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Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications: 3rd Edition

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 October 2024 | Viewed by 3592

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yonmo Sung

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Guest Editor
Department of Energy & Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 53064, Republic of Korea
Interests: energy; combustion; pollutant emissions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fossil fuels have been used as major energy sources in power generation, transportation, and industrial sectors because of their abundance and inexpensive price. However, critical issues related to a harmful effect on human health and the environment by their utilization cannot be overlooked have risen. There has also been tremendous pressure on fields of energy systems using fossil fuels to restrict pollutant emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2), because these gas emissions in the atmosphere increase energy consumption in the world. Accordingly, reduction technology for gas emissions has been firmly established from fundamental to advanced research on industrial energy systems in the last several decades.

This Special Issue of Energies focuses on recent advances in reduction technologies of gas emissions in combustion-related applications. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to the following:

  • Emission control technologies by experimental and numerical approaches;
  • Emission control technologies in pre-combustion, in-furnace combustion, and post-combustion;
  • Emission control technologies in power generation, transportation, and industrial process;
  • New process and equipment development for efficient gas emission reduction;
  • Utilization in various fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, biomass, and their blends);
  • Optimization for emission control with machine learning applications in energy systems.

Dr. Yonmo Sung
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • combustion
  • burner
  • flame
  • hydrogen
  • ammonia
  • coal
  • natural gas
  • biomass
  • gas emission
  • energy conversion

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2291 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Prediction Model for Compressor Performance Using Artificial Neural Network Models and Reduced-Order Models
by Hosik Jeong, Kanghyuk Ko, Junsung Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Seongyong Eom, Sangkyung Na and Gyungmin Choi
Energies 2024, 17(15), 3686; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153686 - 26 Jul 2024
Viewed by 478
Abstract
In order to save the time and material costs associated with refrigeration system performance evaluations, a reduced-order model (ROM) using highly accurate numerical analysis results and some experimental values was developed. To solve the shortcomings of these traditional methods in monitoring complex systems, [...] Read more.
In order to save the time and material costs associated with refrigeration system performance evaluations, a reduced-order model (ROM) using highly accurate numerical analysis results and some experimental values was developed. To solve the shortcomings of these traditional methods in monitoring complex systems, a simplified reduced-order system model was developed. To evaluate the performance of the refrigeration system compressor, the temperature of several points in the system where the compressor actually operates was measured, and the measured values were used as input values for ROM development. A lot of raw data to develop a highly accurate ROM were acquired from a VRF system installed in a building for one year, and in this study, specific operating conditions were selected and used as input values. In this study, the ROM development process can predict the performance of compressors used in air conditioning systems, and the research results on optimizing input data required for ROM generation were observed. The input data are arranged according to the design of experiments (DOE), and the accuracy of ROM according to data arrangement is compared through the experiment results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications: 3rd Edition)
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10 pages, 4044 KiB  
Article
Development and Performance Evaluation Experiment of a Device for Simultaneous Reduction of SOx and PM
by Kyeong-Ju Kong and Sung-Chul Hwang
Energies 2024, 17(13), 3337; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133337 - 8 Jul 2024
Viewed by 723
Abstract
Mitigating air pollutants such as SOx and PM emitted from ships is an important task for marine environmental protection and improving air quality. To address this, exhaust gas after-treatment devices have been introduced, but treating pollutants like SOx and PM individually [...] Read more.
Mitigating air pollutants such as SOx and PM emitted from ships is an important task for marine environmental protection and improving air quality. To address this, exhaust gas after-treatment devices have been introduced, but treating pollutants like SOx and PM individually poses challenges due to spatial constraints on ships. Consequently, a Total Gas Cleaning System (TGCS) capable of simultaneously reducing sulfur oxides and particulate matter has been developed. The TGCS combines a cyclone dust collector and a wet scrubber system. The cyclone dust collector is designed to maintain a certain distance from the bottom of the wet scrubber, allowing exhaust gases entering from the bottom to rise as sulfur oxides are adsorbed. Additionally, the exhaust gases descending through the space between the cyclone dust collector and the wet scrubber collide with the scrubbing solution before entering the bottom of the wet scrubber, facilitating the absorption of SOx. In this study, the efficiency of the developed TGCS was evaluated, and the reduction effects based on design parameters were investigated. Furthermore, the impact of this device on ship engines was analyzed to assess its practical applicability. Experimental results showed that increasing the volume flow rate of the cleaning solution enhanced the PM reduction effect. Particularly, when the height of the Pall ring was 1000 mm and the volume flow rate was 35 L/min, the sulfur oxide reduction effect met the standards for Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECA). Based on these findings, suggestions for effectively controlling atmospheric pollutants from ships were made, with the expectation of contributing to the development of systems combining various after-treatment devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications: 3rd Edition)
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16 pages, 5247 KiB  
Article
Emission of Harmful Substances from the Combustion of Wood Pellets in a Low-Temperature Burner with Air Gradation: Research and Analysis of a Technical Problem
by Bartosz Ciupek and Zbigniew Nadolny
Energies 2024, 17(13), 3087; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133087 - 22 Jun 2024
Viewed by 388
Abstract
This paper includes a discussion of the results of tests concerning changes in the thermal and emission parameters of a boiler fuelled with wood biomass under the influence of air gradation in the combustion process. The test results ensure insight into the combustion [...] Read more.
This paper includes a discussion of the results of tests concerning changes in the thermal and emission parameters of a boiler fuelled with wood biomass under the influence of air gradation in the combustion process. The test results ensure insight into the combustion process of wood biomass with air gradation, which significantly affected the operation of the device, increasing the mass concentration of the emitted nitrogen oxide (NOx) by combustion temperature lowering, especially in the afterburning zone. The authors observed an increase in the emission of particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) related to the change in the combustion process stoichiometry. The tests were carried out with the use of a heating boiler equipped with an automatic pellet burner. Apart from the mass concentration measurement of the pollution emitted, the tests focused on the measurements of temperature and oxygen levels in the flue gas. The objective of the tests was to confirm the applicability of the air gradation techniques in biomass combustion in order to reduce the emission of harmful substances from heating boilers, which is a technique that has recently been used in this group of devices. The test results obtained confirm the necessity for reorganising the technical systems of the currently used pellet burners and implementing further empirical tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications: 3rd Edition)
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16 pages, 3288 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study on Compact Design in Marine Urea-SCR Systems for Small Ship Applications
by Wontak Choi, Seunggi Choi, Sangkyung Na, Dongmin Shin, Hyomin Jeong and Yonmo Sung
Energies 2024, 17(1), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010187 - 29 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 898
Abstract
With increasingly stringent emissions legislation, such as that stipulated by the International Maritime Organization, for nitrogen oxide emission reduction in marine diesel engines, the imperative of curtailing nitrogen oxide emissions from marine diesel engines is intensifying. Consequently, the significance of aftertreatment technologies, including [...] Read more.
With increasingly stringent emissions legislation, such as that stipulated by the International Maritime Organization, for nitrogen oxide emission reduction in marine diesel engines, the imperative of curtailing nitrogen oxide emissions from marine diesel engines is intensifying. Consequently, the significance of aftertreatment technologies, including diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR), is poised to grow substantially. In particular, a redesign is required to reduce the size of DPF and SCR systems for application in small ships. In this study, we varied the shape of the filters in DPF and SCR systems, aiming to achieve a distinct flow pattern and enable overall miniaturization. The performance metrics, including the nitric oxide (NO) reduction rate, NH3 slip rate, and pressure drop, of the redesigned models were compared with those of the conventional model. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to compare the performance of the redesigned model with that of the conventional model in terms of NO reduction and pressure drop. The redesigned system achieved a NO reduction rate of 6.9% below that of the conventional system, offering additional noteworthy benefits such as a 50% reduction in both pressure and overall length. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications: 3rd Edition)
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Review

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31 pages, 5914 KiB  
Review
The Effects of Biodiesel on the Performance and Gas Emissions of Farm Tractors’ Engines: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression
by Mohsen Akbari, Homeyra Piri, Massimiliano Renzi and Marco Bietresato
Energies 2024, 17(17), 4226; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174226 - 24 Aug 2024
Viewed by 653
Abstract
The need for the decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicles requires a deep understanding about the effects of biofuels, which represent a viable pathway to cut the emissions in the hard-to-abate sectors, like agricultural tractors. A novel meta-analysis approach can help to thoroughly investigate the [...] Read more.
The need for the decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicles requires a deep understanding about the effects of biofuels, which represent a viable pathway to cut the emissions in the hard-to-abate sectors, like agricultural tractors. A novel meta-analysis approach can help to thoroughly investigate the effects of biodiesel blends on farm tractor engines in terms of performance and emissions. Studies were identified using the main keywords related to internal combustion engines in prominent scientific databases. Standardized mean differences were calculated for each study to evaluate engine performance and gas emissions. Mixed-effects regression models were developed to investigate performance and environmental pollution changes over different biodiesel blending ratios, biodiesel sources, and engine types. The analysis revealed significant effects of biodiesel blending ratio on decreasing torque [−13.0%, CI 95% (6.7%–19.3%); I2 = 97.67; p = 0.000; Q = 129.94], engine power [−15.0%, CI 95% (10.0–20.0%); I2 = 54.82; p = 0.000; Q = 101.81], CO2 emissions [−24.1%(15.0–32.0%); I2 = 0.198; p = 0.000; Q = 20.04], and CO emissions [−17.5%, CI 95% (16.0–18.0%); I2 = 98.62; p = 0.000; Q = 97.69], while increasing specific fuel consumption [+5.2%, CI 95% (1.0–9.0%); I2 = 95.94; p = 0.000; Q = 129.74] and NO emissions [+11.0%, CI 95% (6.0–15.0%); I2 = 98.51; p = 0.000; Q = 157.56]. The same analysis did not show any influence of the sources of biodiesel and the engine type. Finally, meta-regression found a significant positive association between increasing ratios of biodiesels and decreasing torque, engine power, CO and CO2 emissions, and increasing fuel consumption and NO emissions in terms of linear equations. Although through these equations it is not possible to individuate an optimal range of blending ratios able to lower the emissions and not affect the engine parameters, the range from 9.1% to 13.0% of biodiesel is a good tradeoff. Within it, the only decrease in engine performance is in charge of the power, however contained within 4%, while CO and CO2 emissions are reduced (respectively by 0.0%/−2.8% and −3.6%/−6.0%) without using any specific pollutant abatement systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reduction Technologies of Gas Emissions (CO2, NOx, and SO2) in Combustion-Related Applications: 3rd Edition)
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