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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D: Energy Storage and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2025) | Viewed by 20051

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Chun Wang

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School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
Interests: multi-power-integrated management and optimal control of new energy vehicles; artificial intelligence management and control of advanced energy storage systems; optimized control of intelligent connected vehicles
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Prof. Dr. Quanqing Yu

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School of Automotive Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
Interests: battery reliability analysis; battery health management; battery state estimation
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Prof. Dr. Aihua Tang

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School of Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
Interests: battery system modeling; state estimation and life prediction; battery system fault diagnosis and health status estimation under big data
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Prof. Dr. Yongzhi Zhang

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Guest Editor

College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: modeling; health prediction; management of lithium-ion battery degradation
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Dr. Jiahuan Lu

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Guest Editor

College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Interests: battery management and cascade utilization; engineering applications of artificial intelligence

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the global demand for energy continues to rise, the development of advanced energy storage technologies and intelligent transportation systems has become critical in addressing the pressing challenges of decarbonization and sustainable development. Energy storage, in particular, plays a pivotal role in integrating renewable energy sources, enhancing grid stability, and facilitating the electrification of the transport sector. Ongoing innovation in these areas not only contributes to a reduction in carbon emissions but also ensures the efficient and resilient operation of future energy systems.

This Special Issue aims to highlight cutting-edge research and technological advancements in energy storage and intelligent transportation. We invite contributions that explore novel materials, systems, and methods that push the boundaries of our current capabilities. Submissions may include theoretical, experimental, and review papers that provide valuable insights into the latest trends and future directions in these fields.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Energy storage;
Power and energy systems;
Electrified/intelligent transportation;
Batteries and management;
Motor and control;
Power electronics;
AI and big data applications.

Prof. Dr. Chun Wang
Prof. Dr. Quanqing Yu
Prof. Dr. Aihua Tang
Prof. Dr. Yongzhi Zhang
Dr. Jiahuan Lu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

energy storage
power and energy systems
electrified/intelligent transportation
batteries and management
motor and control
power electronics
AI and big data applications

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Related Special Issue

Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs) in Energies (5 articles)

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

16 pages, 3577 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experimental Evaluation of Polyimide Film Heater for Enhanced Output Characteristics Through Temperature Control in All-Solid-State Batteries

by Soo-Man Park, Chae-Min Lim, Soon-Hyung Lee, Kyung-Min Lee and Yong-Sung Choi

Energies 2026, 19(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020297 - 6 Jan 2026

Viewed by 603

Abstract

This paper presents a practical thermal control strategy to enhance the output performance of oxide-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), which typically exhibit low ionic conductivity at room temperature. A lightweight polyimide (PI) film heater was designed, fabricated, and integrated into the cell stack to locally maintain the optimal operating temperature range (≈65–75 °C) for electrolyte activation. Unlike previous studies limited to liquid or sulfide-based batteries, this work demonstrates the direct integration and coupled numerical–experimental validation of a PI film heater within oxide-based ASSBs. The proposed design achieves high heating efficiency (~92%) with minimal thickness (<100 μm) and long-term stability, enabling reliable and scalable thermal management. Finite-element simulations and experimental verification confirmed that the proposed heater achieved rapid and uniform heating with less than a 10 °C temperature deviation between the cell and heater surfaces. These findings provide a foundation for smart battery management systems with distributed temperature sensing and feedback control, supporting the development of high-performance and reliable solid-state battery platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs), 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 4023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Tracking of Lithium Metal Anode Surface Evolution via Voltage Relaxation Analysis

by Yu-Jeong Min and Heon-Cheol Shin

Energies 2026, 19(1), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010187 - 29 Dec 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

The surface morphology of lithium metal electrodes evolves markedly during cycling, modulating interfacial kinetics and increasing the risk of dendrite-driven internal short circuits. Here, we infer this morphological evolution from direct-current (DC) signals by analyzing open-circuit voltage (OCV) transients after constant current interruptions. The OCV exhibits a rapid initial decay followed by a transition to a slower long-time decay. With repeated plating, this transition shifts to earlier times, thereby increasing the contribution of long-term relaxation. We quantitatively analyze this behavior using an equivalent circuit with a transmission-line model (TLM) representing the electrolyte-accessible interfacial region of the electrode, discretized into ten depth-direction segments. Tracking segment-wise changes in resistances and capacitances with cycling enables morphology estimation. Repeated plating strongly increases the double-layer area near the current collector, while the charge-transfer-active surface shifts toward the separator side, showing progressively smaller and eventually negative changes toward the current-collector side. Together with the segment-resolved time constants, these trends indicate that lithium deposition becomes increasingly localized near the separator-facing surface, while the interior becomes more tortuous, consistent with post-mortem observations. Overall, the results demonstrate that DC voltage-relaxation analysis combined with a TLM framework provides a practical route to track lithium metal electrode surface evolution in Li-metal-based cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs), 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1372 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermodynamic Performance Optimization of Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Through Multi-Parameter Coupling Analysis

by Yuhang Zuo, Biao Feng, Yingxia Zheng, Bowen Lin and Jiaqi Li

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6212; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236212 - 27 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 856

Abstract

In response to grid peak-shaving requirements under renewable energy integration, this study investigates the thermodynamic performance of a 300 MW adiabatic compressed air energy storage (A-CAES) system, with a focus on optimizing electro-thermal efficiency through parametric analysis. A detailed thermodynamic model was developed to systematically evaluate the effects of compression/expansion stage configurations (2–4 stages), pressure ratios (4–6), and inter-stage outlet temperatures (120–190 °C) on system performance. The results demonstrate that variable-pressure operation improves round-trip efficiency by a 1.8% per unit compression ratio increase, while optimized inter-stage cooling (150 °C) reduces exergy destruction by 22.5%. Thermal efficiency monotonically improves with additional expansion stages, whereas electrical efficiency peaks at three stages (70%) before declining due to parasitic losses. Exergy analysis reveals that compressors and turbines account for 65% of total destruction, emphasizing the need for enhanced heat exchanger design. These findings provide actionable insights for balancing efficiency gains with operational constraints in large-scale A-CAES deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs), 2nd Edition)

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31 pages, 13691 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Coordinated Neuro-Fuzzy Control System for Hybrid Energy Storage Integration: Virtual Inertia and Frequency Support in Low-Inertia Power Systems

by Carlos H. Inga Espinoza and Modesto T. Palma

Energies 2025, 18(17), 4728; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174728 - 5 Sep 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1585

Abstract

Energy policies and economies of scale have promoted the expansion of renewable energy sources, leading to the displacement of conventional generation units and a consequent reduction in system inertia. Low inertia amplifies frequency deviations in response to generation–load imbalances, increasing the risk of load shedding and service interruptions. To address this issue, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy based on neuro-fuzzy networks, applied to a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) composed of batteries and supercapacitors. The controller is designed to simultaneously emulate virtual inertia and implement virtual droop control, thereby improving frequency stability and reducing reliance on spinning reserve. Additionally, a state-of-charge (SOC) management layer is integrated to prevent battery operation in critical zones, mitigating degradation and extending battery lifespan. The neuro-fuzzy controller dynamically coordinates the power exchange both among the energy storage technologies (batteries and supercapacitors) and between the HESS and the conventional generation unit, enabling a smooth and efficient transition in response to power imbalances. The proposed strategy was validated through simulations in MATLAB R2022b using a two-area power system model with parameters sourced from the literature and validated references. System performance was evaluated using standard frequency response metrics, including performance indicators (ITSE, ISE, ITAE and IAE) and the frequency nadir, demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach in enhancing frequency regulation and ensuring the operational safety of the energy storage system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs), 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 2187 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Three-Component Fe₂O₃/TiO₂/rGO Nanocomposite Thin Films Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Kaspars Kaprans, Gunars Bajars and Gints Kucinskis

Energies 2025, 18(13), 3490; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133490 - 2 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1024

Abstract

In this study, we synthesized anode materials based on iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via the electrophoretic deposition technique. The structural and morphological characteristics of electrodes were examined through various methods including SEM, XRD, Raman, and XPS. Among the investigated compositions, the three-component Fe₂O₃/TiO₂/rGO electrode displayed superior electrochemical characteristics in comparison to the binary Fe₂O₃/rGO and TiO₂/rGO electrodes. Specific capacities of 571, 683, and 729 mAh/g were achieved at 0.5 mA for the respective Fe₂O₃:TiO₂ molar ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. The 2:1 ratio configuration offered the most promising balance between cycling stability and capacity, highlighting its potential as a high-performance anode in lithium-ion batteries. This work contributes valuable insights into the synergistic behavior of dual-transition metal oxides in composite electrode design using a low-cost and scalable method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs), 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 10218 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined State-of-Charge Estimation Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Long Short-Term Memory Network and Unscented Kalman Filter

by Long Pu and Chun Wang

Energies 2025, 18(5), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051106 - 24 Feb 2025

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2355

Abstract

The state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a pivotal metric within the battery management system (BMS) of electric vehicles (EVs). An accurate SOC is crucial to ensuring both the safety and the operational efficiency of a battery. The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is a classic and commonly used method among the various SOC estimation algorithms. However, an unscented transform (UT) utilized in the algorithm struggles to completely simulate the probability density function of actual data. Additionally, inaccuracies in the identification of battery model parameters can lead to performance degradation or even the divergence of the algorithm in SOC estimation. To address these challenges, this study introduces a combined UKF-LSTM algorithm that integrates a long short-term memory (LSTM) network with the UKF for the precise SOC estimation of LIBs. Firstly, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was utilized to accurately identify the parameters of the battery model. Secondly, feature parameters that exhibited a high correlation with the estimation error of the UKF were selected to train an LSTM network, which was then combined with the UKF to establish the joint algorithm. Lastly, the effectiveness of the UKF-LSTM was confirmed under various conditions. The outcomes demonstrate that the average absolute error (MAE) and the root mean square error (RMSE) for the SOC estimation by the algorithm were less than 0.7%, indicating remarkable estimation accuracy and robustness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs), 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 2634 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Gouge Permeability Under Confined Conditions: An Investigation for CO₂ Storage Applications

by Aigerim Sekerbayeva, Ali Mortazavi, Randy D. Hazlett and Bahman Bohloli

Energies 2025, 18(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010009 - 24 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1478

Abstract

This investigation provides an in-depth experimental analysis of the prepared artificial fault gouge material on permeability characteristics as a function of the confining pressures and injection flow rate pertinent to both CO₂ storage and subsurface fluid flow that addresses an ultimate challenge in CO₂ storage. The purpose of the research is to gain a better understanding of the role of fault gouge material in structuring fluid flow patterns within geological media and improving the safety and efficiency of subsurface storage systems. In order to ensure the reproducibility of the experimental program, fault gouge material that resembled the size distribution and material type observed in the field and reported within the literature was purposefully designed and prepared. A set of core-flooding experiments were conducted to evaluate the relationships between permeability, confining pressure, and fluid flow rates. The subsequently obtained results showed that lower permeability is always the result of increasing confining pressure, highlighting the significance of fault gouge material for controlling fluid flow in fractured rock formations. These conclusions provide novel insights and can be applicable in practice when evaluating the integrity of CO₂ storage sites, which calls for knowledge of permeability behavior under high-stress conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs), 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3474 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Discrete Variable-Gain-Based Self-Immunity Control to Flywheel Energy Storage Systems

by Jian Sun, Pengju Yin and Xiangliu Song

Energies 2024, 17(21), 5373; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215373 - 29 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1351

Abstract

For the study of the trade-off between steady-state error and transient response in control systems for flywheel energy storage, a controller with a discrete variable gain is proposed. This controller aims to adapt to changes in the system state by dynamically adjusting the controller gain to optimize the system’s anti-disturbance performance. Theoretical analysis and mathematical derivation demonstrate that increasing the observer gain can significantly enhance the system’s anti-disturbance capability. However, this increase also results in overshooting, which highlights the limitations of traditional control methods in achieving both system stability and anti-disturbance performance. A discrete variable-gain extended state observer is designed. The gain of this observer can be adaptively adjusted according to a system state value, enabling the effective control of both steady-state error and transient response. Additionally, the stability of the proposed control method was analyzed and verified, ensuring its effectiveness and reliability for practical applications. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving system performance is demonstrated by simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs), 2nd Edition)

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Review

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39 pages, 2886 KB

Open AccessReview

Sand-Based Thermal Storage System for Human-Powered Energy Generation: A Review

by Qirui Ding, Lili Zeng, Ying Zeng, Changhui Song, Liang Lei and Weicheng Cui

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5869; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225869 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 4926

Abstract

Sand-based thermal energy storage systems represent a paradigm shift in sustainable energy solutions, leveraging Earth’s most abundant mineral resource through advanced nanocomposite engineering. This review examines sand-based phase change materials (PCM) systems with emphasis on integration with human-powered energy generation (HPEG). Silicon-based hierarchical pore structures provide multiscale thermal conduction pathways while achieving PCM loading capacities exceeding 90%. Carbon-based nanomaterial doping enhances thermal conductivity by up to 269%, reaching 3.1 W/m·K while maintaining phase change enthalpies above 130 J/g. This demonstrated cycling stability exceeds 1000 thermal cycles with <8% capacity degradation. Thermal energy storage costs reach ~$20 kWh⁻¹—60% lower than lithium-ion systems when normalized by usable heat capacity. Integration with triboelectric nanogenerators achieves 55% peak mechanical-to-electrical conversion efficiency for direct pathways, while thermal-buffered systems provide 8–12% end-to-end efficiency with temporal decoupling between intermittent human power input and stable electrical output. Miniaturized systems target off-grid communities, offering 5–10× cost advantages over conventional batteries for resource-constrained deployments. Levelized storage costs remain competitive despite efficiency penalties versus lithium-ion alternatives. Critical challenges, including thermal cycling degradation, energy-power density trade-offs, and environmental adaptability, are systematically analyzed. Future directions explore biomimetic multi-level pore designs, intelligent responsive systems, and distributed microgrid implementations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs), 2nd Edition)

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44 pages, 3855 KB

Open AccessReview

Grid Peak Shaving and Energy Efficiency Improvement: Advances in Gravity Energy Storage Technology and Research on Its Efficient Application

by Shaojun Wang, Hao Xiao, Zhaoquan Zhao, Dezhao Li, Dong Hu, Qi Hu, Chen Shen, Xingyu Zhang, Jiahao Hu, Cheng Chi, Xin Cheng, Wei Zhang, Erjun Bu, Chenxu Zhao, An Wang and Lu Wang

Energies 2025, 18(4), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040996 - 19 Feb 2025

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3820

Abstract

Global energy issues have spurred the development of energy storage technology, and gravity-based energy storage (GBES) technology has attracted much attention. This comprehensive review examines the principles, applications, and prospects of GBES technology, a promising solution for mitigating the intermittency of renewable energy sources and enhancing grid stability. GBES harnesses potential energy by elevating solid or liquid mediums, offering distinct advantages over other energy storage technologies such as pumped hydro storage and batteries. The study examines various GBES configurations, emphasizing the importance of system design, control strategies, and efficiency. This review also evaluates the economic, environmental, and social benefits of GBES, emphasizing its cost-effectiveness and potential for local economic growth. The need for policy support, technological innovation, and a robust regulatory framework is highlighted to promote the widespread adoption of GBES, which holds significant potential for enhancing grid stability and supporting the integration of renewable energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies and Applications (AESAs), 2nd Edition)

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