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Regulation Mechanism of Autophagy in Pathogen and Pathogen-Host Interaction
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Regulation Mechanism of Autophagy in Pathogen and Pathogen-Host Interaction

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 9173

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Fucheng Lin

E-Mail
Guest Editor
College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Interests: plant pathogenic fungi; molecular interaction between plant and microbe; autophagy of pathogenic fungi
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular pathway in eukaryotes vital to a multitude of physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as stress, starvation, and microbial infection. Although there is evidence indicating that autophagy is crucial for the growth and infection-related development of plant pathogenic fungi, its regulation mechanism in the vast majority of pathogens remains obscure. A more comprehensive understanding of the regulation of autophagy in pathogens and pathogen–host interactions can provide us with a greater grasp of the biological processes of pathogens.

With this aim in mind, this Special Issue will present recent studies considering:

  1. The autophay regulation mechanism of pathogens, including macroautophagy and selective autophagy, such as mitopahgy, pexophagy, ER-phagy, and lipophagy.
  2. The triggering mechanism of autophagy in pathogens or their host.
  3. The relationship between autophagy and pathogenicity in plant pathogenic fungi.
  4. The epigenetics of the autophagy process of pathogens or their host.
  5. New autophagy regulators in pathogens or their host.

Prof. Dr. Fucheng Lin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • autophagy
  • pathogen
  • interaction
  • host
  • infection
  • regulators

Published Papers (4 papers)

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13 pages, 2938 KiB  
Article
The Amino Acid Permease MoGap1 Regulates TOR Activity and Autophagy in Magnaporthe oryzae
by Changli Huang, Lin Li, Lei Wang, Jiandong Bao, Xiaozhi Zhang, Jiongyi Yan, Jiaqi Wu, Na Cao, Jiaoyu Wang, Lili Zhao, Xiaohong Liu, Xiaoping Yu, Xueming Zhu and Fucheng Lin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(21), 13663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113663 - 7 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2781
Abstract
Rice is an important food crop all over the world. It can be infected by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which results in a significant reduction in rice yield. The infection mechanism of M. oryzae has been an academic focus for [...] Read more.
Rice is an important food crop all over the world. It can be infected by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which results in a significant reduction in rice yield. The infection mechanism of M. oryzae has been an academic focus for a long time. It has been found that G protein, AMPK, cAMP-PKA, and MPS1-MAPK pathways play different roles in the infection process. Recently, the function of TOR signaling in regulating cell growth and autophagy by receiving nutritional signals generated by plant pathogenic fungi has been demonstrated, but its regulatory mechanism in response to the nutritional signals remains unclear. In this study, a yeast amino acid permease homologue MoGap1 was identified and a knockout mutant of MoGap1 was successfully obtained. Through a phenotypic analysis, a stress analysis, autophagy flux detection, and a TOR activity analysis, we found that the deletion of MoGap1 led to a sporulation reduction as well as increased sensitivity to cell wall stress and carbon source stress in M. oryzae. The ΔMogap1 mutant showed high sensitivity to the TOR inhibitor rapamycin. A Western blot analysis further confirmed that the TOR activity significantly decreased, which improved the level of autophagy. The results suggested that MoGap1, as an upstream regulator of TOR signaling, regulated autophagy and responded to adversities such as cell wall stress by regulating the TOR activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation Mechanism of Autophagy in Pathogen and Pathogen-Host Interaction)
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13 pages, 2422 KiB  
Article
The LAMMER Kinase MoKns1 Regulates Growth, Conidiation and Pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae
by Lin Li, Xue-Ming Zhu, Jia-Qi Wu, Na Cao, Jian-Dong Bao, Xiao-Hong Liu and Fu-Cheng Lin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(15), 8104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158104 - 22 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1573
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is an important pathogen that causes a devastating disease in rice. It has been reported that the dual-specificity LAMMER kinase is conserved from yeast to animal species and has a variety of functions. However, the functions of the LAMMER kinase have [...] Read more.
Magnaporthe oryzae is an important pathogen that causes a devastating disease in rice. It has been reported that the dual-specificity LAMMER kinase is conserved from yeast to animal species and has a variety of functions. However, the functions of the LAMMER kinase have not been reported in M. oryzae. In this study, we identified the unique LAMMER kinase MoKns1 and analyzed its function in M. oryzae. We found that in a MoKNS1 deletion mutant, growth and conidiation were primarily decreased, and pathogenicity was almost completely lost. Furthermore, our results found that MoKns1 is involved in autophagy. The ΔMokns1 mutant was sensitive to rapamycin, and MoKns1 interacted with the autophagy-related protein MoAtg18. Compared with the wild-type strain 70−15, autophagy was significantly enhanced in the ΔMokns1 mutant. In addition, we also found that MoKns1 regulated DNA damage stress pathways, and the ΔMokns1 mutant was more sensitive to hydroxyurea (HU) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) compared to the wild-type strain 70−15. The expression of genes related to DNA damage stress pathways in the ΔMokns1 mutant was significantly different from that in the wild-type strain. Our results demonstrate that MoKns1 is an important pathogenic factor in M. oryzae involved in regulating autophagy and DNA damage response pathways, thus affecting virulence. This research on M. oryzae pathogenesis lays a foundation for the prevention and control of M. oryzae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation Mechanism of Autophagy in Pathogen and Pathogen-Host Interaction)
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11 pages, 1075 KiB  
Review
Regulation of Autophagy Machinery in Magnaporthe oryzae
by Nida Asif, Fucheng Lin, Lin Li, Xueming Zhu and Sehar Nawaz
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(15), 8366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158366 - 28 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2565
Abstract
Plant diseases cause substantial loss to crops all over the world, reducing the quality and quantity of agricultural goods significantly. One of the world’s most damaging plant diseases, rice blast poses a substantial threat to global food security. Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast [...] Read more.
Plant diseases cause substantial loss to crops all over the world, reducing the quality and quantity of agricultural goods significantly. One of the world’s most damaging plant diseases, rice blast poses a substantial threat to global food security. Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease, which challenges world food security by causing substantial damage in rice production annually. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved breakdown and recycling system in eukaryotes that regulate homeostasis, stress adaption, and programmed cell death. Recently, new studies found that the autophagy process plays a vital role in the pathogenicity of M. oryzae and the regulation mechanisms are gradually clarified. Here we present a brief summary of the recent advances, concentrating on the new findings of autophagy regulation mechanisms and summarize some autophagy-related techniques in rice blast fungus. This review will help readers to better understand the relationship between autophagy and the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation Mechanism of Autophagy in Pathogen and Pathogen-Host Interaction)
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12 pages, 2793 KiB  
Article
MoWhi2 Mediates Mitophagy to Regulate Conidiation and Pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae
by Shuai Meng, Jane Sadhna Jagernath, Chaoxi Luo, Huanbin Shi and Yanjun Kou
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(10), 5311; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105311 - 10 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1703
Abstract
Mitophagy refers to the specific process of degrading mitochondria, which is an important physiological process to maintain the balance of mitochondrial quantity and quality in cells. At present, the mechanisms of mitophagy in pathogenic fungi remain unclear. Magnaporthe oryzae (Syn. Pyricularia oryzae), [...] Read more.
Mitophagy refers to the specific process of degrading mitochondria, which is an important physiological process to maintain the balance of mitochondrial quantity and quality in cells. At present, the mechanisms of mitophagy in pathogenic fungi remain unclear. Magnaporthe oryzae (Syn. Pyricularia oryzae), the causal agent of rice blast disease, is responsible for the most serious disease of rice. In M. oryzae, mitophagy occurs in the foot cells and invasive hyphae to promote conidiation and infection. In this study, fluorescent observations and immunoblot analyses showed that general stress response protein MoWhi2 is required for mitophagy in M. oryzae. In addition, the activation of the autophagy, pexophagy and cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (CVT) pathway upon nitrogen starvation was determined using the GFP-MoATG8, GFP-SRL and MoAPE1-GFP strains and the ΔMowhi2 mutant in these backgrounds. The results indicated that MoWhi2 is specifically required for mitophagy in M. oryzae. Further studies showed that mitophagy in the foot cells and invasive hyphae of the ΔMowhi2 was interrupted, leading to reduced conidiation and virulence in the ΔMowhi2 mutant. Taken together, we found that MoWhi2 contributes to conidiation and invasive growth by regulating mitophagy in M. oryzae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation Mechanism of Autophagy in Pathogen and Pathogen-Host Interaction)
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