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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion, Wear and Erosion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 December 2024 | Viewed by 11335

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shuiqing Liu

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Guest Editor

School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
Interests: material/structure reliability and failure mechanism; mechanical and tribological behavior of composites; micro and nano manufacturing robots

Dr. Ru Su

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Guest Editor

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
Interests: deformation and damage of nickel-based superalloy and aluminum alloy materials; measurement and control of residual stress in metallic materials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The microstructure of a material is the key to its mechanical and wear properties. The goal of this Special Issue on Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys is to bring together information on the latest advances, new technologies and comprehensive mechanism analysis of microstructure characterization and alloys, seeking to provide guidance and reference for further research in related fields.

Topics exploring the use of zirconium for nuclear power, composites, intermetallic compounds and functional materials will be included. Additionally, topics related to the design of advanced metals and alloys, additive/subtractive manufacturing, surface modification, material simulation and calculation, finite element modeling, machine learning, simulation and experiments of mechanical properties characterization are also included. Full papers, short communication and reviews are welcome.

We look forward to receiving your contributions!

Dr. Shuiqing Liu
Dr. Ru Su
Guest Editors

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Keywords

zirconium for nuclear power
advanced alloys
additive manufacturing
microstructure characterization and analysis
strengthening and toughening mechanism
wear mechanism
solidification and casting
surface treatment and heat treatment
machine learning

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 2854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Alloying Elements Competition Mechanism of Ni_x₁Cr_x₂Co_x₃Al₁₅Ti₁₀ Alloys Based on High-Throughput Computation and Numerical Analysis

by Yu Liu, Lijun Wang, Wenjie He and Yunpeng Liu

Coatings 2024, 14(9), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091138 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 610

Abstract

Previous studies on the physical properties of alloy materials often focus solely on analyzing the impact of individual alloying element content, overlooking the underlying mechanism behind the synergistic action of multiple alloying elements. Therefore, in this study, we propose a combination of high-throughput computation and numerical analysis to conduct single-element (SE) analysis and multi-element (ME) analysis on the internal relationships between alloying element content and physical properties for the multi-component Ni_x₁Cr_x₂Co_x₃Al₁₅Ti₁₀ alloys, aiming to elucidate the competition mechanism among the Ni, Cr, and Co elements. The analysis of SE reveals how the physical properties of alloys are affected by the content of each individual alloying element, and the ME analysis further unveils the underlying competitive relationships among multiple alloying elements. The order of competitive intensity for the formation of lattice constant is Cr > Co > Ni, whereas for the formation of elastic constants and elastic moduli it is Ni > Co > Cr. At the same time, there are contradictory conclusions, such as the SE analysis showing that the Ni content is positively correlated with elastic constant

C_{11}

, while the ME analysis demonstrates that the Ni element produces a negative competitive direction. This outcome arises from the omission of considering the combined impacts of various alloying elements in SE analysis. Therefore, the ME analysis can compensate for the limitations of SE analysis, and the integration of these two analytical methods is more conducive to elucidating the competition mechanism among various alloying elements in shaping the physical properties of alloys, which provides a promising avenue for theoretical research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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12 pages, 6231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tensile Behavior and Microstructure of the 6082 Alloy Sheet with High-Temperature Aging Treatments

by Erli Xia, Tuo Ye, Lijun Wang, Sawei Qiu, Yiran Tian, Changping Wu, Jing Luo and Yuanzhi Wu

Coatings 2024, 14(8), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14080963 - 1 Aug 2024

Viewed by 695

Abstract

The present study investigates the tensile behavior and microstructure evolution of the 6082 aluminum alloy aged with high temperature. A universal testing machine was applied to explore the tensile behavior, while features of the fracture surface were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microstructural evolution was assessed through optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The findings illustrate that the 6082 alloy sheet achieves peak strength following treatment at 180 °C for 8 h for the 0° orientation specimen, with the yield strength and tensile strength reaching 345 MPa and 373 MPa, respectively. An increase in aging temperature results in a decline in strength, accompanied by an improvement in elongation. After the treatment at 330 °C for 0.5 h, the corresponding yield strength falls below 150 MPa, with elongation exceeding 12%. The alloy sheet consistently exhibits ductile fracture characteristics with various aging treatments. The aging processes have no obvious influence on grain morphology. The fibrous grain structure is responsible for the anisotropic mechanical properties. The alloy aged at 180 °C for 8 h demonstrates the greatest precipitate density with the smallest precipitate size. As the aging temperature increases, the precipitate distribution becomes less uniform, and the precipitates grow coarser, leading to a decline in the precipitate density and corresponding strength of the alloy. Furthermore, it is noted that smaller precipitates are more effective in suppressing the mechanical anisotropy of the alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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9 pages, 6345 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Reducing Pitting Corrosion Trend of Cast GCr15 Steel by Inoculation: An In Situ Corrosion Morphology Study

by Jiacheng Liu, Qingao Liu, Lichen Zhao, Wei Yang and Xin Wang

Coatings 2024, 14(7), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070836 - 4 Jul 2024

Viewed by 603

Abstract

The corrosion resistance of bearing materials is crucial for the long-term service and high precision of modern equipment, and has aroused widespread research interest. Inoculation treatment is beneficial for improving the mechanical properties of GCr15 bearing steel, but its impact on corrosion behavior remains to be investigated. In the present work, the influence of inoculation treatment on the corrosion morphology, open circuit potential, impedance spectrum, and polarization curve evolution of GCr15 steel was studied through in situ corrosion morphology analysis and electrochemical testing. The results showed that the samples treated after inoculation showed a reduced tendency for pitting corrosion and an obviously improved corrosion resistance. This improvement is related to the transformation of columnar grains into equiaxed grains during the inoculation process, which reduces the amount and distribution of inclusions and pores, thereby delaying the rapid development of pitting corrosion. This study provides new insights into the corrosion mechanism of gestational steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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16 pages, 8287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interfacial Behavior of Copper/Steel Bimetallic Composites Fabricated by CMT-WAMM

by Yan Liu, Bo Li, Wenguang Zhang, Zhaozhen Liu and Maofa Jiang

Coatings 2024, 14(7), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070803 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1411

Abstract

Copper/steel bimetallic composites were made by using cold metal transfer wire and arc additive manufacturing (CMT-WAAM) with 1.2 mm diameter ER120S-G high-strength steel and 1.2 mm diameter ERCuSi-A silicon bronze welding wires. Based on the optimal tensile strength, the optimal CMT additive parameters of the copper layer were determined by the single-factor method under the conditions of the fixed steel layer process parameters of a 100 A welding current and 550 mm/min welding speed. The interfacial behavior of copper/steel bimetallic composites with the optimum parameters was investigated in particular. The results show that the optimum CMT additive process parameters for depositing a copper layer on a steel layer are a welding current of 100 A and a welding speed of 500 mm/min. The steel side consists mainly of martensite and ferrite, and the copper side consists of α-Cu matrix, Cu₃Si, and Cu₁₅Si₄ reinforcing phases. The composite interfacial region is mainly composed of the FeSi₂ reinforcing phase. At the optimum parameters, the ultimate tensile strength of the composites can reach 404 MPa with a ductile fracture on the copper side. Under the optimum parameters, the microhardness of the composites declines gradually from the steel side to the copper side, and the microhardness at the interface is higher than that at copper side, reaching 190 HV. In addition, the corrosion current density of the copper-side metal is 2.035 × 10⁻⁶ A·cm⁻², and the corrosion current density of the steel-side metal is 7.304 × 10⁻⁶ A·cm⁻². The corrosion resistance of the copper-side metal is higher than that of the steel-side metal. The CMT-WAAM process can produce copper/steel bimetallic composites with excellent comprehensive performance. The advantage of material integration makes it a broad application prospect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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12 pages, 3752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on the Artificial Aging Behavior of 6082 Aluminum Alloy

by Sawei Qiu, Jian Tang, Yiran Tian, Changping Wu, Tuo Ye, Erli Xia and Yuanzhi Wu

Coatings 2024, 14(6), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060755 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 731

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of cryogenic treatment duration on the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of 6082 aluminum alloy subjected to subsequent artificial aging. Tensile tests were conducted using an electronic universal testing machine, and the microstructure was characterized by employing optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate that both the tensile strength and elongation of the alloy first increase and then decrease with the extension of cryogenic treatment duration. The alloy treated with 12 h of cryogenic treatment followed by artificial aging at 180 °C for 8 h achieved a peak strength of 390 MPa. Meanwhile, the alloy treated with 8 h of cryogenic treatment and the same artificial aging process reached a maximum elongation of 13%. All specimens of 6082 aluminum alloy subjected to cryogenic and aging treatments exhibited ductile fracture under room temperature tensile conditions. The size of dimples at the fracture surface first increased and then decreased with increasing cryogenic treatment duration, indicating a transition from deeper to shallower dimples. The cryogenic treatment did not significantly affect the grain size of the alloy, which remained approximately 230 µm on average. Cryogenic treatment facilitated the precipitation of fine, densely distributed precipitates, enhancing the pinning effect of dislocations and thus improving the tensile strength. Additionally, cryogenic treatment increased the dislocation density and promoted the formation of subgrains, while the grain boundary precipitates transitioned from a continuous to a discontinuous distribution, all of which contribute to the enhancement of the plasticity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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0 pages, 2270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Competitive Mechanism of Alloying Elements on the Physical Properties of Al₁₀Ti₁₅Ni_x₁Cr_x₂Co_x₃ Alloys through Single-Element and Multi-Element Analysis Methods

by Yu Liu, Lijun Wang, Juangang Zhao, Zhipeng Wang, Ruizhi Zhang, Yuanzhi Wu, Touwen Fan and Pingying Tang

Coatings 2024, 14(5), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050639 - 18 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 724

Abstract

Altering the content of an alloying element in alloy materials will inevitably affect the content of other elements, while the effect is frequently disregarded, leading to subsequent negligence of the common influence on the physical properties of alloys. Therefore, the correlation between alloying elements and physical properties has not been adequately addressed in the existing studies. In response to this problem, the present study focuses on the Al₁₀Ti₁₅Ni_x₁Cr_x₂Co_x₃ alloys and investigates the competitive interplay among Ni, Cr, and Co elements in the formation of physical properties through a single-element (SE) analysis and a multi-element (ME) analysis based on the first principles calculations and the partial least squares (PLS) regression. The values of C₁₁ and C₄₄ generally increase with the incorporation of Ni or Cr content in light of SE analysis, which is contrary to the inclination of ME analysis in predicting the impact of Ni and Cr elements, and the Ni element demonstrates a pronounced negative competitive ability. The overall competitive relationship among the three alloying elements suggests that increasing the content of Ni and Cr does not contribute to enhancing the elastic constants of alloys, and the phenomenon is also observed in the analysis of elastic moduli. The reason is that the SE analysis fails to account for the aforementioned common influence of multiple alloying elements on the physical properties of alloys. Therefore, the integration of SE analysis and ME analysis is more advantageous in elucidating the hidden competitive mechanism among multiple alloying elements, and offering a more robust theoretical framework for the design of alloy materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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14 pages, 5078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Evolution of 6082 Aluminum Alloy with Different Heat Treatment Methods

by Erli Xia, Tuo Ye, Sawei Qiu, Jie Liu, Jiahao Luo, Longtao Sun and Yuanzhi Wu

Coatings 2024, 14(5), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050602 - 10 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1026

Abstract

The influence of solid solution treatment (SST), artificial aging treatment (AAT), and deep cryogenic-aging treatment (DCAT) on the mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of 6082 aluminum alloy was investigated. The tensile test was performed to obtain the true stress–strain curves through an electronic universal testing machine. The results show that the yield strengths of the SST specimens in all three directions are the lowest, of less than 200 MPa. In addition, the maximum elongation of the SST specimen is over 16% and the value of in-plane anisotropy (IPA) is 5.40%. For the AAT specimen, the yield strengths of the AAT alloy in three directions have distinct improvements, which are beyond 340 MPa. However, the maximum elongation and the IPA were evidently reduced. The yield strength and elongation of the DCAT alloy exhibit a slight enhancement compared with those in the AAT condition, and the corresponding IPA is 0.61%. The studied alloy specimens in all conditions exhibit ductile fracture. The DCAT alloy has the highest density of precipitates with the smallest size. Therefore, the dislocation pinning effect of the DCAT specimens are the strongest, which exhibit the highest yield strength accordingly. In addition, the uniformly distributed precipitates in the matrix with a large ratio of long and short axes can suppress the anisotropy caused by elongated grains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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13 pages, 3015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Study of the Competition Mechanism of Alloying Elements in L1₂-(Ni_x₁Cr_x₂Co_x₃)₃Al Precipitates

by Yu Liu, Lijun Wang, Juangang Zhao, Zhipeng Wang, Touwen Fan, Ruizhi Zhang, Yuanzhi Wu, Xiangjun Zhou, Jie Zhou and Pingying Tang

Coatings 2024, 14(5), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050536 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 766

Abstract

The impact of variations in the content of single alloying element on the properties of alloy materials has been extensively discussed, but the influence of this change on the content of multiple alloying elements in the alloy materials has been disregarded, as the performances of alloy materials should be determined by the collective influence of multiple alloying elements. To address the aforementioned issue, the present study conducted a comprehensive investigation into the impact of variations in the content of alloying elements, namely Ni, Cr, and Co, on the structural and mechanical properties of L1₂-(Ni_x₁Cr_x₂Co_x₃)₃Al precipitates using the high-throughput first-principles calculations and the partial least squares (PLS) regression, and the competitive mechanism among these three elements was elucidated. The findings demonstrate that the same alloying element may exhibit opposite effects in both single element analysis and comprehensive multi-element analysis, for example, the effect of Ni element on elastic constant C₁₁, and the influence of Cr element on Vickers hardness and yield strength. The reason for this is that the impact of the content of other two alloying elements is ignored in the single element analysis. Meanwhile, the Co element demonstrates a significant competitive advantage in the comparative analysis of three alloying elements for different physical properties. Therefore, the methodology proposed in this study will facilitate the elucidation of competition mechanisms among different alloy elements and offer a more robust guidance for experimental preparation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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11 pages, 8130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cyclic Loading on the Surface Microstructure Evolution in the Pearlitic Rail

by Tong Shi, Jiapeng Liu, Guang Yang, Ao Liu and Fengshou Liu

Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111850 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1004

Abstract

The effects of cyclic loading on the surface microstructure evolution of different contact locations in a used pearlitic rail were studied. Microstructures were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Meanwhile, grain boundaries and crystallographic orientations were explored via Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). At last, wheel–rail contact probabilities and forces were calculated using rail profiles. The results indicate that the side wear region located in the gauge face was 71.5% in the high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) fraction, 0.88 in the Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) value, 36% in the recrystallization (REX) fraction, and had a predominant orientation in grains. The rolling contact fatigue (RCF) region situated at the gauge corner was 66.3% in the HAGBs fraction, 0.92 in the KAM value, 33% in the REX fraction, and was mis-orientated in grains. The region located at the edge of the running band was 60.7% in the low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) fraction, 0.97 in the KAM value, 12% in the REX fraction, and was mis-orientated in grains. Continuous dynamic recrystallization (cDRX) took place in wear and RCF regions during the cyclic rolling contact loading, creating ultra-fine grains with a transformation from LAGBs to HAGBs, lower KAM values, and more REX. Grains oriented along [111] parallel to the vertical direction in the wear region were influenced by the dominant normal force, while grains in the RCF region were non-oriented, which was attributed to large lateral and vertical forces of similar magnitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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17 pages, 5495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Electroplating Nickel on the Mechanical Properties of Brittle Mg-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses

by Jingyao Zhang, Jing Li, Mei Jing, Lichen Zhao, Yumin Qi, Wei Yang and Xin Wang

Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091598 - 13 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1372

Abstract

Magnesium-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are typical intrinsic brittle lightweight BMG alloys, and their improvement in plasticity has attracted widespread attention in the field of BMGs. We used the electroplating method to modify the surface of Mg_59.5Cu_22.9Ag₁₁Gd_6.6 BMGs and investigated the geometric confinement effect of the Ni coating on the mechanical properties of the BMG. The results show that under the plating conditions of adding 1 g/L nano Al₂O₃ to the plating solution, adjusting the plating temperature to 50 °C, and plating time to 3 h, a smooth and dense nickel coating with a thickness of about 150 μm can be formed on the surface of the Mg-based BMG. The uniaxial compression tests showed that the average fracture strength of the BMG was increased from 565 MPa to 598 MPa by a 50 μm Ni coating, and the fluctuation range of strength was decreased from 429 MPa to 265 MPa, a reduction of 36%. The Weibull analysis showed that the Weibull modulus m was increased from 4.3 to 4.8 by the coating, and the safety stress was increased from 54 MPa to 235 MPa, indicating that electroplating nickel could improve the reliability of the Mg-based BMG alloy. However, no significant improvement of the compression plasticity was found, which indicated that improving the room temperature plasticity of brittle Mg-based BMG alloys by the geometric confinement of electroplating Ni was limited. The influence of the thickness of the Ni coating on the maximum stress level and stress distribution in the BMG samples was analyzed by ANSYS finite element simulation. It was found that when the thickness of the coating was 30% of the radius of the cylindrical compressed sample, the stress distribution caused by the Ni coating was the most uniform, and the maximum stress level was relatively reduced, which is beneficial for improving the geometric confinement effect. As a result, the Mg-based BMG sample coated with a Ni coating of 150 μm thickness exhibited ~0.3% macroscopic compressive plasticity. This is of great significance for understanding the plastic deformation mechanism of brittle BMGs improved by geometric confinement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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Review

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23 pages, 7759 KiB

Open AccessReview

Factors Influencing Residual Stresses in Cold Expansion and Their Effects on Fatigue Life—A Review

by Ru Su, Lei Huang, Changzhou Xu, Peng He, Xiaoliang Wang, Baolin Yang, Dayong Wu, Qian Wang, Huicong Dong and Haikun Ma

Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122037 - 2 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1543

Abstract

Cold expansion technology has been widely used in aviation industries as an effective method of improving the fatigue performance of fastener holes. It can improve the fatigue life several times over without adding weight, meeting the growing demand for lightweight and durable aircraft structures. In recent years, it has been extensively studied through extensive experiments and finite element simulations to analyze the residual stresses around the fastener hole. Appropriate process parameters lead to the generation of beneficial residual stresses that influence the material microstructure, thereby improving the fatigue life of the component. This paper summarized factors influencing residual stresses in cold expansion and their effects on fatigue life, and the strengthening mechanism, parameter optimization, and effect of anti-fatigue are discussed from the point of view of the residual stress and microstructure. The development of new cold expansion technologies and the research directions that can realize anti-fatigue technology efficiently are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloys)

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