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Heat and Mass Transfer

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J1: Heat and Mass Transfer".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 20050

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Prof. Dr. Pavel Skripov

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Institute of Thermal Physics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Amundsen st. 107a, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Interests: heat transfer; thermal engineering; nanofluids; thermophysical properties; oils; fluid; polymers; pulse; nucleation; thermal conductivity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Aleksandr Pavlenko

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Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Interests: hydrodynamics and heat/mass transfer processes in multiphase systems; transfer processes and crisis phenomena at boiling and evaporation; flow and decomposition of liquid films at intense evaporation and boiling, including non-steady laws of heat release; heat/mass transfer in cryogenic systems, hydrodynamic, and mass transfer processes in separation columns with regular packing; heat transfer enhancement in compact plate fin heat exchangers and on the structured surfaces
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Heat transfer problems have come to the forefront of thermophysical research in the 21st century. Indeed, the

modern development of technologies is accompanied by a continuous increase in requirements for the level of the removed heat flux densities and improvements in the safety and sustainable operation of heat/mass transfer equipment. The increased level of requirements is due, among other reasons, to the miniaturization of heat-generating surfaces, which is a modern trend. The response of the thermoengineering community to such a challenge is developing in several distinct directions, including both passive and active techniques for heat transfer enhancement.

The topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

Non-equilibrium and not fully stable media, including mini/micro systems;
Thermophysical problems of micro- and power electronics cooling and thermal stabilization of HTS devices;
Heat transfer enhancement during boiling and evaporation on modified surfaces with a hierarchical structure;
Intensification of non-stationary cooling of superheated bodies using different coatings;
Critical/supercritical phenomena;
Destruction due to cooling with boiling cryogenic liquid;
Vapor explosion;
Volcanic eruptions;
Mixtures having LCST/UCST;
Mini/micro channels;
Nano/microfluidics;
Combustion processes of gas–vapor–droplet flows, including multicomponent media.

Prof. Dr. Pavel Skripov
Prof. Dr. Aleksandr Pavlenko
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 80702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Enhancement of Eductor for Active Vapor Transport and Condensation during Two-Phase Single-Species Flow

by Ravi Koirala, Quoc Linh Ve, Eliza Rupakheti, Kiao Inthavong and Abhijit Date

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031265 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1971

Abstract

This study is focused on enhancing secondary vapor entrainment and direct-contact condensation in a water jet eductor for the purpose of developing a compact, medium-scale desalination system. It encompasses an extended investigation of an eductor as a condenser, or heat exchanger, for the entrained phase. Exergy study, experimental measurement, and computational analysis are the primary methodologies employed in this work. The target parameters of the optimization work were set through exergetic analysis to identify the region of maximum exergy destruction. In the case of water and water vapor as primary and secondary fluids, mixing and condensation initiates in the mixing chamber of the eductor and is where the maximum exergy destruction was calculated. Therefore, multi-jet primary nozzle eductors were studied to determine the effect of increased interphase interaction area on the exergy destruction and the maximum suction and cooling capacities. Increases in the entrainment ratio, condensation rate and heat transfer coefficient were noted for increasing numbers of nozzles when comparing one-, two- and three-jet eductors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer)

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15 pages, 1710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Perturbations at Crystal Nucleation in Glass-Forming Liquids

by Alexander Minakov and Christoph Schick

Energies 2022, 15(23), 9005; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239005 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1150

Abstract

Understanding the processes occurring during the nanocrystallization of glass-forming liquids is important for creating artificial nanostructures for various applications. In this article, local thermal perturbations in supercooled glass-forming liquids and polymers during the nucleation of a crystalline phase are studied. To describe the thermal response of supercooled glass-forming liquids, an integro-differential heat equation with dynamic heat capacity is used. We have found that the effect of the dynamic heat capacity is significant for fast local thermal perturbations that arise in the early stages of crystal nucleation in glass-forming liquids and polymers. It has been established that local temperature perturbations during the nucleation of crystals in silicate glasses and polymers can change the nucleation rate by 2–5 orders of magnitude. The knowledge gained can be useful for the technology of artificial microstructures and advanced materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer)

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13 pages, 4130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stationary Gas Dynamics and Heat Transfer of Turbulent Flows in Straight Pipes at Different Turbulence Intensity

by Leonid Plotnikov, Nikita Grigoriev, Leonid Osipov, Vladimir Slednev and Vladislav Shurupov

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7250; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197250 - 2 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1486

Abstract

The gas-dynamic and heat-exchange behaviours of air flows in gas-dynamic systems have a significant impact on the efficiency and environmental performance of most technical equipment (heat engines, power plants, heat exchangers, etc.). Therefore, it is a relevant task to obtain reliable experimental data and physical laws on the influence of cross-sectional shape and initial turbulence intensity on gas dynamics and the level of heat transfer. In this study, data were experimentally obtained on the instantaneous values of the local velocity and local heat transfer coefficients of stationary air flows in straight pipes with circular, square, and triangular cross-sections at different initial values of the turbulence intensity. The measurements were carried out with a constant temperature hot-wire anemometer, thermocouples, and pressure sensors. Based on the research results, data on the turbulence intensity and averaged local heat transfer along the length of pipes with different cross-sections were summarised. It has been established that turbulence intensity in a square pipe is up to 40% higher than in a round channel; in a triangular channel, on the contrary, it is up to 28% lower. After the air flow’s initial turbulence, the relaxation of the flow in square and triangular pipes occurs faster than in a round channel. It is found that the initial intensity of turbulence leads to an increase in the averaged local heat transfer, which is typical of all investigated pipe configurations and initial conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer)

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14 pages, 10518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Transfer during Nitrogen Boiling on Surfaces Modified by Microarc Oxidation

by Denis Kuznetsov and Aleksandr Pavlenko

Energies 2022, 15(16), 5792; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165792 - 10 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1508

Abstract

Despite the many different methods for creating modified heat transfer surfaces to increase critical heat fluxes and heat transfer coefficients at pool boiling of various liquids at given reduced pressures, active research is currently underway to find optimal surface morphology and geometric parameters of structures for practical application. In this work, we used the method of microarc oxidation (MAO) to obtain coatings with different microstructures on the surface of duralumin heaters. In the present work, we studied the effect of MAO coatings on heat transfer, critical heat flux, and evaporation dynamics during liquid nitrogen boiling under conditions of steady-state heat release at pressures of 0.1, 0.05, and 0.017 MPa. It was shown that the modification of heaters led to a 50–60% increase in heat transfer coefficients as compared to the smooth one under the atmospheric pressure. Based on the data of high-speed video filming of boiling, it was shown that the main mechanism of intensification is the increase in quantity of active nucleation sites. A significant decrease in pressure led to the absence of a significant difference in both heat transfer intensity and evaporation dynamics for the smooth and modified heaters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer)

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18 pages, 5007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Falling Film Flow and Heat Transfer of Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen on Different Structural Surfaces

by Zhihua Wan, Ping Wang, Huanying Shen and Yanzhong Li

Energies 2022, 15(14), 5040; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145040 - 10 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1540

Abstract

The accurate prediction of the falling film characteristics of cryogenic liquids is necessary to ensure good evaporation performance, due to their special physical properties. In this study, the film flow and heat transfer characteristics on four different structures were investigated, and the performance of the cryogenic liquid oxygen was compared with other fluids with higher temperatures, which demonstrates the influence of structures and liquid mediums. The VOF model was used to capture the film surface in the simulation model. The results show that for the four structures, liquids with higher kinematic viscosity tend to have greater film thickness, and the sensible heat transfer coefficients are inversely related to the nominal thermal resistance of falling film flow. Both on the smooth plate and the corrugated plate, the film wettability depends on the kinematic viscosity, rather than the dynamic viscosity, and the effect of kinematic viscosity is greater than that of surface tension. Both the local heat transfer coefficient and its fluctuation amplitude decrease gradually along the flow direction on the triangular corrugated plate, and the vortices are easier to produce at the wall troughs when the film viscosity is higher. At the bottom of the horizontal tube, the increases in local film thickness of the liquid oxygen are less than those of the water and the seawater. More liquid tends to accumulate at the bottom of the round tube, while it easily detaches from the film surface of the elliptical tube. For the horizontal tubes, the local heat transfer coefficients decrease rapidly when θ = 0–5°, and increase sharply at θ = 175–180°. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer)

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16 pages, 3697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermophysical Properties of Liquids in Not Fully Stable States—From the First Steps to the Current Trends

by Pavel Skripov

Energies 2022, 15(12), 4440; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124440 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1422

Abstract

The present article marks the 95th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir P. Skripov, author of the classic study of superheated and supercooled liquids. It presents a discussion based on the early work carried out by Skripov and his research team in Ekaterinburg during the 1950s and 1960s. Due to their pioneering nature, these works laid the foundation for the study of metastable liquid states. For various reasons, although they remain relevant to this day, these groundbreaking works remain unknown to most non-Russian-speaking readers. As well as elucidating the behavior of the heat capacity of a solution in the liquid–liquid critical region, the presented research also concerns the characteristic features of light scattering and free-convective heat transfer in the liquid–vapor critical region of a one-component system, discussing two options for the position of the superheated liquid spinodal on the phase diagram of water, including the area of supercooled states and negative pressures. The issues involved in the discussion are united by the fluctuating nature of such phenomena. Indeed, the very possibility of their experimental study is due to a significant increase in the scale of fluctuations of the corresponding quantities when approaching the critical point or spinodal. The ongoing development of the approaches proposed in these papers for solving contemporary problems in the thermophysics of superheated liquids is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer)

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18 pages, 7493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An External Ocean Thermal Energy Power Generation Modular Device for Powering Smart Float

by Hongwei Zhang, Xinghai Ma and Yanan Yang

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3747; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103747 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2018

Abstract

Smart Float is a new multi-modal underwater vehicle, a tool for ocean observation and detection, whose performance is limited by its underwater voyage distance and endurance like most underwater vehicles. The utilization of marine energy provides an ideal way to overcome these limitations. In this paper, an external ocean thermal energy power generation module is developed for Smart Float, which can be used for multiple times of energy storage and power generation and is expected to be further applied to small and medium-sized underwater vehicles. The integration of the proposed device will cause changes in the counterweight characteristic, hydrodynamic characteristic, and heat transfer characteristic of the vehicle, which are deeply analyzed in this study, and adaptive modification solutions are proposed according to the analysis results. Finally, a prototype of Smart Float integrating the proposed device was deployed in the South China Sea to perform a sea trial, to test its performance in thermal energy utilization. According to the results, the device generates 1.341 Wh in a profile diving to 700 m, with the maximum single-profile generation of 1.487 Wh, the average electrical energy of 1.368 Wh, and the hydraulic-to-electric efficiency of about 60% in the power generation stage, which verifies its excellent performance in thermal energy utilization. This study realizes the integration of thermal energy power generation modules into an underwater vehicle for the first time, exploring a new way to improve the endurance and self-sustainability of commercial underwater vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer)

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15 pages, 4593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Temporal and Spatial Evolutions of Temperature Field of Double-Pipe Freezing in Saline Stratum with a High Velocity

by Chuanxin Rong, Shicheng Sun, Hua Cheng, Yin Duan and Fan Yang

Energies 2022, 15(4), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041308 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1643

Abstract

Freezing construction in saline stratum under the action of groundwater is typical. To study the coupling effect of the groundwater velocity and salinity on the freezing in saline stratum, the freezing temperature of saline sand with different salinities was obtained through experiments. A controllable velocity double-pipe freezing physical model test system for saline sand was established. The temperature distribution in saturated saline sand under different salinities and velocities were studied. The test results showed that the temporal and spatial evolutions of the temperature field were affected by the velocity and salinity. Under the same boundary temperature, the higher the salinity, the lower the temperature at the measuring point on the main surface and interface. The overlapping time varies significantly. The analysis results showed that the larger velocity and the higher the salinity, the longer the overlapping time. The velocity and salinity inhibited the development of the frozen curtain. Under different test conditions, the development rate of the freezing curtain area was in the range of 3987–15,246 mm²/h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer)

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Review

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28 pages, 5410 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Dynamics Method for Supercritical CO₂ Heat Transfer: A Review

by Lin Chen, Yizhi Zhang, Karim Ragui, Chaofeng Hou, Jinguang Zang and Yanping Huang

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2902; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062902 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2424

Abstract

This paper reviews molecular dynamics (MD) concepts on heat transfer analysis of supercritical CO₂, and highlights the major parameters that can affect the accuracy of respective thermal coefficients. Subsequently, the prime aspects of construction, transfer identification, and thermal performance are organized according to their challenges and prospective solutions associated with the mutability of supercritical CO₂ properties. Likewise, the characteristics of bound force field schemes and thermal relaxation approaches are discussed on a case-by-case basis. Both convective and diffusive states of trans- and supercritical CO₂ are debated, given their magnitude effects on molecular interactions. Following the scarcity of literature on similar enquiries, this paper recommended a future series of studies on molecular dynamics models in a large region of supercriticality and phase-interactions for coupled heat and mass transfer systems. This review recognizes that the foremost undertaking is to ascertain the thermo-hydraulic identity of supercritical CO₂ for process feasibility of developed technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer)

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30 pages, 9994 KiB

Open AccessReview

Performance Prediction of Plate-Finned Tube Heat Exchangers for Refrigeration: A Review on Modeling and Optimization Methods

by Silvia Macchitella, Gianpiero Colangelo and Giuseppe Starace

Energies 2023, 16(4), 1948; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041948 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3560

Abstract

Finned tube heat exchangers are used in many technological applications in both civil and industrial sectors. Their large-scale use requires a design aimed at reaching high thermal efficiency as well as avoiding unnecessary waste of resources in terms of time and costs. Therefore, in the last decades, research in this area has developed considerably and numerous studies have been conducted on modeling in order to predict heat exchangers (HXs) performance and to optimize design parameters. In this paper, the main studies carried out on plate-finned tube HXs have been collected, analyzed, and summarized, classifying existing models by their scale approach (small, large, or multi-scale). In addition, the main methods of design optimization with a focus on circuitry configurations have been illustrated. Finally, future developments and research areas that need more in-depth analysis have been identified and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer)

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