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Fire
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Combustion Process, Emission Control, and Energy Generation in Internal Combustion...
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Combustion Process, Emission Control, and Energy Generation in Internal Combustion Engines

A special issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 6920

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jiaqiang E

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
Interests: combustion & micro-combustion; biodiesel combustion; micro-thermophotovoltaic power generators; after-treatment system of automotive systems; battery thermal management system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Mingzhang Pan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
Interests: intelligent control direction; artificial intelligence; intelligent energy; new energy vehicle technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The extensive use of internal combustion engines has made people's lives more convenient and has improved living standards, but the exhaust pollution generated by internal combustion engines is also a growing concern in today's society. Energy saving and emission reduction have become two of the most important methods of realizing green and sustainable development.

At the same time, with the implementation of the increasingly stringent regulations on the exhaust gas constituents, many clean-combustion and low-pollution emission control technologies have been developed in the past 30 years. Through the application of these technologies, hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM) emissions from combustion can be mitigated effectively. Currently, the combustion process, emission control and energy generation in internal combustion engines are attracting more and more attention from researchers across the world.

To promote communication between researchers, we invite them to contribute original research and review articles that will stimulate the continuing efforts to understand the combustion process, emission control and energy generation in internal combustion engines.

Prof. Dr. Jiaqiang E
Prof. Dr. Mingzhang Pan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • clean combustion technology
  • emission control technology
  • energy generation
  • internal combustion engine

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 1726 KB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Chemical Reaction Mechanisms of Ammonia-n-Heptane Mixtures: From Ignition, Oxidation, and Laminar Flame Propagation to Engine Applications
by Yongzhong Huang, Lin Lyu, Qihang Chen, Yue Chen, Junjie Liang, He Yang and Neng Zhu
Fire 2025, 8(9), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8090357 - 6 Sep 2025
Viewed by 609
Abstract
The ammonia-n-heptane reaction mechanism is essential for simulation of the in-cylinder process for diesel-ignited ammonia engines. To gain insight into the differences in predictive performance among various ammonia-n-heptane reaction mechanisms, four mechanisms were comprehensively evaluated and analyzed based on [...] Read more.
The ammonia-n-heptane reaction mechanism is essential for simulation of the in-cylinder process for diesel-ignited ammonia engines. To gain insight into the differences in predictive performance among various ammonia-n-heptane reaction mechanisms, four mechanisms were comprehensively evaluated and analyzed based on the modeling of ignition, oxidation, laminar flame propagation and in-cylinder combustion processes. The result shows that only under high ammonia blending ratios and elevated temperatures are discrepancies in predicted ignition delay times observed among the studied reaction mechanisms. Regarding the oxidation process, on the whole, the concerned mechanisms can reasonably predict concentrations of reactants and complete combustion products. However, significant discrepancies exist among the mechanisms in predicting concentrations of intermediate species and other products. For laminar burning velocity, the modeled values from the studied mechanisms are consistent with experimental results under both fuel-lean and -rich conditions. The Wang mechanism exhibits significant deviations from the other three mechanisms in predicting reaction pathways of ammonia and n-heptane. From the perspective of reaction class, the studied mechanisms are similar to each other, to some extent, in the key reactions governing consumption of ammonia and n-heptane. For the engine simulation, the predicted in-cylinder pressure and temperature profiles show minimal variations across different reaction mechanisms. In conclusion, the Fang mechanism can be selected to understand more accurately ignition, oxidation and flame characteristics of ammonia-n-heptane mixtures, while to reduce the engineering computational cost of the engine simulation, the Wang mechanism tends to be a good choice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Process, Emission Control, and Energy Generation in Internal Combustion Engines)
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22 pages, 6274 KB  
Article
Performance and Emissions Assessment of a Micro-Turbojet Engine Fueled with Jet A and Blends of Propanol, Butanol, Pentanol, Hexanol, Heptanol, and Octanol
by Grigore Cican, Valentin Silivestru, Radu Mirea, Sibel Osman, Florin Popescu, Olga Valerica Sapunaru and Razvan Ene
Fire 2025, 8(4), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8040150 - 8 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 907
Abstract
This study examines the impact of alcohol blends on the performance and emissions of aviation micro-turbojet engines. Thus, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, and octanol were tested at 10%, 20%, and 30% concentrations and mixed with Jet A, as well as with an [...] Read more.
This study examines the impact of alcohol blends on the performance and emissions of aviation micro-turbojet engines. Thus, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, and octanol were tested at 10%, 20%, and 30% concentrations and mixed with Jet A, as well as with an additional 5% heptanol blend to preserve base fuel properties, to fuel a JetCat P80 micro-turbojet. Physicochemical properties such as density, viscosity, and elemental composition were analyzed before engine testing. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from 1 kg of fuel combustion varied, with propanol yielding the lowest at 3.02 kg CO2 per kg of fuel and octanol yielding the highest at 3.22 kg CO2 per kg of fuel. The following results were obtained: alcohol blends lowered exhaust gas temperature by up to 7.5% at idle and intermediate thrust but slightly increased it at maximum power; fuel mass flow increased with alcohol concentration, peaking at 20.4% above Jet A for 30% propanol; and thrust varied from −4.92% to +7.4%. While specific fuel consumption increased by up to 12.8% for propanol, thermal efficiency declined by 1.8–5.6% and combustion efficiency remained within ±2% of Jet A. Butanol and octanol emerged as viable alternatives, balancing emissions reduction and efficiency. The results emphasize the need for an optimal trade-off between environmental impact and engine performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Process, Emission Control, and Energy Generation in Internal Combustion Engines)
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33 pages, 14926 KB  
Article
A Combined 1D/3D Method to Accurately Model Fuel Stratification in an Advanced Combustion Engine
by Adiel Sadloe, Pourya Rahnama, Ricardo Novella and Bart Somers
Fire 2025, 8(3), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8030117 - 20 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 867
Abstract
For computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of advanced combustion engines, the cylinder is usually considered a closed system in which the initial conditions are estimated based on the experimental data. Most of these approximations hinder observing the effect of design parameters on engine [...] Read more.
For computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of advanced combustion engines, the cylinder is usually considered a closed system in which the initial conditions are estimated based on the experimental data. Most of these approximations hinder observing the effect of design parameters on engine performance and emissions accurately, and most studies are limited to a few design parameters. An approach is proposed based on the combination of a 1D gas dynamic and a 3D CFD model to simulate the whole engine with as few simplifications as possible. The impact of changing the in-cylinder initial conditions, injection strategy (dual direct injection or multiple pulse injections), and piston bowl geometry on a reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine’s performance, emissions, and fuel stratification levels was investigated. It was found that applying the dual direct injection (DDI) strategy to the engine can be promising to reach higher load operations by reducing the pressure rise rate and causing stronger stratification levels. Increasing the number of injection pulses leads to lower Soot/NOx emissions. The best reduction in the pressure rise rate was found by the dual direct strategy (38.36% compared to the base experimental case) and higher exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) levels (41.83% reduction in comparison with the base experimental case). With the help of a novel piston bowl design, HC and CO emissions were reduced significantly. This resulted in a reduction of 54.58% in HC emissions and 80.22% in CO emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Process, Emission Control, and Energy Generation in Internal Combustion Engines)
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23 pages, 7923 KB  
Article
Prediction and Simulation of Biodiesel Combustion in Diesel Engines: Evaluating Physicochemical Properties, Performance, and Emissions
by Hamza Bousbaa, Noureddine Kaid, Sultan Alqahtani, Chemseddine Maatki, Khatir Naima, Younes Menni and Lioua Kolsi
Fire 2024, 7(10), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7100364 - 11 Oct 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3774
Abstract
Environmental and energy sustainability concerns have catalyzed a global transition toward renewable biofuel alternatives. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising substitute for conventional diesel in compression-ignition engines, providing compatibility without requiring modifications to engine design. A comprehensive understanding of biodiesel’s physical [...] Read more.
Environmental and energy sustainability concerns have catalyzed a global transition toward renewable biofuel alternatives. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising substitute for conventional diesel in compression-ignition engines, providing compatibility without requiring modifications to engine design. A comprehensive understanding of biodiesel’s physical properties is crucial for accurately modeling fuel spray, atomization, combustion, and emissions in diesel engines. This study focuses on predicting the physical properties of PODL20 and EB100, including liquid viscosity, density, vapor pressure, latent heat of vaporization, thermal conductivity, gas diffusion coefficients, and surface tension, all integrated into the CONVERGE CFD fuel library for improved combustion simulations. Subsequently, numerical simulations were conducted using the predicted properties of the biodiesels, validated by experimental in-cylinder pressure data. The prediction models demonstrated excellent alignment with the experimental results, confirming their accuracy in simulating spray dynamics, combustion processes, turbulence, ignition, and emissions. Notably, significant improvements in key combustion parameters, such as cylinder pressure and heat release rate, were recorded with the use of biodiesels. Specifically, the heat release rates for PODL20 and EB100 reached 165.74 J/CA and 140.08 J/CA, respectively, compared to 60.2 J/CA for conventional diesel fuel. Furthermore, when evaluating both soot and NOx emissions, EB100 displayed a more balanced performance, achieving a significant reduction in soot emissions of 34.21% alongside a moderate increase in NOx emissions of 45.5% compared to diesel fuel. In comparison to PODL20, reductions of 20.4% in soot emissions and 3% in NOx emissions were also noted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Process, Emission Control, and Energy Generation in Internal Combustion Engines)
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