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Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis
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Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Therapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2025 | Viewed by 12789

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Iris Zalaudek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dermatology Clinic, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Interests: skin cancer; melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; dermoscopy; screening; dermatology–oncology; immunotherapy; targeted therapy
Dr. Roberta Giuffrida

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Interests: dermato-oncology; melanoma; non-melanoma skin cancer; noninvasive skin imaging; dermoscopy; super-high magnification dermoscopy; basal cell carcinoma; cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; photodynamic therapy; targeted therapy; immunotherapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Skin cancers are the most common forms of tumor, and their incidence has been increasing over the past few decades. They are generally classified as melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), including basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, cutaneous lymphomas, adnexal tumors, and other rare primary skin tumors.

Most skin cancers can be cured if detected and treated early, with a survival rate higher than 95%.

Recently, there has been significant progress in the diagnosis and treatment of these tumors.

A wide variety of noninvasive optical technologies have been shown to increase diagnostic accuracy and aid in the management of skin cancers in recent years. This improvement in technology, along with advances in research and therapy, has helped improve the prognosis of patients with advanced disease.

This Special Issue aims to expand our knowledge on the recent advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of skin cancers. Original research articles, reviews, case series, letters and commentary are welcome.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Iris Zalaudek
Dr. Roberta Giuffrida
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • skin cancer
  • melanoma
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
  • diagnosis
  • noninvasive imaging
  • therapy
  • prognosis
  • immunotherapy
  • targeted therapy

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 233 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Role of Symptom Diversity in Facial Basal Cell Carcinoma: Key Insights into Preoperative Quality of Life and Disease Progression
by Domantas Stundys, Alvija Kučinskaitė, Simona Gervickaitė, Jūratė Grigaitienė, Janina Tutkuvienė and Ligita Jančorienė
Cancers 2025, 17(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17010138 - 4 Jan 2025
Viewed by 738
Abstract
Facial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer, yet delays in diagnosis and treatment persist. These delays affect quality of life (QoL), advance disease progression, and increase healthcare burden. This study explores the relationship between symptom diversity, QoL, and care-seeking [...] Read more.
Facial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer, yet delays in diagnosis and treatment persist. These delays affect quality of life (QoL), advance disease progression, and increase healthcare burden. This study explores the relationship between symptom diversity, QoL, and care-seeking behaviors, focusing on the impact of symptoms on clinical outcomes and consultation timing. A total of 278 adults with histologically confirmed facial BCC underwent surgical treatment at Vilnius University Hospital from November 2022 to April 2024. The data collected included demographics, tumor characteristics, and self-reported symptoms (pain, bleeding, itching, tumor presence, discomfort, and erosion). Disease-specific QoL was assessed using the Skin Cancer Index. ANCOVA compared QoL across symptom groups, multiple regression analyzed symptom effects on QoL, and logistic regression evaluated care-seeking behavior over time. Cox regression assessed symptom associations with time to medical consultation. The mean time from symptom onset to consultation was 21 months. Tumor presence (27%), erosion (18%), and discomfort (17%) were the most reported symptoms. Discomfort significantly reduced QoL in emotional, social, and appearance domains (p < 0.05). Logistic regression showed tumor presence and pain were associated with earlier care-seeking within 12 months (p < 0.05). Other symptoms, such as bleeding, itching, and erosion, did not significantly influence consultation timing. The findings highlight the need for public education and proactive patient counseling to promote timely intervention and reduce the disease progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
11 pages, 5116 KiB  
Communication
Enhanced Expression of N-Cadherin, but Not of E-Cadherin, in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Comparison to Basal Cell Carcinoma
by Joanna Pogorzelska-Dyrbuś, Danuta Nowicka-Suszko, Aleksandra Piotrowska, Zdzisław Woźniak, Piotr Dzięgiel and Jacek C. Szepietowski
Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4247; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244247 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 722
Abstract
Background: Adhesion molecules including E-cadherin and N-cadherin have been proven to contribute to the carcinogenesis process. It has been demonstrated that an increased expression or appearance of N-cadherin, as well as a reduction in the expression of E-cadherin, are documented in many cancers, [...] Read more.
Background: Adhesion molecules including E-cadherin and N-cadherin have been proven to contribute to the carcinogenesis process. It has been demonstrated that an increased expression or appearance of N-cadherin, as well as a reduction in the expression of E-cadherin, are documented in many cancers, often leading to the loss of intercellular adhesion and acquisition of a more invasive or even metastatic mesenchymal phenotype. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin, as well as markers of proliferation Ki67 in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods: A total of 123 tumor paraffin specimens, including 73 BCC and 50 SCC cases, were obtained from multiple anatomical locations. The expression of E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin, including the percentage of stained cells, was assessed using a four-grade scale, with Ki-67 assessed on the five-grade scale. Results: A significantly higher expression of N-cadherin was observed in SCC compared to BCC, with 14% of SCC cases having a more than 50% expression of N-cadherin, and 10% with 26–50% expression, in comparison with 2.7% and 8.2% in BCC, respectively (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed with regard to E-cadherin expression between SCC and BCC. Conclusions: Our results suggest that N-cadherin expression might contribute to the acquisition of the mesenchymal phenotype, SCC, when compared with BCC, with a high expression of E-cadherin in both tumors explaining their overall low rate of metastases; however, further research on the role of adhesion molecules in these tumors is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
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11 pages, 1099 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Calculated Liver Scores for Long-Term Outcome in 423 Cutaneous Melanoma Patients
by Nessr Abu Rached, Mariana Marques da Silva Reis, Eggert Stockfleth, Riina Käpynen and Thilo Gambichler
Cancers 2024, 16(18), 3217; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183217 - 21 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 951
Abstract
Background: Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies are currently getting increasingly important in cutaneous melanoma (CM) management. However, there is still a lack of prognostic tools to identify which patients have a poor prognosis. There is increasing evidence that the liver score may be a [...] Read more.
Background: Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies are currently getting increasingly important in cutaneous melanoma (CM) management. However, there is still a lack of prognostic tools to identify which patients have a poor prognosis. There is increasing evidence that the liver score may be a potential prognostic parameter in different tumour types. The aim was to investigate whether established liver scores can establish the prognosis of CM. Methods: According to established methods, the APRI, the MELD score, the MELD-Na score and the De Ritis ratio were calculated from the laboratory values at the time of the initial diagnosis. Survival was compared with the Kaplan–Meier curve and tested with log-rank tests. Risk factors associated with cutaneous melanoma-specific survival (CMSS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed by using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. To determine the diagnostic accuracy, we performed a time-dependent ROC analysis. Results: A total of 423 patients were included, including 141 patients in AJCC stage (2017) I (33.3%), 82 in stage II (19.4%), 128 in stage III (30.3%) and 72 in stage IV (17%). Median time until melanoma-specific death was 99 months (IQR: 37–126). In addition, 37.6% of patients relapsed with a median time to relapse of 88 months (IQR: 17.5–126). In all stages, tumour thickness and ulceration were independent markers for predicting CMSS and PFS (p < 0.05). The multivariable analysis with all stages showed no significant association with CM outcome for liver scores (p > 0.05). The subgroup analysis revealed that the APRI (≥0.2241) was associated with CMSS and PFS in melanoma stages I and II, independently of tumour thickness, age and ulceration (HR 2.57, 95% CI 1.14–5.75; HR 2.94, 95% CI 1.42–6.09, respectively). Conclusions: The 20-year prognosis of AJCC stage I and II CM was dependent on tumour thickness and the APRI. High tumour thickness and an APRI ≥ 0.2241 at the initial diagnosis were associated with a worse prognosis. Future studies should investigate the independent prognostic value of the APRI in low-stage CM. Furthermore, the APRI score could be a potential biomarker for nomograms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
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11 pages, 3558 KiB  
Article
Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy Speeds up Surgical Margin Control of Re-Excised Skin Tumors and Greatly Shortens In-Hospital Stay
by Frank Friedrich Gellrich, Jörg Laske, Julian Steininger, Nadia Eberl, Friedegund Meier, Stefan Beissert and Sarah Hobelsberger
Cancers 2024, 16(18), 3209; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183209 - 20 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1077
Abstract
Background/Objectives: To ensure that non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is completely removed in healthy tissue, micrographically controlled surgery (3D histology) is often performed, which can prolong the inpatient stay. This study examined ex vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (evRCM) for perioperative assessment of surgical margins, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: To ensure that non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is completely removed in healthy tissue, micrographically controlled surgery (3D histology) is often performed, which can prolong the inpatient stay. This study examined ex vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (evRCM) for perioperative assessment of surgical margins, specifically in cases where re-excision was necessary due to incomplete removal of cutaneous tumor tissue. Methods: NMSC re-excisions were evaluated using evRCM by a cutaneous surgeon, with retrospective review by an independent pathologist when results differed from histology. Results: evRCM demonstrated high specificity (0.96; 95% CI, 0.90–0.99) but low sensitivity (0.20; 95% CI, 0.06–0.51). Unlike pathology, which discards outer surgical margins, evRCM examined the true surgical margins. Retrospective pathology analysis of the misdiagnosed cases confirmed that 25% (n = 2/8) were false negative and 75% (n = 6/8) were potentially false positive, resulting in a sensitivity of 0.2–0.8. Notably, evRCM led to a 113-day reduction in in-hospital stays, probably resulting in increased patient satisfaction and cost-effectiveness. Conclusions: evRCM was valuable for speeding up the assessment of surgical margins in patients with re-excised NMSC. Proper tissue preparation and assessment require interdisciplinary collaboration between cutaneous surgeons, pathologists, and physician assistants, emphasizing the need for standardized operating procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
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16 pages, 1927 KiB  
Article
BRAF Inhibition and UVB Light Synergistically Promote Mus musculus Papillomavirus 1-Induced Skin Tumorigenesis
by Sonja Dorfer, Julia Maria Ressler, Katharina Riebenbauer, Stefanie Kancz, Kim Purkhauser, Victoria Bachmayr, Christophe Cataisson, Reinhard Kirnbauer, Peter Petzelbauer, Markus Wiesmueller, Maximilian Egg, Christoph Hoeller and Alessandra Handisurya
Cancers 2024, 16(18), 3133; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183133 - 11 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1262
Abstract
The development of keratinocytic skin tumors, presumably attributable to paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway, represents a relevant side effect of targeted therapies with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis). The role of cutaneous papillomavirus infection in BRAFi-associated skin carcinogenesis, however, is still inconclusive. Employing the [...] Read more.
The development of keratinocytic skin tumors, presumably attributable to paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway, represents a relevant side effect of targeted therapies with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis). The role of cutaneous papillomavirus infection in BRAFi-associated skin carcinogenesis, however, is still inconclusive. Employing the Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1) skin infection model, the impact of BRAFis and UVB exposure on papillomavirus induced skin tumorigenesis was investigated in immunocompetent FVB/NCrl mice. Systemic BRAF inhibition in combination with UVB light induced skin tumors in 62% of the MmuPV1-infected animals. In contrast, significantly fewer tumors were observed in the absence of either BRAF inhibition, UVB irradiation or virus infection, as demonstrated by lesional outgrowth in 20%, 5% and 0% of the mice, respectively. Combinatory exposure to BRAFis and UVB favored productive viral infection, which was shown by high numbers of MmuPV1 genome copies and E1^E4 spliced transcripts and an abundance of E6/E7 oncogene mRNA and viral capsid proteins. BRAF inhibition, but not viral infection or UVB light, activated ERK1/2, whereas γH2AX expression, inducible by UVB light, remained unaltered by BRAFis. These results provide experimental evidence that BRAF inhibition and UVB irradiation synergistically promote MmuPV1-induced skin tumor development in vivo. This indicates an alternative pathway by which papillomavirus skin infection may contribute to BRAFi-associated skin tumorigenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
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11 pages, 1337 KiB  
Article
Real-Life Outcomes of Adjuvant Targeted Therapy and Anti-PD1 Agents in Stage III/IV Resected Melanoma
by Gabriele Roccuzzo, Paolo Fava, Chiara Astrua, Matteo Giovanni Brizio, Giovanni Cavaliere, Eleonora Bongiovanni, Umberto Santaniello, Giulia Carpentieri, Luca Cangiolosi, Camilla Brondino, Valentina Pala, Simone Ribero and Pietro Quaglino
Cancers 2024, 16(17), 3095; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16173095 - 6 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1377
Abstract
This study was carried out at the Dermatologic Clinic of the University of Turin, Italy, to assess the effectiveness and safety of adjuvant therapy in patients who received either targeted therapy (TT: dabrafenib + trametinib) or immunotherapy (IT: nivolumab or pembrolizumab) for up [...] Read more.
This study was carried out at the Dermatologic Clinic of the University of Turin, Italy, to assess the effectiveness and safety of adjuvant therapy in patients who received either targeted therapy (TT: dabrafenib + trametinib) or immunotherapy (IT: nivolumab or pembrolizumab) for up to 12 months. A total of 163 patients participated, including 147 with stage III and 19 with stage IV with no evidence of disease. The primary outcomes were relapse-free survival (RFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS). At 48 months, both TT and IT approaches yielded comparable outcomes in terms of RFS (55.6–55.4%, p = 0.532), DMFS (58.2–59.8%, p = 0.761), and OS (62.4–69.5%, p = 0.889). Whilst temporary therapy suspension was more common among TT-treated patients compared to IT-treated individuals, therapy discontinuation due to adverse events occurred at comparable rates in both groups. Predictors of relapse included mitoses, lymphovascular invasion, ulceration, and positive sentinel lymph nodes. Overall, the proportion of BRAF-mutated patients receiving IT stood at 7.4%, lower than what was observed in clinical trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
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8 pages, 1055 KiB  
Article
Three-Year Analysis of Adjuvant Therapy in Postoperative Melanoma including Acral and Mucosal Subtypes
by Yusuke Muto, Yumi Kambayashi, Hiroshi Kato, Satoru Mizuhashi, Takamichi Ito, Takeo Maekawa, Shoichiro Ishizuki, Hiroshi Uchi, Shigeto Matsushita, Yuki Yamamoto, Koji Yoshino, Yasuhiro Fujisawa, Ryo Amagai, Kentaro Ohuchi, Akira Hashimoto, Satoshi Fukushima, Yoshihide Asano and Taku Fujimura
Cancers 2024, 16(15), 2755; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16152755 - 2 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1830
Abstract
Background: Adjuvant therapy has improved the clinical prognosis for postoperative melanoma patients. However, the long-term efficacy of this therapy on the melanoma acral and mucosal subtypes has not been fully evaluated in previous trials. This study assessed the 3-year recurrence-free survival and overall [...] Read more.
Background: Adjuvant therapy has improved the clinical prognosis for postoperative melanoma patients. However, the long-term efficacy of this therapy on the melanoma acral and mucosal subtypes has not been fully evaluated in previous trials. This study assessed the 3-year recurrence-free survival and overall survival of patients with melanoma, including the acral and mucosal subtypes, treated with anti-PD-1 antibody (Ab) or with the combination of the BRAF and MEK inhibitors dabrafenib and trametinib. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed both the 3-year time to relapse (TTR) and overall survival (OS) of 120 patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibody (Ab), or with the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib. Results: The overall median TTR was 18.4 months, with a range of 0.69 to 36 months. The 3-year TTR of the acral and mucosal types was 28.1% and 38.5%, respectively. Baseline tumor thickness (TT) and acral type were associated with the TTR in subgroup analysis. Moreover, we classified 104 acral and non-acral cutaneous patients into the anti-PD-1 Abs or dabrafenib plus trametinib combined therapies cohort in multiple analyses. The acral subtype and TT were detected as important prognostic factors. In the 3-year OS, only tumor ulceration was associated with the OS in both univariate and multiple analyses. There was no significant difference in baseline or treatment-related factors of the mucosal type (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that adjuvant therapy is more effective with non-acral cutaneous melanoma than either the acral or mucosal types at the 3-year TTR endpoint. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
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Review

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14 pages, 2289 KiB  
Review
Basal Cell Carcinoma: An Old Friend with Multiple Faces
by Maria Chiara Sergi, Francesca Ambrogio, Mario Della Mura, Joana Sorino and Gerardo Cazzato
Cancers 2025, 17(6), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17060993 - 15 Mar 2025
Viewed by 370
Abstract
BCC is the most prevalent form of skin cancer, characterized by diverse clinical and pathological subtypes ranging from indolent to highly aggressive forms. While the majority of BCC cases are treated effectively with surgery or local therapies, locally advanced BCC (laBCC) and metastatic [...] Read more.
BCC is the most prevalent form of skin cancer, characterized by diverse clinical and pathological subtypes ranging from indolent to highly aggressive forms. While the majority of BCC cases are treated effectively with surgery or local therapies, locally advanced BCC (laBCC) and metastatic BCC (mBCC) pose significant therapeutic challenges. Recent advances in HHIs and immunotherapy have transformed the treatment landscape in such cases. However, resistance and intolerance to these treatments necessitate alternative approaches, including chemotherapy. Platinum-based agents such as cisplatin and carboplatin have shown limited efficacy but remain viable options in rapidly progressive cases. Among the therapeutic innovations to be explored, further lines of immunotherapy as well as combination therapies involving immunotherapy and targeted therapy have been proposed. This review synthesizes the current understanding about BCC subtypes, risk stratification, and emerging treatments, with a particular focus on laBCC and mBCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
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22 pages, 634 KiB  
Review
Clinical Approaches for the Management of Skin Cancer: A Review of Current Progress in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis for Patients with Melanoma
by Colton Connor, Quinton L. Carr, Alisa Sweazy, Kelly McMasters and Hongying Hao
Cancers 2025, 17(4), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040707 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1039
Abstract
Melanoma represents a significant public health challenge due to its increasing incidence and potential for metastasis. This review will explore the current clinical approaches to the management of melanoma, focusing on advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Methods for early detection and accurate [...] Read more.
Melanoma represents a significant public health challenge due to its increasing incidence and potential for metastasis. This review will explore the current clinical approaches to the management of melanoma, focusing on advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Methods for early detection and accurate staging have been enhanced by new diagnostic strategies. Treatment modalities have expanded beyond traditional surgical excision to include targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Prognostic assessment has benefited from the development of novel biomarkers and genetic profiling. This review will highlight the progress made in the multidisciplinary management of melanoma, underscoring the importance of continuous research to improve patient outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
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15 pages, 5918 KiB  
Review
Therapeutic Approaches for Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review
by Magdalena Hoellwerth, Matthias Brandlmaier and Peter Koelblinger
Cancers 2025, 17(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17010068 - 29 Dec 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1272
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) accounts for 80% of skin cancer cases. Although mostly curable by simple excision, the treatment of advanced disease can be challenging, as curative surgery or radiotherapy may not always be feasible. The scope of this review is to summarize [...] Read more.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) accounts for 80% of skin cancer cases. Although mostly curable by simple excision, the treatment of advanced disease can be challenging, as curative surgery or radiotherapy may not always be feasible. The scope of this review is to summarize current knowledge on molecular mechanisms in BCC pathogenesis, to elaborate on the definition of advanced/difficult-to-treat BCC, and to outline systemic treatment options. Particularly, pivotal trial data of the approved hedgehog inhibitors (HHI) sonidegib and vismodegib are compared. Concluding, we provide an overview of novel, particularly neoadjuvant and combined treatment approaches, both with hedgehog and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
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Other

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21 pages, 501 KiB  
Systematic Review
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: Is There a Role in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer? A Systematic Review
by Lorenzo Borgognoni, Pietro Susini, Gianni Gerlini, Paola Brandani, Vanni Giannotti and Serena Sestini
Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4279; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244279 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 915
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB) aims at identifying clinically occult nodal metastases. It is the standard staging procedure for patients with T1b to T4 primary cutaneous melanoma. Moreover, it is recommended whenever the risk of a positive SLNB is >5%, according to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB) aims at identifying clinically occult nodal metastases. It is the standard staging procedure for patients with T1b to T4 primary cutaneous melanoma. Moreover, it is recommended whenever the risk of a positive SLNB is >5%, according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Melanoma guidelines. When considering Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC), the SLNB could play a role in tumors that mainly spreads via lymphatics, but strong evidence is missing. In this paper, the hot topics and controversies are reviewed; Methods: A PRISMA systematic review was carried out on the PubMed (MEDLINE) library from 2004–2024, searching for studies on SLNB in NMSC; Results: Seventy articles and 6379 patients undergoing SLNB for Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), and Porocarcinoma were included. Overall, the SLNB positivity rate in these NMSCs was 24.4%, with an SNLB detection rate of 97.6%. Specifically, the SLNB positivity rate was 12.3% for high-risk cutaneous SCC, 24.4% for anogenital SCC, 29.3% for MCC, and 30.6% for Porocarcinoma. Most papers concluded that SLNB is safe, feasible, and significant in these malignancies; Conclusions: SLNB should be discussed and offered to every patient with MCC, and it should be discussed and considered in “high risk” SCC and Porocarcinoma for staging and prognostic purposes, aiming to identify a subgroup of patients who may benefit the most from early treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)
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