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Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F3: Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (27 June 2023) | Viewed by 16899

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Telles Brunelli Lazzarin

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Guest Editor

Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil
Interests: step-up and step-down non-isolated DC–DC converters; single-phase step-up inverters; single-phase rectifiers; switched-capacitor converters
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Dr. Levy Ferreira Costa

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, North Brabant, The Netherlands
Interests: high-power dc–dc converter; medium-voltage power electronics; solid-state transformer

Prof. Dr. Carlos Henrique Illa Font

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Campus Ponta Grossa, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
Interests: power factor correction; AC–DC converters; power converters for small-scale renewable energy; battery energy storage systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The energy transition to a sustainable society has pushed the rapid development of new technologies, such as electric vehicles, fast-charging stations, more efficient renewable energy systems, large-capacity storage energy systems, etc. All these technologies rely on power electronics converters, and they have imposed new challenges in terms of topology, design, and control. To solve the current problems and efficiently support the current energy transition, new topologies, modelling, and control techniques have been proposed and discussed in the literature.

In this context, we would like to invite all potential authors to publish the results of their research and development work in a Special Issue of the journal Energies entitled “Power converters, modelling, control and applications of power electronics”. Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, those described in the keywords.

Prof. Dr. Telles Brunelli Lazzarin
Dr. Levy Ferreira Costa
Prof. Dr. Carlos Henrique Illa Font
Guest Editors

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Keywords

high voltage ratio dc-dc power converters
bidirectional power converters
single- three-phase inverters for off- and on-grid applications
single- and three-phase rectifiers
multi-level converters for low powers
steady-state analysis oriented to the optimization of converters
dynamic modelling oriented to the control of converters
new control techniques for power electronics converters
application of new semiconductors technologies
emerging technologies in power electronics: electric vehicles, charging stations, energy storage system

Related Special Issue

Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics—2nd Edition in Energies (1 article)

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

24 pages, 3773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Static Gain DC–DC Double Boost Quadratic Converter

by Franciéli Lima de Sá, Domingo Ruiz-Caballero, Cleiton Dal’Agnol, William Rafhael da Silva and Samir Ahmad Mussa

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6362; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176362 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1140

Abstract

This paper presents a study of a new topology of a DC–DC converter titled double quadratic boost non-isolated. This converter has high static gain and proposes to reduce the voltage stress on the switches, where the maximum voltage value at each switch is equal to half of the total output voltage. The paper first presents the theoretical analysis of the converter operating in open loop. The objective of the work is the mathematical modeling and control strategy of the converter, as well as validation through closed loop experimental results. In addition, we present the results of practical tests to demonstrate the operation of the converter, such as the experimental static gain curve, the practical efficiency of the converter, and the output voltage control, as well as the capacitor voltage swing control. The authors designed the prototype for 1 kW, with a switching frequency of

f_{s} = 50

kHz, with FPGA-based control and modulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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28 pages, 3666 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Small-Signal Modeling and Stability Analysis of a Grid-Following Inverter with Inertia Emulation

by Matheus Schramm Dall’Asta and Telles Brunelli Lazzarin

Energies 2023, 16(16), 5894; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165894 - 9 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1134

Abstract

Power-converter-based energy-harvesting and storage systems are becoming more prevalent in the electrical grid, replacing conventional synchronous generators. Consequently, grid inertia is diminishing, and to address this, inverter-based energy conversion systems are required by grid codes to provide frequency control support to the main grid. This is undertaken to increase the equivalent inertia of the system and reduce frequency variations. This type of control is necessary and designed for handling large system transients. However, it also impacts the small-signal stability of the grid-connected converters. To investigate this issue, this paper addresses the influence of synthetic inertia control on the output admittance of a grid-following inverter and its interaction with the grid equivalent impedance. A synchronous reference frame dynamic model of the grid-following inverter closed-loop system is obtained and linearized at an operating point to analyze the small-signal stability of the low-switching frequency inverter. The models are validated through numerical simulations. The analysis verifies the interactions of the internal control loops, such as the AC current control with voltage feedforward, DC-link voltage control with power-feedforward, phase-locked loop, and AC voltage control with inertial control. Additionally, the interactions between the output admittance of the inverter and the grid impedance are verified using the generalized Nyquist criterion. The stability regions are validated through simulations, and the results show that the system gain margin is reduced for increasing values of synthetic inertia gain and lower grid short-circuit ratios. Furthermore, there is a limit in the voltage and power-feedforward bandwidth to avoid degrading the system stability when utilizing the synthetic inertia control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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14 pages, 2953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling of Bidirectional Three-Phase Four-Wire Three-Level NPC MLC under Single-Loop Current Sensorless Control

by Alexander Suzdalenko, Vsevolod Burenin, Jaroslavs Zarembo and Janis Zakis

Energies 2023, 16(12), 4599; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124599 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1055

Abstract

Single-loop current sensorless control allows for abolishing of the instantaneous current measurement in the control system using only a single control loop with voltage feedback to stabilise the DC-bus voltage. This approach eliminates current sensors in the control circuit, benefiting from saving space on the printed circuit board and minimising power dissipation in the current measurement circuitry. This paper focuses on the single-loop current sensorless control applied to bidirectional three-phase four-wire three-level NPC MLC by simulation analysis and demonstrates the performance of the proposed current control algorithm in the rectifier and inverter modes and the step response with power direction change and grid-voltage change. In capacitor voltage balancing, an additional controller is applied, which is capable of compensating for the voltage asymmetry caused by adding a 2.5 kOhm resistor in parallel to one of the DC-bus capacitors. Our results demonstrate good performance of the proposed control method both in the inverter and rectifier modes, showing stable current shape in the low power and full power modes with acceptable harmonics content, meeting the requirements of the IEC 61000-3-2 standard for Class A devices. The analysis showed that the proposed control approach is suitable for industrial application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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16 pages, 4837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modified Current Sensorless Incremental Conductance Algorithm for Photovoltaic Systems

by Víctor Ferreira Gruner, Jefferson William Zanotti, Walbermark Marques Santos, Thiago Antonio Pereira, Lenon Schmitz, Denizar Cruz Martins and Roberto Francisco Coelho

Energies 2023, 16(2), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020790 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1199

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel maximum power point tracking algorithm applied to photovoltaic systems. The proposed method uses the derivative of power versus voltage to define the tracking path and has the advantage of requiring only a voltage sensor to be implemented. The absence of the current sensor and the auxiliary circuitry employed for conditioning the current signal imply cost reduction, configuring the main contribution of the proposed method, whose performance is kept close to the classical incremental conductance method, even with the reduced number of components. A DC-DC zeta converter is introduced in the content of this work as an interface between a photovoltaic array and a resistive load. The paper describes the operating principle and presents the mathematical formulation related to the proposed algorithm. Interesting simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the theory by comparing the proposed method with its traditional version under several scenarios of solar irradiance and temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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20 pages, 7226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Dead-Time on the Input Current Ripple of Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter

by Juris Arrozy, Darian V. Retianza, Jorge L. Duarte, Esin Ilhan Caarls and Henk Huisman

Energies 2023, 16(2), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020688 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1365

Abstract

The DC-link capacitor in power electronic systems is one of the most vulnerable components in terms of reliability. Since a reliable design of the DC-link capacitor depends on an accurate estimation of its current ripple, this paper proposes analytical equations to model the influence of dead-time on the input current ripple of a three-phase voltage source inverter. The effect of dead-time is modeled as a delay in the rising edges of the input current waveform. The proposed analytical equations are derived and then verified by simulations and experiments. The proposed equations generally provide better accuracy in predicting the input current ripple value compared to the benchmark equations. From the simulation and experimental results, the proposed equations are optimized for dead-time values more than 0.7

μ

s and modulation indices less than or equal to 0.7. Limitations of the proposed equations are also discussed. For small phase displacements and high modulation indices (0.8 to 1), the accuracy decreases because of the influence of AC output current ripple. For small modulation indices (less than 0.2) and a high value of dead-time (2

μ

s), the accuracy also decreases due to distortion in the phase current waveforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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16 pages, 2589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Space Analysis of the Dual-Active-Bridge Converter for More Electric Aircraft

by Alejandro Fernandez-Hernandez, Fernando Gonzalez-Hernando, Asier Garcia-Bediaga, Irma Villar and Gonzalo Abad

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9503; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249503 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1226

Abstract

In the literature, different DC/DC power electronic converters (PECs) have been found to interconnect high-voltage DC and low-voltage DC grids in the electric power distribution networks of aircraft. In this scenario, the dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter has been shown to be one of the most promising topologies. The main disadvantages of this PEC are the large output capacitance required to satisfy more electric aircraft (MEA) requirements and the high conduction losses produced in low-voltage power devices of (LV). Therefore, this paper proposes analytical models to determine the voltage ripple and root-mean-square (RMS) current in DC bus capacitors of DABs considering different modulation strategies. Moreover, an analysis of the design space in an MEA case study is performed to evaluate the influence of the design variables in power losses of power devices and peak-to-peak voltage ripple in DC bus capacitors. These models are useful for the design stage of this PEC, as well as to enable multi-objective optimization procedures by reducing the computational cost of these methodologies. Furthermore, the exploration of the switching frequency and limit of the modulation angle aid in reducing the resulting volume of the low-voltage DC capacitor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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17 pages, 7984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AC–AC Modular Multilevel Converter—Hexverter

by Cesar A. Arbugeri, Samir A. Mussa and Marcelo L. Heldwein

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8519; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228519 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1326

Abstract

This article proposes the study, control and analysis of the topology of an AC–AC modular multilevel converter, known in the literature as the Hexverter. The Hexverter is capable of converting the energy between two AC systems with a reduced number of elements, if compared with other modular multilevel topologies, which makes this topology attractive in AC–AC applications. However, there are few studies about the Hexverter in the literature, so this work presents its operation principle, conducts modeling, and proposes a control scheme for the converter’s proper operation, validating the operation and control via hardware-in-the-loop emulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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17 pages, 3085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hysteresis Based Quasi Fixed Frequency Current Control of Single Phase Full Bridge Grid Integrated Voltage Source Inverter

by Lakshmi Syamala, Deepa Sankar, Suhara Ekkarakkudy Makkar, Bos Mathew Jos and Mathew Kallarackal

Energies 2022, 15(21), 8112; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218112 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1431

Abstract

The traditional Fixed Band Hysteresis Current Control (FB-HCC) though being widely used for the current control of grid integrated voltage source inverter (GI-VSI), has the drawback of variable switching frequency. To overcome this drawback, Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) based switching scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed method calls for a single reference wave and the control concept is to terminate the rising and falling inductor current (

i_{L}

) either by the comparator or by the CPLD, based on the nature of its slope. Termination of the

i_{L}

with steeper slope by the comparator ensures lower current ripple, whereas the CPLD ensures constant switching frequency (

f_{s w}

). However, the

i_{L}

obtained with the proposed logic has a DC offset, which is corrected by modifying the reference. The basic concept, switching logic, and reference correction are thoroughly detailed. MATLAB/Simulink results are included to verify the proposed concept. The constant frequency operation of the proposed method is also validated in a 2 kW, 230 V, 50 Hz GI-VSI prototype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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29 pages, 8454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Stage Isolated and Bidirectional Three-Phase Series-Resonant AC–DC Converter: Modulation for Active and Reactive Power Control

by Damian Sal y Rosas, Daniel Chavez, David Frey and Jean-Paul Ferrieux

Energies 2022, 15(21), 8070; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218070 - 30 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2331

Abstract

Single-stage isolated and bidirectional (SSIB) AC–DC converters have a high potential for future solid-state transformers and smart battery chargers due to their reduced volume and high efficiency. However, there is a research gap for SSIB reactive power injection. This article introduces an SSIB three-phase AC–DC converter composed of three low frequency rectifiers linked by tiny film capacitors with a quad-active-bridge series-resonant (QABSR) DC–DC. A novel QAB modulation is proposed to solve three issues: (1) Three DC inputs with high ripple compensation, (2) active–reactive power injection, and (3) minimization of high-frequency (HF) transformers currents. The rectified grid voltages were modulated by time-variant duty ratio (DR) angles. In contrast, the DC source was modulated by a fixed DR (FDR) angle along with a phase-shift angle which changes according to the grid current amplitude. A constant HF current amplitude with minimum value was obtained. It is shown that the HF current amplitude is increased for reactive power injection. Hence, the FDR angle was used to compensate for this increase. Active and reactive power control were validated in a 2 kW prototype. Compared with other structures, tiny DC-link capacitors and smaller L filters were used. Moreover, higher efficiency (96%) and smaller grid currents THDi (3%) were obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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21 pages, 9559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modular SEPIC-Based Isolated dc–dc Converter with Reduced Voltage Stresses across the Semiconductors

by Marcos Vinicius Mosconi Ewerling, Telles Brunelli Lazzarin and Carlos Henrique Illa Font

Energies 2022, 15(21), 7844; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217844 - 23 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1717

Abstract

This paper presents the theoretical analysis, experimental results and generalized structure for N modules of an isolated dc–dc SEPIC converter. The structure comes from the integration of N conventional SEPIC converters based on the input-series and output-parallel connection. The main advantages provided by the proposed structure are reduced voltage stress across the semiconductors and division of the current stress in the output diodes. The proposed converter is presented in a generalized approach, varying the voltage stress across the semiconductors according to the number of modules used. As the converter uses more than one switch, the commands can be either equal or phase-shifted by

360^{\circ} / N

degrees. When operating with phase-shift modulation, a multilevel converter is obtained, which brings another advantage of the structure, since there is a reduction in the volume of the input inductors (

L_{i 1}

and

L_{i 2}

) and the output capacitor (

C_{o}

). In this paper, the steady-state analysis, a dynamic model, system control and experimental results are presented for phase-shift modulation and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The performance of the proposed converter was verified in a prototype with four modules and the following specifications: 500 W output power, 800 V input voltage, 120 V output voltage and 50 kHz switching frequency. The converter achieved 94.42% efficiency at rated power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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Review

Jump to: Research

26 pages, 1233 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review, Challenges and Potential of AC/AC Matrix Converters CMC, MMMC, and M3C

by Luiz Carlos Gili, Julio Cesar Dias and Telles Brunelli Lazzarin

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9421; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249421 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1705

Abstract

This article presents a review and a comparison of the conventional matrix converter (CMC), multimodular matrix converter (MMMC), and multilevel matrix modular converter (M3C) topologies, which are three of the main topologies of the matrix family. The study of the CMC supplies basic knowledge for these structures and then the concept of multilevel matrix converters used in MMMC and M3C topologies is approached. The study addresses modulation strategies and switching sequences for the topologies to provide implementation guidelines and harmonic content reduction. The design is also carried out and results of the three topologies are shown to exemplify their operation. Finally, the article presents a comparison between the topologies to highlight the advantages and challenges of each one. This study contributes information on the three topologies, which are not easily found in the literature, especially in terms of modulation and switching strategies. It also highlights applications and research points that have to improve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Converters: Modeling, Control, and Applications in Power Electronics)

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