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3 pages, 187 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Structural Performance of Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) Structures

by Keerthan Poologanathan, Gatheeshgar Perampalam, Shanmuganathan Gunalan and Marco Corradi

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071689 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1520

Abstract

Cold-formed steel (CFS) has emerged as a prominent choice for structural components and sections in the construction industry [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Structures)

Research

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16 pages, 4206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Face-to-Face Built-Up Channel Sections under Axial Compression at High Temperatures through Finite Element Modelling

by Yecheng Dai, Krishanu Roy, Zhiyuan Fang, Gary M. Raftery and James B. P. Lim

Buildings 2023, 13(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020305 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1704

Abstract

This paper studies the structural performance of cold-formed steel (CFS) face-to-face (FTF) built-up channel sections subjected to axial compression at high temperatures. The material properties of G250 and G450 CFS channel sections at room and high temperatures were acquired from the literature, and [...] Read more.

This paper studies the structural performance of cold-formed steel (CFS) face-to-face (FTF) built-up channel sections subjected to axial compression at high temperatures. The material properties of G250 and G450 CFS channel sections at room and high temperatures were acquired from the literature, and the range of temperatures was from 20 to 700 °C. The influences of the section thickness, member length, screw number, and high temperature on the structural performance of such channel sections were examined via a comprehensive parametric analysis involving 576 validated finite element models. As the temperature increased from 20 to 700 °C, the mean axial capacity of the CFS-FTF built-up unlipped and lipped channel sections decreased by 88.9% and 90.2%, respectively. Based on the results of the parametric study, new design equations for the axial capacity of CFS-FTF built-up channel sections at high temperatures were proposed. The mean ratio of the EWM strengths calculated using the American standard (AISI 2016) and Australian/New Zealand standard (AS/NZS 2018) to the FE strengths was 0.77, while the mean ratio of the proposed design strengths to the FE strengths was 1.01. Finally, a reliability analysis was conducted, and it was found that the proposed equations could come close in predicting the axial capacity of CFS-FTF built-up channel sections at high temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Structures)

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19 pages, 6265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

End-One-Flange Web Crippling Behavior of Cold-Formed High-Strength Steel Channels with Web Holes at Elevated Temperatures

by Zhiyuan Fang, Krishanu Roy, Dinesh Lakshmanan Chandramohan, Amirmohammad Yousefi, Yazeed Al-Radhi and James B. P. Lim

Buildings 2023, 13(2), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020266 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1545

Abstract

This paper investigates the web crippling strength of cold-formed high-strength steel (CHS) channels with centered web holes subjected to end-one-flange (EOF) loading at elevated temperatures, considering both flanges fastened and unfastened to load plates conditions. The stress-strain curve and material properties for CHS [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the web crippling strength of cold-formed high-strength steel (CHS) channels with centered web holes subjected to end-one-flange (EOF) loading at elevated temperatures, considering both flanges fastened and unfastened to load plates conditions. The stress-strain curve and material properties for CHS (S690QL steel grade) channels were adopted from the literature, where the temperatures ranged from 20 to 800 °C. The material characteristics were incorporated into finite element (FE) models using ABAQUS. The developed FE model was then validated against the published test results to evaluate the effects of various parameters including web hole diameter, bearing length, cross-section sizes, and flange fastening conditions of such channels at elevated temperatures, and a comprehensive parametric investigation including a total of 1710 validated finite element models was performed. From the parametric study results, it was found that the web crippling strength reduction factor is sensitive to the changes of the hole size and the bearing length, with the parameters of hole size having the largest effect on the web crippling reduction factor; however, the web crippling strength reduction factor remains stable when the temperature is changed from 20 to 800 °C. According to the FEA results, new reliable web crippling strength reduction factor equations for such CHS channels were proposed. In the comparison of proposed design strengths to the numerical failure load, the proposed design equations are suitable to predict the web crippling strength for CHS channels subject to EOF loading at ambient and elevated temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Structures)

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21 pages, 7685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Global Slenderness and Sliding Pallets on Seismic Design of Steel Storage Racks: A Sensitivity Analysis

by Eduardo Nuñez, Ramón Mata, Jorge Castro, Nelson Maureira, Néstor Guerrero and Ángel Roco

Buildings 2022, 12(11), 1826; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111826 - 31 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1415

Abstract

In this research, the influence of global slenderness and sliding pallets factor on the seismic design of steel storage racks are assessed. Variations in span length, the height of storage levels, live load, and percentage of live load considered in the seismic mass [...] Read more.

In this research, the influence of global slenderness and sliding pallets factor on the seismic design of steel storage racks are assessed. Variations in span length, the height of storage levels, live load, and percentage of live load considered in the seismic mass are studied for different levels of seismic zone and soil type. The models were designed according to the Chilean Code NCh2369. Subsequently, a global sensitivity analysis was developed to analyze the influence of each studied parameter in the seismic design response in terms of fundamental period, drift, and base shear from a response spectral analysis approach. A total of 12000 simulations were performed. Two-hundred additional models were performed to evaluate the variation of seismic mass in the structural response. Results indicate a significant influence of live loads and seismic mass on steel racks designed for soft soils and unbrace conditions. The stiffness also modifies the performance of the racks, mainly in models using braces in the down-aisle direction and cross-aisle direction. In these cases, the seismic mass factor does not have a strong influence on structural response in comparison to the global slenderness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Structures)

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17 pages, 11917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Novel Angle Bracket Connection in Cold-Formed Steel Structures

by Lazar Lukačević, Paulina Krolo and Antonio Bakran

Buildings 2022, 12(8), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081115 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1892

Abstract

In this study, an innovative fabricated angle bracket connection for joining cold-formed steel structures is presented and investigated. The innovation lies in the especially designed and manufactured angle bracket and in the method of connecting the angle bracket for the C-profile using clinch [...] Read more.

In this study, an innovative fabricated angle bracket connection for joining cold-formed steel structures is presented and investigated. The innovation lies in the especially designed and manufactured angle bracket and in the method of connecting the angle bracket for the C-profile using clinch pressing. This novel angle bracket can be used to connect cold-formed steel elements such as beam trusses at the ends of the chords or for anchoring the column base. Five specimens were fabricated and experimentally tested under monotonic tensile loading until failure. A specific tool was developed to properly hold C-profiles. Three displacement measurement procedures were performed, and the appropriate method was used to analyse the test results. The main failure mechanism of the angle bracket connection determined by the tests was pull-through of the M12 bolt, whose resistance is compared with the calculated values according to the AISI S100-16 and EN 1993-1-3 standards. There was no bearing failure in the innovative connection between the C-profile and the angle bracket, which indicates an increase in the bearing capacity of the connection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Structures)

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20 pages, 7377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigations of the Behavior of Stiffened Perforated Cold-Formed Steel Sections Subjected to Axial Compression

by Fattouh M. F. Shaker, Zekriat Mamdooh, Ahmed Deifalla and Mohamed M. Yehia

Buildings 2022, 12(6), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060812 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1525

Abstract

Cold-formed steel sections are becoming popular for different steel structures, because they have a high resistance against different straining actions, with a minimal weight compared with hard steel sections. Recently, perforated cold-formed steel (PCFS) sections have been used in many applications, such as [...] Read more.

Cold-formed steel sections are becoming popular for different steel structures, because they have a high resistance against different straining actions, with a minimal weight compared with hard steel sections. Recently, perforated cold-formed steel (PCFS) sections have been used in many applications, such as perforated upright storage racks. Experimental research into the behavior of steel storage rack uprights subjected to axial compression is presented in this paper. First, tensile tests determined the material qualities of the cold-formed steel uprights. Then, seventeen perforated specimens were examined under axial compression, with five different cross-sections, three different web heights and thicknesses, and varying lengths. The study’s goals were to find out how perforations affect the performance and failure mode of steel storage rack uprights, to discuss the interaction of distortional and global buckling, and to verify the accuracy of using the direct strength method (DSM) for predicting the ultimate strength before failure in buckling interactions for perforated uprights. It was found that the failure modes of perforated specimens with stiffeners generally cannot be well predicted using the direct strength method. However, when the modifications proposed by Xianzhong Zhao et al. are used, the accuracy is acceptable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Structures)

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29 pages, 6895 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Web Crippling Behaviour of Cold-Formed High Strength Steel Unlipped Channel Beams

by Elilarasi Kanthasamy, Husam Alsanat, Keerthan Poologanathan, Perampalam Gatheeshgar, Marco Corradi, Kajaharan Thirunavukkarasu and Madhushan Dissanayake

Buildings 2022, 12(3), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030291 - 02 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4133

Abstract

Cold-formed sections (CFS) fabricated using high strength steel have recently been utilised in construction due to their numerous advantages, such as higher load-to-weight ratio, flexibility of shape, and availability in relatively long spans. High strength CFS channel sections can be used as purlins [...] Read more.

Cold-formed sections (CFS) fabricated using high strength steel have recently been utilised in construction due to their numerous advantages, such as higher load-to-weight ratio, flexibility of shape, and availability in relatively long spans. High strength CFS channel sections can be used as purlins and joists in structural systems; thus, they are vulnerable to different buckling instabilities, including web crippling. Predicting their web crippling capacity using the current design guidelines may be insufficient due to their empirical nature. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the web crippling capacity of high strength unlipped CFS sections under End-Two-Flange (ETF) loading conditions. Numerical simulations were carried out using nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis. The developed models were first validated against available experimental data and then used as a base for conducting an extensive parametric study. The ultimate web crippling capacity obtained from the parametric study was used to assess the accuracy of the available design equations in the standards and those proposed in the relevant studies. The assessment revealed that the existing design equations are not suitable for predicting the ultimate web crippling capacity for high strength CFS channel sections under the ETF loading condition. Thus, a modified design equation was proposed, following the same technique of current design standards, and a new Direct Strength Method (DSM) approach was developed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Structures)

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Review

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33 pages, 4248 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Web Holes on the Behaviour of Cold-Formed Steel Members: A Review

by Vladimir Živaljević, Đorđe Jovanović, Dušan Kovačević and Igor Džolev

Buildings 2022, 12(8), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081091 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2795

Abstract

The use of cold-formed steel (CFS) members in structural engineering has been on the increase recently due to a wide range of benefits. The placement of electrical and/or plumbing installations within the floor or wall thickness requires that members are being manufactured with [...] Read more.

The use of cold-formed steel (CFS) members in structural engineering has been on the increase recently due to a wide range of benefits. The placement of electrical and/or plumbing installations within the floor or wall thickness requires that members are being manufactured with holes along the web, inevitably affecting their resistance. This article aims at providing a useful and comprehensive overview of the existing literature regarding CFS members with web holes. Experimental and numerical research on CFS members with web holes subjected to pure compression, bending, web crippling and shear is outlined and discussed. Although research on these types of members date back to the early 1970s, the greatest progress in the research field of CFS members with web holes was achieved during the past 15 years; hence, mostly the research conducted during this period was addressed. Additionally, design proposals are summarised for each of the aforementioned stress states. A brief description of the main concepts of design presented in four principal design codes, as well as numerical solution methods for predicting global, local, and distortional buckling modes, is also presented, aiming to collect the accessible up-to-date knowledge of CFS members with holes and identify areas that were modestly covered by previous research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Structures)

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