Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in Construction and Building Materials

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 December 2024 | Viewed by 19109

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Interests: building materials; sustainability; energy efficiency

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Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven University, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Interests: construction and building materials; concrete technology; sustainable materials; computational materials science
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With growing concerns over climate change and the depletion of natural resources, the construction industry has recognized the urgent need for energy-efficient and environmentally friendly practices. This Special Issue delves into the latest advancements, challenges, and opportunities in the realm of energy-efficient and sustainable construction and building materials. With a strong emphasis on energy-efficient practices and environmental responsibility, this Special Issue explores key topics such as phase change materials (PCMs), sustainable building materials, concrete innovations, and thermal insulation.

The selected articles and studies within this Special Issue highlight recent research and developments in energy-efficient building design, showcasing the potential of phase change materials (PCMs), proper thermal insulation, and innovative building envelope design to optimize thermal performance and reduce energy consumption. Furthermore, the importance of sustainable building materials derived from renewable sources, recycled materials, and low-carbon alternatives are also emphasized in this Special Issue.

Dr. Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban
Dr. Davoud Tavakoli
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • phase change material (PCM)
  • sustainable building materials
  • green concrete
  • energy-efficient buildings
  • sustainability
  • building envelope
  • thermal insulation

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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29 pages, 12912 KiB  
Article
Holistic Assessment for Social Housing Retrofitting: Integrating Seismic, Energy, and Social Aspects in the REHOUSE Project
by Giuseppe Santarsiero, Monica Misceo, Patrizia Aversa, Elena Candigliota, Antonio Di Micco, Francesca Hugony, Vincenzo Manfredi, Giuseppe Marghella, Anna Marzo, Angelo Masi, Valerio Pfister, Salvatore Tamburrino, Angelo Tatì, Concetta Tripepi, Giuseppe Ventura and Vincenza Anna Maria Luprano
Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3659; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113659 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 416
Abstract
There are many existing buildings for which seismic rehabilitation interventions are required, especially in earthquake-prone areas like Italy. At the same time, the huge energy cost increase in Europe highlights the need for sustainable techniques that are able to increase the energy efficiency [...] Read more.
There are many existing buildings for which seismic rehabilitation interventions are required, especially in earthquake-prone areas like Italy. At the same time, the huge energy cost increase in Europe highlights the need for sustainable techniques that are able to increase the energy efficiency of buildings. These issues are even more significant for weak social groups living in social housing buildings, often in poor and vulnerable conditions. In order to address the solution regarding building renovations from the social, structural, and energy efficiency perspectives, in the framework of the Horizon Europe REHOUSE (Renovation packagEs for HOlistic improvement of EU’s bUildingS Efficiency, maximizing RES generation and cost-effectiveness) Project, this paper proposes an integrated methodology of building assessment that was tested on a social housing building in Margherita di Savoia, a small town of Apulia Region, Italy. In addition to the structural and energy aspects, the social one is particularly important since the building is located in the “Capitanata Area”, considered to be one of the most socially vulnerable areas in Italy. For this reason, an assessment methodology must consider reducing the overall impact of the assessment activities while explaining to tenants the purpose of the assessment and future renovation actions, maintaining the accuracy of the assessment results. Therefore, this study outlines an assessment methodology, demonstrated through its application to the case study building, that integrates the structural, energy, and social aspects, showing that the tenants’ involvement is also crucial for the technical evaluations. The final result is a low-impact approach for the building knowledge gathering needed to start a deep renovation intervention in social housing. Full article
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19 pages, 3898 KiB  
Article
Effect of Grinding Conditions on Clinker Grinding Efficiency: Ball Size, Mill Rotation Speed, and Feed Rate
by Yahya Kaya, Veysel Kobya, Ali Mardani, Naz Mardani and Hatice Elif Beytekin
Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2356; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082356 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 946
Abstract
The production of cement, an essential material in civil engineering, requires a substantial energy input, with a significant portion of this energy consumed during the grinding stage. This study addresses the gap in the literature concerning the collective impact of key parameters, including [...] Read more.
The production of cement, an essential material in civil engineering, requires a substantial energy input, with a significant portion of this energy consumed during the grinding stage. This study addresses the gap in the literature concerning the collective impact of key parameters, including ball size, feed rate, and mill speed, on grinding efficiency. Nine spherical balls, ranging from 15–65 mm, were utilized in six distinct distributions, alongside varying feed rates and mill speeds. ANOVA, Taguchi, and regression analyses were employed to explore their influence on grinding efficiency and cement properties. The findings revealed that ball size variation significantly affects grinding performance, with smaller diameter balls yielding higher efficiency due to increased abrasion and fine formation. Conversely, elevating mill speed generally diminishes grinding efficiency, particularly at speeds approaching 90% of the critical speed, impacting ball shoulder and foot angles. Moreover, increasing the feed rate affects the grinding performance differently based on ball distribution, with finer distributions experiencing adverse effects. Signal-to-noise ratios facilitated determining the optimal control factor levels to minimize energy consumption. Quadratic regression models exhibited strong predictive capabilities for energy consumption in grinding. Ultimately, the optimal grinding performance was achieved with Bond-type ball distribution No. 6, considering ball size, mill speed, and feed-rate interactions, albeit with considerations regarding grinding time and energy efficiency. Full article
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17 pages, 6386 KiB  
Article
Phase-Change/Salt-Based Slow-Release Composite Material for Anti-Icing and Snow-Melting
by Chuanshan Wu, Dongxing Gao, Haonan Shangguan, Renshan Chen and Changlin Hou
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2177; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072177 - 15 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 723
Abstract
Currently, self-desiccating asphalt mixtures on roads mainly incorporate phase-change materials or salt-based slow-release agents individually for de-icing. However, pure phase-change material mixtures have limited anti-freezing efficiency and short heat-release duration, making them impractical for large-scale snow melting; meanwhile, salt-based slow-release agents suffer from [...] Read more.
Currently, self-desiccating asphalt mixtures on roads mainly incorporate phase-change materials or salt-based slow-release agents individually for de-icing. However, pure phase-change material mixtures have limited anti-freezing efficiency and short heat-release duration, making them impractical for large-scale snow melting; meanwhile, salt-based slow-release agents suffer from rapid deterioration in de-icing performance. To address these issues encountered, herein, we introduce the phase-change/salt-based slow-release composite materials via the integration of these two materials and investigate their pavement and de-icing performance with the asphalt mixture. For the pavement performance, the optimal asphalt–aggregate ratio for the anti-icing asphalt mixture was found to be 5.1% For anti-bonding and de-icing performance, the electrical conductivity tests, bonding pull-off tests, and interfacial contact melting experiments were conducted. The results indicate that the latent heat of the TH-ME5 (phase-change material) can delay the decrease in environmental temperature and inhibit salt release from T-SEN (salt-based slow-release material), thereby extending the lifespan of the anti-icing asphalt mixture. These results demonstrate that the synergistic effect between the two components of the composite material not only enhance the snow-melting and de-icing performance of the asphalt pavement but also prolong the snow-melting time of the pavement in a low-temperature environment. Full article
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26 pages, 34709 KiB  
Article
Comfort for Users of the Educational Center Applying Sustainable Design Strategies, Carabayllo-Peru-2023
by Nicole Cuya, Paul Estrada, Doris Esenarro, Violeta Vega, Jesica Vilchez Cairo and Diego C. Mancilla-Bravo
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2143; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072143 - 12 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1592
Abstract
The educational problems in the area, economic disparities, conflict situations, and deficiencies in educational infrastructure directly affect the quality and accessibility of education. Therefore, the present research aims to generate comfort for users of the educational center by applying sustainable design strategies in [...] Read more.
The educational problems in the area, economic disparities, conflict situations, and deficiencies in educational infrastructure directly affect the quality and accessibility of education. Therefore, the present research aims to generate comfort for users of the educational center by applying sustainable design strategies in Carabayllo, Peru. The study started with a literature review, an analysis of flora and fauna, passive design strategies, and climatic analysis applying sustainability strategies supported by digital tools (AutoCAD, Revit Collaborate, Climate Consultant, OpenStreetMap, JOSM, Rhinoceros, and Grasshopper). As a result, the design proposes an educational center that ensures year-round comfort through energy efficiency, the use of eco-friendly materials, and green roofs. Additionally, it includes the implementation of dry toilets, biofilters, and xerophytic vegetation for orchards, promoting food production and enhancing the treatment of nearby public spaces. In conclusion, this proposal enhances the quality of life for users by applying passive design strategies and sustainability principles, adopting clean energy sources, and efficiently managing waste, thereby contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Full article
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19 pages, 5456 KiB  
Article
A Cementless Binder Based on High-Calcium Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and the Complex Additive Ca(NO3)2 + MgCl2: Phase Composition, Hydration, and Strength
by Yurii Barabanshchikov and Kseniia Usanova
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2121; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072121 - 10 Jul 2024
Viewed by 673
Abstract
This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the properties of a binder based on high-calcium fly ash and silica fume with a complex additive consisting of calcium nitrate and magnesium chloride. The strength characteristics, the characteristics of the hydration process, and the phase composition [...] Read more.
This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the properties of a binder based on high-calcium fly ash and silica fume with a complex additive consisting of calcium nitrate and magnesium chloride. The strength characteristics, the characteristics of the hydration process, and the phase composition of the hydration products of the binder were investigated. Silica fume was used to suppress the expansion of fly ash during hydration. A complex additive (CA) consisting of Ca(NO3)2 and MgCl2 provided a higher strength of binder than each of these salts separately. When testing a mortar with sand, the CA additive ensured that the strength of the specimens was 43.5% higher than the strength of the mortar with the addition of Ca(NO3)2 and 7.5% higher than the strength of the mortar with the MgCl2 additive. Calcium nitrate greatly accelerated the process of heat release in the first 60 min of binder hydration, and subsequently, conversely, slowed it down. The addition of MgCl2 gave a significantly greater thermal effect than Ca(NO3)2. When the two salts acted together, even a small fraction of magnesium chloride (0.2 of CA) compensated for the retarding effect of calcium nitrate and provided heat release for the binder that was almost as good as that of MgCl2. Full article
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24 pages, 5358 KiB  
Article
The Performance Analysis of a Novel Sterilizable Trombe Wall Based on the Combined Effect of Heat and UV Light
by Miaomiao Fan, Niansi Li and Bendong Yu
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051210 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 762
Abstract
A Trombe wall is a widely applied heating system that has a single function. An interesting thing is that both the solar heat and UV light received by a Trombe wall have an air sterilization effect. Here, the air sterilization and thermal performances [...] Read more.
A Trombe wall is a widely applied heating system that has a single function. An interesting thing is that both the solar heat and UV light received by a Trombe wall have an air sterilization effect. Here, the air sterilization and thermal performances of a Trombe wall in different cities were investigated based on an established heat and mass transfer model. The main results were as follows: (1) UV dose accumulation and high temperature were the most important factors that affect the UV and thermal sterilization performance, respectively. The Trombe wall had the thermal characteristics of high accumulation of UV doses in the morning and afternoon and a high temperature level at noon, which was a good match with the UV and thermal sterilization process. (2) A typical sterilization process in a Trombe wall was divided into three areas: the UV inactivation area, UV and thermal inactivation area and UV inactivation area. (3) The weather conditions played an important role in the sterilization performance. UV sterilization was dominant in cloudy weather, and thermal sterilization was dominant in sunny weather. (4) In Nanjing, Shanghai, Xining and Guangzhou, the average daily clean air volumes in heating months were 39.4, 33.5, 32.2 and 39.8 m3/m2, respectively. (5) When the wall height increased from 1.5 m to 3.5 m, the average daily clean air volume in heating months increased from 31.7 to 43.6 m3/m2. Full article
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25 pages, 16473 KiB  
Article
Collaborative Optimized Design of Glazing Parameters and PCM Utilization for Energy-Efficient Glass Curtain Wall Buildings
by Xinrui Zheng, Yan Liang, Haibin Yang, Yingyan Zeng and Hongzhi Cui
Buildings 2024, 14(1), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010256 - 17 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1721
Abstract
Glass curtain walls (GCWs) have become prevalent in office buildings, owing to their lightweight and modular characteristics. However, their lower thermal resistance, compared to opaque walls, results in increased energy consumption. Incorporating phase-change materials (PCMs) provides a viable solution through which to address [...] Read more.
Glass curtain walls (GCWs) have become prevalent in office buildings, owing to their lightweight and modular characteristics. However, their lower thermal resistance, compared to opaque walls, results in increased energy consumption. Incorporating phase-change materials (PCMs) provides a viable solution through which to address the susceptibility of GCWs to external conditions, thus enhancing thermal performance and mitigating energy concerns. This study delves into the influences of the glazing solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), the glazing heat transfer coefficient (U-value), and PCM thickness on the energy performance of buildings. Using Design Builder (DB) software version 6.1.0.006, a multi-story office building was simulated in different climatic zones in China, covering the climatic characteristics of severe cold, cold, hot summer and warm winter, cold summer and winter, and mild regions. The simulation results quantitatively elucidated the effects of the glazing parameters and the number of PCMs on thermal regulation and energy consumption. A sensitivity analysis identified the glazing SHGC as the most influential factor in energy consumption. Additionally, by employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the researchers aimed to achieve a balance between minimal building energy consumption and economic cost, ultimately determining an optimal design solution. The results demonstrated significant energy savings, ranging from 20.16% to 81.18%, accompanied by economic savings, ranging from 15.78% to 79.54%, across distinct climate zones in China. Full article
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15 pages, 1483 KiB  
Article
Studying the Compressed Mechanical Characteristics of a Novel Carbon-Free Plaster Using ANSYS Software
by Mohammed Aqeel Albadrani and Ahmed D. Almutairi
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2871; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112871 - 16 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1409
Abstract
Eco-friendly plasters offer several advantages, including sustainability, nontoxicity, and low cost. These plasters are made with sustainable materials, such as natural fibers and starches. These materials can have different mechanical properties compared to traditional plasters, which are made with gypsum and cement. Due [...] Read more.
Eco-friendly plasters offer several advantages, including sustainability, nontoxicity, and low cost. These plasters are made with sustainable materials, such as natural fibers and starches. These materials can have different mechanical properties compared to traditional plasters, which are made with gypsum and cement. Due to the increased attention being paid to environmental issues, efforts are still being made to switch out the conventional plaster of gypsum and cement for an eco-friendlier alternative to minimize toxicity, increase effectiveness, and lower cost. In this study, the effect of novel plaster behavior under pressure on mechanical properties was investigated. The plaster investigated was an eco-friendly carbon-free BSCO plaster. A range of experimental techniques were used, such as compression testing for confirmation using ANSYS 2023 R1 software, which set ergonomic and user-friendly standards as a minimum requirement, with the overarching goal of creating stronger, lighter, and more reasonably priced structures. The results showed that eco-friendly Bilateral Specialized Company (BSCO) plasters could have comparable mechanical properties to traditional plasters. Additionally, it is suggested that eco-friendly and carbon-free plasters can be a viable alternative to traditional plasters in a variety of applications. Researchers and civil engineers can both gain from this scientific paper’s potential to replace conventional stucco with an ecologically friendly alternative that has more effective mechanical qualities. Full article
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14 pages, 1492 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Phase Change Materials on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Made with Recycled Aggregate
by Zhiyou Jia, Sandra Cunha, José Aguiar and Pengfei Guo
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2601; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102601 - 15 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
With the world’s population increasing, the issue of energy consumption has become increasingly prominent, particularly during the building operation phase, where substantial energy is required for heating and cooling. Presently, the energy necessary for buildings is sourced mainly from the combustion of fossil [...] Read more.
With the world’s population increasing, the issue of energy consumption has become increasingly prominent, particularly during the building operation phase, where substantial energy is required for heating and cooling. Presently, the energy necessary for buildings is sourced mainly from the combustion of fossil fuels, leading to not only energy scarcity but also severe environmental pollution and ecological damage. Furthermore, rapid urbanization has generated a lot of construction and demolition waste. To address these challenges, one promising approach is the incorporation of phase-change materials in recycled aggregate from construction and demolition waste to replace the raw materials of concrete. In this study, the phase-change material suitable for the thermal comfort requirements of buildings was selected and combined with recycled aggregate to replace the natural aggregate in concrete. All the materials used were characterized and three compositions were prepared. From the results, the workability of concrete increased with the phase-change materials added. Regarding water absorption performance, the incorporation of functionalized recycled aggregate presented a small water absorption performance. However, the mechanical performance decreased with the phase-change materials used. This work provides data for the application of phase-change materials in green concrete. Full article
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16 pages, 7014 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Thermal Performance of Fly Ash Foam Concrete Containing Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
by Purev-Erdene Bat-Erdene, Sanjay Pareek, Eddie Koenders, Christoph Mankel, Max Löher and Peng Xiao
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2481; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102481 - 29 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1092
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of fly ash foam concrete containing two varying temperature ranges of microencapsulated phase change materials (PCMs): PCM28D (26–30 °C) and PCM43D (41–45 °C). In total, five different fly ash foam concrete samples were [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of fly ash foam concrete containing two varying temperature ranges of microencapsulated phase change materials (PCMs): PCM28D (26–30 °C) and PCM43D (41–45 °C). In total, five different fly ash foam concrete samples were prepared, and the unit weight of cement was substituted with varying percentages of PCM (0%, 10% and 30%). As a result, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that PCM43D-30% exhibited a heat storage capacity of 45.32 °C and 37.89 °C with 42.87 J/g and 41.01 J/g in its liquid and solid phases, respectively. Furthermore, thermocycle analysis indicated that PCM43D-30% maintained the temperature within the stated phase change range for a duration of 7 h. In conclusion, the incorporation of PCMs (28D and 43D) in fly ash foam concrete shows promise in reducing indoor temperature fluctuations, thereby improving energy efficiency. The improved thermal performance can be suitable for various applications such as inner and outside walls of energy-efficient construction designs. Full article
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23 pages, 12187 KiB  
Article
Embodied Energy in the Production of Guar and Xanthan Biopolymers and Their Cross-Linking Effect in Enhancing the Geotechnical Properties of Cohesive Soil
by M. Ashok Kumar, Arif Ali Baig Moghal, Kopparthi Venkata Vydehi and Abdullah Almajed
Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092304 - 10 Sep 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2539
Abstract
Traditional soil stabilization techniques, such as cement and lime, are known for their menacing effect on the environment through heavy carbon emissions. Sustainable soil stabilization methods are grabbing attention, and the utilization of biopolymers is surely one among them. Recent studies proved the [...] Read more.
Traditional soil stabilization techniques, such as cement and lime, are known for their menacing effect on the environment through heavy carbon emissions. Sustainable soil stabilization methods are grabbing attention, and the utilization of biopolymers is surely one among them. Recent studies proved the efficiency of biopolymers in enhancing the geotechnical properties to meet the requirements of the construction industry. The suitability of biopolymer application in different soils is still unexplored, and the carbon footprint analysis (CFA) of biopolymers is crucial in promoting the biopolymers as a promising sustainable soil stabilization method. This study attempts to investigate the out-turn of cross-linked biopolymer on soils exhibiting different plasticity characteristics (Medium & High compressibility) and to determine the Embodied carbon factor (ECF) for the selected biopolymers. Guar (G) and Xanthan (X) biopolymers were cross-linked at different proportions to enhance the geotechnical properties of soils. Atterberg’s limits, Compaction characteristics, and Unconfined Compressive Strength were chosen as performance indicators, and their values were analyzed at different combinations of biopolymers before and after cross-linking. The test results have shown that Atterberg’s limits of the soils increased with the addition of biopolymers, and it is attributed to the formation of hydrogels in the soil matrix. Compaction test results reveal that the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of biopolymer-modified soil increased, and Maximum Dry Density (MDD) reduced due to the resistance offered by hydrogel against compaction effort. Soils amended with biopolymers and cured for 14, 28, and 60 days have shown an appreciable improvement in Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) results. Microlevel analysis was carried out using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) to formulate the mechanism responsible for the alteration in targeted performance indicators due to the cross-linking of biopolymers in the soil. The embodied energy in the production of both Guar and Xanthan biopolymers was calculated, and the obtained ECF values were 0.087 and 1.67, respectively. Full article
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23 pages, 6636 KiB  
Article
Shrinkage and Consolidation Characteristics of Chitosan-Amended Soft Soil—A Sustainable Alternate Landfill Liner Material
by Romana Mariyam Rasheed, Arif Ali Baig Moghal, Sai Sampreeth Reddy Jannepally, Ateekh Ur Rehman and Bhaskar C. S. Chittoori
Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2230; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092230 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1921
Abstract
Kuttanad is a region that lies in the southwest part of Kerala, India, and possesses soft soil, which imposes constraints on many civil engineering applications owing to low shear strength and high compressibility. Chemical stabilizers such as cement and lime have been extensively [...] Read more.
Kuttanad is a region that lies in the southwest part of Kerala, India, and possesses soft soil, which imposes constraints on many civil engineering applications owing to low shear strength and high compressibility. Chemical stabilizers such as cement and lime have been extensively utilized in the past to address compressibility issues. However, future civilizations will be extremely dependent on the development of sustainable materials and practices such as the use of bio-enzymes, calcite precipitation methods, and biological materials as a result of escalating environmental concerns due to carbon emissions of conventional stabilizers. One such alternative is the utilization of biopolymers. The current study investigates the effect of chitosan (biopolymer extracted from shrimp shells) in improving the consolidation and shrinkage characteristics of these soft soils. The dosages adopted are 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4%. One-dimensional fixed ring consolidation tests indicate that consolidation characteristics are improved upon the addition of chitosan up to an optimum dosage of 2%. The coefficient of consolidation increases up to seven times that of untreated soil, indicating the acceleration of the consolidation process by incorporating chitosan. The shrinkage potential is reduced by 11% after amendment with 4% chitosan and all the treated samples exhibit zero signs of curling. Based on the findings from consolidation and shrinkage data, carbon emission assessments are carried out for a typical landfill liner amended with an optimum dosage of chitosan. In comparison to conventional stabilizers like cement and lime, the results indicate that chitosan minimized carbon emissions by 7.325 times and 8.754 times, respectively. Full article
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Review

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22 pages, 3836 KiB  
Review
Reviewing the Potential of Phase Change Materials in Concrete Pavements for Anti-Freezing Capabilities and Urban Heat Island Mitigation
by Iman Asadi, Stefan Jacobsen, Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban, Mehdi Maghfouri and Mohammad Hashemi
Buildings 2023, 13(12), 3072; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123072 - 9 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2314
Abstract
This study provides an overview of how phase change materials (PCMs) can improve the resistance of concrete pavement to freeze–thaw cycles and mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The investigation covers different types of PCMs and methods for integrating them into concrete [...] Read more.
This study provides an overview of how phase change materials (PCMs) can improve the resistance of concrete pavement to freeze–thaw cycles and mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The investigation covers different types of PCMs and methods for integrating them into concrete pavement, as well as the mechanical properties and compressive strength of concrete pavement when employing various PCMs. Prior studies have identified porous aggregates, microencapsulation, and pipelines containing liquid PCM as common approaches for PCM integration. Researchers have observed that the utilization of PCMs in concrete pavement yields favorable thermal properties, suggesting the potential for anti-freezing and UHI mitigation applications. However, the choice of PCM materials should be informed by local climate conditions. Full article
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