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Biomedicines
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Advanced Research in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
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Advanced Research in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Endocrinology and Metabolism Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2024) | Viewed by 6501

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Chrysi Koliaki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko University Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
Interests: diabetes mellitus; obesity; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); bariatric surgery; body composition; cardiovascular disease; insulin resistance; metabolically healthy obese; mitochondrial function
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diabetes mellitus, the contemporary metabolic pandemic, represents a complex multifactorial syndrome characterized by abnormalities in every single aspect of cellular energy metabolism. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with reduced endogenous insulin secretion as a result of progressive autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with both insulin resistance and defective insulin secretion. Beyond T1DM and T2DM, distinct phenotypes of diabetes with varying degrees of insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell defects have been characterized in the literature. The major pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diabetes and its related complications involve insulin resistance, immunological defects, an impaired incretin effect, gluco- and lipotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, defective autophagy mechanisms, proapoptotic pathways, alterations in gut microbiome, and abnormal mitochondrial function in insulin-responsive tissues such as liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, vessels, nervous system and myocardium. In the last years, evidence-based treatment algorithms for diabetic patients have been proposed focusing on patients’ comorbidities as a critical determinant of the selection of the most appropriate glucose-lowering treatment. The most relevant comorbidities are atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease and obesity. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have a prominent position in current therapeutic practice due to their pleiotropic, mainly cardio- and renoprotective, effects.

The aim of this special issue is to provide a platform for sharing all the novel insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Both original research and comprehensive review articles on this topic are invited for submission. Papers on potential novel biomarkers for the prediction of diabetes and its complications (including the omics technology), pathophysiological concepts related to the mechanisms described above, and treatment strategies (drugs, innovative approaches based on nanotechnology or artificial intelligence) in the context of precision diabetology, are particularly welcome.

Dr. Chrysi Koliaki
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • type 1 diabetes mellitus
  • type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • insulin resistance
  • pathophysiology
  • treatment
  • precision medicine

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

20 pages, 1594 KiB  
Review
Novel Dual Incretin Receptor Agonists in the Spectrum of Metabolic Diseases with a Focus on Tirzepatide: Real Game-Changers or Great Expectations? A Narrative Review
by Alexandros Leonidas Liarakos and Chrysi Koliaki
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071875 - 01 Jul 2023
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Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases globally. This highlights an unmet need for identifying optimal therapies for the management of these conditions. Tirzepatide is a novel dual incretin receptor agonist (twincretin) [...] Read more.
The prevalence of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases globally. This highlights an unmet need for identifying optimal therapies for the management of these conditions. Tirzepatide is a novel dual incretin receptor agonist (twincretin) that activates both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors. The aim of this narrative review was to examine the impact of novel twincretins, focusing on tirzepatide, on the management of a wide spectrum of metabolic diseases. Data from preclinical and clinical trials have shown that twincretins significantly reduce blood glucose levels in T2D, and tirzepatide is the first agent of this class that has been approved for the management of T2D. Additionally, the beneficial impact of tirzepatide on weight reduction has been corroborated in several studies, showing that this agent can achieve substantial and sustained weight loss in obese patients with or without T2D. Data also suggest that tirzepatide could be a promising drug for hepatic steatosis reduction in individuals with NAFLD. The remarkable effects of tirzepatide on glycaemic control, weight loss and liver-related outcomes have posed new research questions that are likely to lead to further advancements in the treatment of T2D, obesity and related metabolic disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus)
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13 pages, 803 KiB  
Review
Glucose Homeostasis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Gender-Affirming Treatment
by Charalampos Milionis, Ioannis Ilias, Evangelia Venaki and Eftychia Koukkou
Biomedicines 2023, 11(3), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030670 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3612
Abstract
The transgender (trans) population includes individuals with gender identities more fittingly aligned with the opposite sex or with an alternative that transcends the classical dipole of male/female. Hormonal treatment in transgender individuals aims to suppress the secretion of endogenous sex steroids and replace [...] Read more.
The transgender (trans) population includes individuals with gender identities more fittingly aligned with the opposite sex or with an alternative that transcends the classical dipole of male/female. Hormonal treatment in transgender individuals aims to suppress the secretion of endogenous sex steroids and replace them with the steroids of the desired gender. The mainstay of gender-affirming treatment in transgender males is testosterone, whereas for transgender females it is estrogen, usually combined with an anti-androgen or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist if testes are present. Testosterone and estrogen are involved in carbohydrate metabolism via direct effects on skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and immune cells and indirectly through changes in body fat mass and distribution. The effect of transgender treatment on glucose tolerance is not clear. The provided conflicting results demonstrate a positive, neutral, or even negative association between exogenous testosterone and insulin sensitivity in trans men. Studies show that feminizing hormonal therapy of trans women has mainly an aggravating effect on insulin sensitivity. The existing evidence is not robust and further research is needed to investigate the relationships between body fat distributions, muscle mass, and glycemia/insulin resistance in transgender people under hormonal therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus)
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