key cytokines in breast cancer, based [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Cytokines play a fundamental role in the tumor microenvironment, influencing breast cancer progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prognostic impact and therapeutic relevance of key cytokines in breast cancer, based on human studies published between 2015 and 2025. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for eligible studies reporting on cytokine expression and clinical outcomes in breast cancer. Inclusion criteria were based on the PRISMA framework, focusing on human cohorts and excluding in vitro or animal models. Data were extracted on cytokine types, measurement methods, patient population, and outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models for cytokines with sufficient data, notably IL-6 and TNF-α. Results: Twenty-three studies were included. Elevated IL-6 was consistently associated with poor overall survival (pooled HR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.83–2.76), while high TNF-α levels showed a trend toward worse outcomes but without statistical significance. IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 were also linked to increased metastasis and reduced response to therapy. Immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β facilitated tumor immune evasion, while IL-17 promoted inflammation and angiogenesis. Cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-γ were associated with improved immune responses and a favorable prognosis. Conclusions: Cytokines are central mediators of breast cancer progression and immune regulation. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines correlate with poor outcomes and may serve as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Their integration into personalized treatment strategies holds significant clinical potential but requires further prospective validation and biomarker standardization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Cytokines in Health and Disease: 3rd Edition)
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30 pages, 3316 KB  
Systematic Review
Preclinical Evidence of Curcuma longa Linn. as a Functional Food in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Rodent Studies
by Samuel Abiodun Kehinde, Zahid Naeem Qaisrani, Rinrada Pattanayaiying, Wai Phyo Lin, Bo Bo Lay, Khin Yadanar Phyo, Myat Mon San, Nurulhusna Awaeloh, Sasithon Aunsorn, Ran Kitkangplu and Sasitorn Chusri
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081911 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 627
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial condition characterized by abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and chronic inflammation. As its global prevalence rises, there is increasing interest in natural, multi-targeted approaches to manage MetS. Curcuma longa Linn. (turmeric), especially its active [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial condition characterized by abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and chronic inflammation. As its global prevalence rises, there is increasing interest in natural, multi-targeted approaches to manage MetS. Curcuma longa Linn. (turmeric), especially its active compound curcumin, has shown therapeutic promise in preclinical studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of Curcuma longa and its derivatives on MetS-related outcomes in rodent models. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across six databases (PubMed, Scopus, AMED, LILACS, MDPI, and Google Scholar), yielding 47 eligible in vivo studies. Data were extracted on key metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers and analyzed using random-effects models. Results were presented as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Meta-analysis showed that curcumin significantly reduced body weight (rats: MD = −42.10; mice: MD = −2.91), blood glucose (rats: MD = −55.59; mice: MD = −28.69), triglycerides (rats: MD = −70.17; mice: MD = −24.57), total cholesterol (rats: MD = −35.77; mice: MD = −52.61), and LDL cholesterol (rats: MD = −69.34; mice: MD = −42.93). HDL cholesterol increased significantly in rats but not in mice. Inflammatory cytokines were markedly reduced, while oxidative stress improved via decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels. Heterogeneity was moderate to high, primarily due to variations in curcumin dosage (ranging from 10 to 500 mg/kg) and treatment duration (2 to 16 weeks) across studies. Conclusions: This preclinical evidence supports Curcuma longa as a promising functional food component for preventing and managing MetS. Its multi-faceted effects warrant further clinical studies to validate its translational potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Cytokines in Health and Disease: 3rd Edition)
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