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Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2021) | Viewed by 31656

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ivica Stevanovic

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Guest Editor

Swiss Federal Office of Communications OFCOM, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
Interests: radio propagation; spectrum engineering; computational and applied electromagnetics; scientific computing; semiconductor electronics; wireless power transfer

Dr. Bernhard Wunsch

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

ABB Corporate Research, Baden, Switzerland
Interests: electromagnetic compatibility; physical and behavioral modelling; computational and applied electromagnetics; wireless power transfer; power electronics; scientific computing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In this Special Issue, we invite original submissions of new research outcomes or reviews that highlight advances in methods and techniques for the electromagnetic (EM) modeling of power electronics (PE) components and systems.

EM effects can play a major role in the operation of PE devices and systems. They can either be the main underlying operational mechanism, or may need to be mitigated in order to allow operation free from EM interference and noise. In either case, there is a substantial benefit in having accurate and efficient EM methods and techniques to model these effects. This allows the performance of devices and systems to be predicted, evaluated, and optimized by simulations in an early design stage prior to prototyping, thereby reducing cost and minimizing subsequent redesigns.

Topics of interest for publication in this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

Numerical techniques for EM modeling of PE components and systems (PEEC, FEM, MoM);
Behavioral modeling and EM characterization of PE components and systems (vector fitting, neural networks, reduced order models, SPICE equivalent circuits);
EM modeling of wireless power transfer (WPT);
Electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) modeling;
EMI/EMC modeling and characterization of PE converters and drives;
Passive and active EMI filters for PE converters;
Radiated and conducted noise emissions of PE systems;
EMI modeling for smart grids.

Dr. Ivica Stevanovic
Dr. Bernhard Wunsch
Guest Editors

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Keywords

EMI/EMC modeling, characterization, and design
Radiated and conducted noise emissions
EMI filter design
Power electronic converters
Wireless power transfer
Motor drives
Electric distribution networks
Smart grids
Electro-hydrodynamic flows
Numerical techniques
Behavioral models
Vector fitting
SPICE models
Interconnects
Chokes
Magnetic cores
Electric motors

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accurate Computation of Mutual Inductance of Non Coaxial Pancake Coils

by Mauro Parise, Fabrizio Loreto, Daniele Romano, Giulio Antonini and Jonas Ekman

Energies 2021, 14(16), 4907; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164907 - 11 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2167

Abstract

The computation of self and mutual inductances of coils is a classic problem of electrical engineering. The accurate modeling of coupled coils has received renewed interest with the spread of wireless power transfer systems. This problem has been quite well addressed for coplanar or perfectly coaxial coils but it is known that the misalignment conditions easily lead to a sharp decrease in the efficiency. Hence, it is crucial to take misalignment into account in order to properly design the overall wireless power transfer system. This work presents a study to compute analytically the mutual inductance of non-coaxial pancake coils with parallel axes. The accuracy of the proposed methodology is tested by comparison with the numerical results obtained using the tool Fast-Henry. Then, a wireless power transfer system, comprising a full bridge inverter is considered, showing the impact of the misalignment on the coupling between two pancake coils and, thus, between the source and the load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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19 pages, 7141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Black-Box Modelling of Low-Switching-Frequency Power Inverters for EMC Analyses in Renewable Power Systems

by Lu Wan, Abduselam Hamid Beshir, Xinglong Wu, Xiaokang Liu, Flavia Grassi, Giordano Spadacini, Sergio Amedeo Pignari, Michele Zanoni, Liliana Tenti and Riccardo Chiumeo

Energies 2021, 14(12), 3413; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123413 - 9 Jun 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3286

Abstract

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) from renewable power systems to the grid attracts more attention especially in the low-frequency range, due to the low switching frequency of high-power inverters. It is significantly important to derive EMI models of power inverters as well as to develop strategies to suppress the related conducted emissions. In this work, black-box modelling is applied to a three-phase inverter system, by implementing an alternative procedure to identify the parameters describing the active part of the model. Besides, two limitations of black-box modelling are investigated. The first regards the need for the system to satisfy the linear and time-invariant (LTI) assumption. The influence of this assumption on prediction accuracy is analysed with reference to the zero, positive and negative sequence decomposition. It is showing that predictions for the positive/negative sequence are highly influenced by this assumption, unlike those for the zero sequence. The second limitation is related to the possible variation of the mains impedance which is not satisfactorily stabilized at a low frequency outside the operating frequency range of standard line impedance stabilization networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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11 pages, 8093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of High-Frequency Leakage Current Model for Characterizing Failure Modes in Digital Logic Gates

by Zahra Abedi, Sameer Hemmady, Thomas Antonsen, Edl Schamiloglu and Payman Zarkesh-Ha

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2906; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102906 - 18 May 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1937

Abstract

In this paper, a predictive model is developed to characterize the impact of high-frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI) on the leakage current of CMOS integrated circuits. It is shown that the frequency dependence can be easily described by a transfer function that depends only on a few dominant parasitic elements. The developed analytical model is successfully compared against measurement data from devices fabricated using 180 nm, 130 nm, and 65 nm standard CMOS processes through TSMC. Based on the predictive model, the impact of EMI on leakage current in a CMOS inverter is reduced by increasing the frequency from 10 MHz to 4 GHz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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16 pages, 6640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Broadband Circuit-Oriented Electromagnetic Modeling for Power Electronics: 3-D PEEC Solver vs. RLCG-Solver

by Ivana Kovacevic-Badstuebner, Daniele Romano, Giulio Antonini, Jonas Ekman and Ulrike Grossner

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2835; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102835 - 14 May 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3066

Abstract

Broadband electromagnetic (EM) modeling increases in importance for virtual prototyping of advanced power electronics systems (PES), enabling a more accurate prediction of fast switching converter operation and its impact on energy conversion efficiency and EM interference. With the aim to predict and reduce an adverse impact of parasitics on the dynamic performance of fast switching power semiconductor devices, the circuit-oriented EM modeling based on the extraction of equivalent lumped R-L-C-G circuits is frequently selected over the Finite Element Method (FEM)-based EM modeling, mainly due to its lower computational complexity. With requirements for more accurate virtual prototyping of fast-switching PES, the modeling accuracy of the equivalent-RLCG-circuit-based EM modeling has to be re-evaluated. In the literature, the equivalent-RLCG-circuit-based EM techniques are frequently misinterpreted as the quasi-static (QS) 3-D Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method, and the observed inaccuracies of modeling HF effects are attributed to the QS field assumption. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on the differences between the QS 3-D PEEC-based and the equivalent-RLCG-circuit-based EM modeling for simulating the dynamics of fast switching power devices. Using two modeling examples of fast switching power MOSFETs, a 3-D PEEC solver developed in-house and the well-known equivalent-RLCG-circuit-based EM modeling tool, ANSYS Q3D, are compared to the full-wave 3-D FEM-based EM tool, ANSYS HFSS. It is shown that the QS 3-D PEEC method can model the fast switching transients more accurately than Q3D. Accordingly, the accuracy of equivalent-RLCG-circuit-based modeling approaches in the HF range is rather related to the approximations made on modeling electric-field induced effects than to the QS field assumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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22 pages, 4144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Filter Concept for High Pulse-Frequency 3-Phase AFE Motor Drives

by Stefan Hoffmann, Matthias Bock and Eckart Hoene

Energies 2021, 14(10), 2814; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102814 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2294

Abstract

The size of back-to-back converters with active front end is significantly determined by the size of the passive filter components. This paper presents a new complete EMC filter concept for this type of converter system that is effective on the input and the output. This involves filtering the main common mode interferences from the grid and motor sides with a single CM choke. Since only the difference of the generated common mode voltage-time areas of both converters is absorbed by this component, the size of the required filter can be greatly reduced compared to conventional filter concepts. The concept is validated on a grid feeding inverter that can be connected to the public distribution network with an output power of 63 kW. The size reduction is demonstrated by means of a design example on a system with the same power and electrical requirements. It is elaborated why, applying the new filter concept, the impedance of the DC link potentials to ground and other electrical potentials should be as high as possible and therefore associated parasitic capacitances should be minimized. From this requirement, rules for the design of the power modules of PFC and motor converters for the application of this filter concept are derived. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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21 pages, 4778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Line Optimization of Energy Consumption in Electromagnetic Mill Installation

by Szymon Ogonowski

Energies 2021, 14(9), 2380; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092380 - 22 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2310

Abstract

Milling is one of the most energy consuming stages of the value production chain in many industries. To minimize the specific energy required, new and more efficient devices and circuits are designed and dedicated optimizing control strategies are applied. This research presents the results of innovative electromagnetic mill energy consumption reduction with dedicated supervisory on-line optimizing control algorithm. The paper describes an algorithm that uses the active power measurement and searches for the minimum on the active constraints of the optimization problem. The constraints follow from the product quality, mill supply voltage and magnetic induction requirements. Algorithm performance was tested in simulations, but the main validation was performed on a semi-industrial dry grinding and classification circuit equipped with an electromagnetic mill. The results of the experiments presented in this paper show that the application of the on-line optimization algorithm allows for even a 40% reduction in the electromagnetic mill energy consumption when compared to the nominal operating point. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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16 pages, 6340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Electrode Architecture Modeling and Optimization for Homogeneous Electroporation of Large Volumes of Tissue

by Borja López-Alonso, Héctor Sarnago, José M. Burdío, Pablo Briz and Oscar Lucía

Energies 2021, 14(7), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071892 - 29 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2477

Abstract

Electroporation is a phenomenon that consists of increasing the permeability of the cell membrane by means of high-intensity electric field application. Nowadays, its clinical application to cancer treatment is one of the most relevant branches within the many areas of electroporation. In this area, it is essential to apply homogeneous treatments to achieve complete removal of tumors and avoid relapse. It is necessary to apply an optimized transmembrane potential at each point of the tissue by means of a homogenous electric field application and appropriated electric field orientation. Nevertheless, biological tissues are composed of wide variety, heterogeneous and anisotropic structures and, consequently, predicting the applied electric field distribution is complex. Consequently, by applying the parallel-needle electrodes and single-output generators, homogeneous and predictable treatments are difficult to obtain, often requiring several repositioning/application processes that may leave untreated areas. This paper proposes the use of multi-electrode structure to apply a wide range of electric field vectors to enhance the homogeneity of the treatment. To achieve this aim, a new multi-electrode parallel-plate configuration is proposed to improve the treatment in combination with a multiple-output generator. One method for optimizing the electric field pattern application is studied, and simulation and experimental results are presented and discussed, proving the feasibility of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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18 pages, 7523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of a Gate Distribution Layout to Compensate the Current Imbalance Generated by the 3D Geometry of a Railway Inverter

by Andressa Nakahata-Medrado, Jean-Luc Schanen, Jean-Michel Guichon, Pierre-Olivier Jeannin, Emmanuel Batista and Guillaume Desportes

Energies 2021, 14(7), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071891 - 29 Mar 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1642

Abstract

The impact of the stray inductances originated from interconnects in power electronics becomes crucial with the next generation of SiC devices. This paper shows that the existing layout of a railway inverter, operating with Si IGBTs already exhibits a dynamic current imbalance between paralleled modules. This will not allow using this geometry with SiC MOSFETs. A complete investigation of the electromagnetic origin of this issue has been performed. A generic circuit model has been proposed to establish a cabling rule to design a Gate Distribution Printed Circuit Board (PCB) in such a way that it compensates the power dissymmetry. An optimization strategy has been used to obtain a new geometry of this PCB, which has been validated with a time domain simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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22 pages, 3757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EMC Component Modeling and System-Level Simulations of Power Converters: AC Motor Drives

by Bernhard Wunsch, Stanislav Skibin, Ville Forsström and Ivica Stevanovic

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1568; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061568 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4548

Abstract

EMC simulations are an indispensable tool to analyze EMC noise propagation in power converters and to assess the best filtering options. In this paper, we first show how to set up EMC simulations of power converters and then we demonstrate their use on the example of an industrial AC motor drive. Broadband models of key power converter components are reviewed and combined into a circuit model of the complete power converter setup enabling detailed EMC analysis. The approach is demonstrated by analyzing the conducted noise emissions of a 75 kW power converter driving a 45 kW motor. Based on the simulations, the critical impedances, the dominant noise propagation, and the most efficient filter component and location within the system are identified. For the analyzed system, maxima of EMC noise are caused by resonances of the long motor cable and can be accurately predicted as functions of type, length, and layout of the motor cable. The common-mode noise at the LISN is shown to have a dominant contribution caused by magnetic coupling between the noisy motor side and the AC input side of the drive. All the predictions are validated by measurements and highlight the benefit of simulation-based EMC analysis and filter design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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23 pages, 10985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generalized Behavioral Modelling Methodology of Switch-Diode Cell for Power Loss Prediction in Electromagnetic Transient Simulation

by Yanming Xu, Carl Ngai Man Ho, Avishek Ghosh and Dharshana Muthumuni

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051500 - 9 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2593

Abstract

Modern wide-bandgap (WBG) devices, such as silicon carbide (SiC) or gallium nitride (GaN) based devices, have emerged and been increasingly used in power electronics (PE) applications due to their superior switching feature. The power losses of these devices become the key of system efficiency improvement, especially for high-frequency applications. In this paper, a generalized behavioral model of a switch-diode cell (SDC) is proposed for power loss estimation in the electromagnetic transient simulation. The proposed model is developed based on the circuit level switching process analysis, which considers the effects of parasitics, the operating temperature, and the interaction of diode and switch. In addition, the transient waveforms of the SDC are simulated by the proposed model using dependent voltage and current sources with passive components. Besides, the approaches of obtaining model parameters from the datasheets are given and the modelling method is applicable to various semiconductors such Si insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), Si/SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and GaN devices. Further, a multi-dimensional power loss table in a wide range of operating conditions can be obtained with fast speed and reasonable accuracy. The proposed approach is implemented in PSCAD/ Electromagnetic Transients including DC, EMTDC, (v4.6, Winnipeg, MB, Canada) and further verified by the hardware setups including different daughter boards for different devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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15 pages, 7621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Field Tests of a 1-MW Wireless Power Transfer System for Light Rail Transit

by Gunbok Lee, Myung Yong Kim, Changmu Lee, Donguk Jang, Byung-Song Lee and Jae Hee Kim

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041171 - 22 Feb 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3374

Abstract

The high-power wireless power transfer (WPT) system in railways does not require physical contact to transfer electrical power, is electrically safe, and reduces maintenance costs from wear and tear. However, a high-power system generates a strong magnetic field that can result in problems of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure and electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this study, EMF and EMI were measured at various positions under in-motion environment conditions for a 1-MW WPT light rail transit system. The measured maximum EMF was 2.41 μT, which is lower than the international guideline of 6.25 μT for the various locations with a potential presence of passengers. The measured EMI also satisfied international standards in the frequency range of 150 kHz–1 GHz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Modeling in Power Electronics)

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