Journal of Clinical Medicine

Research

14 pages, 2218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mediation Effect of Kinesiophobia on the Relationship between Cervical Joint Position Sense and Limits of Stability in Individuals with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Mediation Analysis

by Mastour Saeed Alshahrani and Ravi Shankar Reddy

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(8), 2791; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082791 - 9 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

(1) Background: Individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) may experience proprioceptive and balance impairments. Kinesiophobia is a factor that can mediate the relationship between cervical joint position sense (JPS) and limits of stability. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the cervical [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) may experience proprioceptive and balance impairments. Kinesiophobia is a factor that can mediate the relationship between cervical joint position sense (JPS) and limits of stability. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the cervical JPS and limits of stability between FMS and asymptomatic individuals, (2) assess the relationship between cervical JPS and limits of stability, and (3) assess the mediation effect of kinesiophobia on the relationship between cervical JPS and limits of stability in FMS individuals. (2) Methods: In this comparative cross-sectional study, 100 individuals with FMS and 100 asymptomatic individuals were recruited. Cervical JPS was assessed using a cervical range of motion device, limits of stability (reaction time, maximum excursion, and direction control) were assessed using dynamic posturography, and FMS individuals’ kinesiophobia was assessed using the Tampa scale of kinesiophobia (TSK). Comparison, correlation, and mediation analyses were performed. (3) Results: The magnitude of the mean cervical joint position error (JPE) was significantly larger in FMS individuals (p < 0.001) compared to the asymptomatic individuals. The limits of the stability test showed that FMS individuals had a longer reaction time (F = 128.74) and reduced maximum excursion (F = 976.75) and direction control (F = 396.49) compared to the asymptomatic individuals. Cervical JPE showed statistically significant moderate-to-strong correlations with reaction time (r = 0.56 to 0.64, p < 0.001), maximum excursion (r = −0.71 to −0.74, p < 0.001), and direction control (r = −0.66 to −0.68, p < 0.001) parameters of the limits of the stability test. (4) Conclusions: Cervical JPS and limits of stability were impaired in FMS individuals, and the cervical JPS showed a strong relationship with limits of stability variables. Moreover, kinesiophobia mediated the relationship between JPS and limits of stability. These factors may be taken into consideration when evaluating and developing treatment strategies for FMS patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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12 pages, 1737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immediate Effects of Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization on Hydration Content in Lumbar Myofascial Tissues: A Quasi-Experiment

by Andreas Brandl, Christoph Egner, Monique Schwarze, Rüdiger Reer, Tobias Schmidt and Robert Schleip

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(3), 1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031009 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2561

Abstract

Background: Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) is thought to alter fluid dynamics in human soft tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of IASTM on the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) on the water content of the lumbar myofascial tissue. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) is thought to alter fluid dynamics in human soft tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of IASTM on the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) on the water content of the lumbar myofascial tissue. Methods: In total, 21 healthy volunteers were treated with IASTM. Before and after the procedure and 5 and 10 min later, lumbar bioimpedance was measured by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and TLF stiffness was measured by indentometry. Tissue temperature was recorded at the measurement time points using an infrared thermometer. Results: Bioimpedance increased significantly from 58.3 to 60.4 Ω (p < 0.001) at 10-min follow-up after the treatment. Temperature increased significantly from 36.3 to 36.6 °C from 5 to 10 min after treatment (p = 0.029), while lumbar myofascial stiffness did not change significantly (p = 0.84). Conclusions: After the IASTM intervention, there was a significant increase in bioimpedance, which was likely due to a decrease in water content in myofascial lumbar tissue. Further studies in a randomized control trial design are needed to extrapolate the results in healthy subjects to a symptomatic population as well and to confirm the reliability of BIA in myofascial tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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14 pages, 740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of an Exercise for Well-Being and Physical Training Programme on Muscle Strength, Range of Movement, Respiratory Capacity and Quality of Life in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Juan Rodríguez-Mansilla, Abel Mejías-Gil, Elisa María Garrido-Ardila, María Jiménez-Palomares, Jesús Montanero-Fernández and María Victoria González-López-Arza

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(3), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030774 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2459

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an active exercise physiotherapy programme versus an exercise for well-being programme improving muscle strength, range of movement, respiratory capacity and quality of life of women with fibromyalgia. A randomized, assessor-blind, controlled trial [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an active exercise physiotherapy programme versus an exercise for well-being programme improving muscle strength, range of movement, respiratory capacity and quality of life of women with fibromyalgia. A randomized, assessor-blind, controlled trial was conducted. A total of 141 women diagnosed with fibromyalgia were randomized to a physiotherapy exercise group (n = 47), an exercise for well-being group (n = 47) and a control group (n = 47). The study lasted 4 weeks and the experimental groups received 45 min sessions performed twice a week on alternate days. The primary outcome measures were range of movement and muscle strength. The secondary outcome measures were respiratory capacity and quality of life. The results showed statistically significant improvements in the exercise for well-being and physiotherapy groups vs. the control group at week 5 in relation to joint range of movement (p = 0.004), muscle strength (p = 0.003) and quality of life (p = 0.002). The changes found in all the spirometry parameters seem to be associated to some of the changes in joint range of movement and muscle strength as well as quality of life. Physiotherapy and exercise for well-being improved upper limb and lower limb range of movement and the muscle strength of women with fibromyalgia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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20 pages, 3503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Fu’s Subcutaneous Needling in Treating Soft Tissue Pain of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Po-En Chiu, Zhonghua Fu, Jian Sun, Guan-Wei Jian, Te-Mao Li and Li-Wei Chou

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(23), 7184; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237184 - 2 Dec 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3006

Abstract

Purpose: Fu’s subcutaneous needling (FSN) is a new acupuncture technique that produces a long-lasting effect in soft-tissue injuries. In patients with degenerative knee osteoarthritis (OA), myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are common in the lower-limb muscles. In this randomized clinical trial, we evaluated the [...] Read more.

Purpose: Fu’s subcutaneous needling (FSN) is a new acupuncture technique that produces a long-lasting effect in soft-tissue injuries. In patients with degenerative knee osteoarthritis (OA), myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are common in the lower-limb muscles. In this randomized clinical trial, we evaluated the immediate, 1-week and 2-week effectiveness of FSN therapy in the treatment of degenerative knee OA. Patients and methods: We randomly divided 32 patients with knee OA into the FSN group (mean age: 65.73 ± 6.79 years) or the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) group (mean age: 62.81 ± 5.72 years). The pressure pain threshold (PPT) and tissue hardness (TH) of the muscle and tendon attachment sites, knee range of motion, and physical ability (average walking speed) were measured. The subjective pain intensity index, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index (WOMAC), and Lequesne index were used to determine the efficacy of FSN on MTrP-induced soft-tissue pain compared with that of TENS. Results: A significantly greater improvement in pain qualities in the VAS (p < 0.05) was found in the FSN group. Moreover, in muscle and tendon qualities (including PPT and TH), a significant difference in the PPT of the quadriceps muscle (p < 0.05) was also observed among the immediate treatments in the FSN group. As for the functional index questionnaire assessment, the FSN group exhibited significant improvements among the immediate, 1-week and 2-week efficacies in terms of WOMAC (p < 0.05) and Lequesne index scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: FSN was effective in treating soft-tissue pain in degenerative knee OA in terms of alleviating pain, strengthening walking ability, and improving overall functional performance. Pain relief was the primary benefit of FSN and a significant correlation between pain relief and knee joint mobility improvement was found. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System (registration number: NCT04356651). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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22 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of a Single Instrument-Assisted Manual Therapy (IAMT) for the Lower Back on the Structural and Functional Properties of the Dorsal Myofascial Chain in Female Soccer Players: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Patrick Weber, Werner Klingler, Robert Schleip, Nadine Weber and Christine Joisten

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(23), 7110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237110 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2855

Abstract

Background: Instrument-assisted manual therapy (IAMT) is indicated to improve flexibility, reduce pain, and induce hyperaemia locally and along myofascial chains. The underlying effects are largely unclear. This randomised, placebo-controlled pilot study aimed to gain first insights into these effects, primarily on the structural [...] Read more.

Background: Instrument-assisted manual therapy (IAMT) is indicated to improve flexibility, reduce pain, and induce hyperaemia locally and along myofascial chains. The underlying effects are largely unclear. This randomised, placebo-controlled pilot study aimed to gain first insights into these effects, primarily on the structural level, through ultrasonography. Methods: 67 healthy female soccer players aged 20.9 (±3.9) years were examined after right lumbar intervention (IAMT: intervention group (IG), heat application: comparison group (CG), pressure-less placebo: placebo group (PG)). Ultrasonography (absolute movement and shear motion), flexibility tests (passive straight leg raise test (PSLR), lumbar and thoracic double inclinometry), and superficial skin temperature were recorded before (t0), immediately (t1) and 45 min after the intervention (t2). Results: IAMT decreased the absolute mobility of the superficial lamina and its shear motion to the superficial fascia compared with the PG (t1; p < 0.05). PSLR improved in the IG compared with the CG (t2) and PG (t1, t2; p < 0.05). The temperature increased in the IG and CG compared with the PG (t1, t2) and in the CG compared with the IG (t1; p < 0.05). Conclusion: IAMT of the lumbar back briefly reduces absolute mobility of the superficial lamina and its shear motion to the superficial fascia, improves flexibility, and increases the temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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14 pages, 3274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dry Needling of the Popliteus Muscle Validation by Ultrasound Imaging: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

by José-Ignacio De-Arriba-Agre, Carmen García-Mulas, Sara Grigelmo-Hernández, Jose-Jesús Jiménez-Rejano, Samuel Fernández-Carnero, Fermin Naranjo-Cinto, Daniel Pecos-Martín and Susana Nunez-Nagy

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(21), 6409; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216409 - 29 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2603

Abstract

Dry needling is a widely used technique for the treatment of painful syndromes in the musculature, however, its usefulness is of greater relevance in deep structures, such as the popliteus muscle, as it is more difficult to access. This muscle is heavily involved [...] Read more.

Dry needling is a widely used technique for the treatment of painful syndromes in the musculature, however, its usefulness is of greater relevance in deep structures, such as the popliteus muscle, as it is more difficult to access. This muscle is heavily involved in knee pathology, being a source of pain and functional impairment, especially secondary to underlying pathologies. The method selected for the observation and study of the soft tissues, by means of imaging tests that do not use ionising radiation, is ultrasound. A cross-sectional observational study is proposed. It will be carried out in a healthy population, during the years 2021 and 2022, observing, by ultrasound, the results of the popliteal puncture technique, recorded by Mayoral del Moral et al. A popliteus muscle needle reach of 92% was achieved with this technique, in 48 of 50 patients. The results of the present cross-sectional observational study in living subjects, support that the popliteal puncture, described by Mayoral et al. is a reliable and safe approach, when performed with a 0.30 × 50 mm needle, and no adverse reactions or punctures of the vascular-nerve structures have been reported during the interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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12 pages, 1313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Rolfing Structural Integration on Active Range of Motion: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Andreas Brandl, Katja Bartsch, Helen James, Marilyn E. Miller and Robert Schleip

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(19), 5878; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195878 - 5 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4546

Abstract

Background: Recent work has investigated significant force transmission between the components of myofascial chains. Misalignments in the body due to fascial thickening and shortening can therefore lead to complex compensatory patterns. For the treatment of such nonlinear cause–effect pathology, comprehensive neuromusculoskeletal therapy such [...] Read more.

Background: Recent work has investigated significant force transmission between the components of myofascial chains. Misalignments in the body due to fascial thickening and shortening can therefore lead to complex compensatory patterns. For the treatment of such nonlinear cause–effect pathology, comprehensive neuromusculoskeletal therapy such as the Rolf Method of Structural Integration (SI) could be targeted. Methods: A total of 727 subjects were retrospectively screened from the medical records of an SI practice over a 23-year period. A total of 383 subjects who had completed 10 basic SI sessions met eligibility criteria and were assessed for active range of motion (AROM) of the shoulder and hip before and after SI treatment. Results: Shoulder flexion, external and internal rotation, and hip flexion improved significantly (all p < 0.0001) after 10 SI sessions. Left shoulder flexion and external rotation of both shoulders increased more in men than in women (p < 0.0001) but were not affected by age. Conclusions: An SI intervention could produce multiple changes in the components of myofascial chains that could help maintain upright posture in humans and reduce inadequate compensatory patterns. SI may also affect differently the outcome of some AROM parameters in women and men. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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12 pages, 2035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability of a New Indentometer Device for Measuring Myofascial Tissue Stiffness

by Virginija Koch and Jan Wilke

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(17), 5194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175194 - 1 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2540

Abstract

Changes in tissue stiffness are associated with pathological conditions such as myofascial pain and increased risk of muscle injury. Furthermore, they have been shown to modify performance indicators such as running economy or jump height. Indentometry is an affordable way to assess tissue [...] Read more.

Changes in tissue stiffness are associated with pathological conditions such as myofascial pain and increased risk of muscle injury. Furthermore, they have been shown to modify performance indicators such as running economy or jump height. Indentometry is an affordable way to assess tissue stiffness. However, to date, there is a paucity of studies examining the measurement properties of available devices. With this trial, we aimed to evaluate the reliability of the “IndentoPro”. Two investigators repeatedly measured the stiffness of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle in healthy participants (N = 35), using 5 and 10 mm indentation depths. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) revealed moderate inter-rater reliability (5 mm: ICC_3,1 0.74, 95%CI = 0.54 to 0.86, p < 0.001; 10 mm: ICC_3,1 0.59, 95%CI = 0.27 to 0.78, p < 0.001) and good intra-rater reliability (5 mm: ICC_3,1 0.84, 95%CI = 0.71 to 0.92, p < 0.001; 10 mm: ICC_3,1 0.83, 95%CI = 0.69 to 0.91, p < 0.001). No correlations between age, height, weight, BMI, skinfold thickness and myofascial tissue stiffness were observed (p > 0.5). In conclusion, the IndentoPro is reliable in assessing calf tissue stiffness, but the predictors of stiffness remain unclear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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6 pages, 214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Symptomatic Joint Hypermobility Is Associated with Low Back Pain: A National Adolescents Cohort Study

by Oded Hershkovich, Barak Gordon, Estela Derazne, Dorit Tzur, Arnon Afek and Raphael Lotan

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(17), 5105; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175105 - 30 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1752

Abstract

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a widespread medical complaint affecting many people worldwide and costing billions. Studies suggest a link between LBP and joint hypermobility. This study aimed to examine the association between symptomatic joint hypermobility (SJH), LBP, and gender. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a widespread medical complaint affecting many people worldwide and costing billions. Studies suggest a link between LBP and joint hypermobility. This study aimed to examine the association between symptomatic joint hypermobility (SJH), LBP, and gender. Methods: Data were obtained from a medical database containing 17-year-old candidates’ records before recruitment into mandatory military service. According to the Regulations of Medical Fitness Determination, information on disability codes associated with LBP and SJH was retrieved. Results: According to this national survey, the prevalence of SJH is 0.11% (1355 cases out of 1,220,073 subjects). LBP was identified in 3.7% of the cohort (44,755 subjects). Subjects were further subdivided into LBP without objective findings (LBPWF) (3.5%) and LBP with objective findings (LBPOF) (0.2%). The association between SJH and LBP was examined: the Odds Ratio (OR) was 2.912 (p < 0.0001). The odds rations for LBPWF and LBPOF were further calculated to be 2.914 (p < 0.000) and 2.876 (p < 0.000), respectively. Subjects with SJH were almost three times more prone to LBPWF and LBPOF. Conclusion: SJH is strongly associated with LBP in young adults. Further pathophysiological research is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

11 pages, 1775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fascial Manipulation Method Is Effective in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain, but the Treatment Protocol Matters: A Randomised Control Trial—Preliminary Report

by Mateusz Pawlukiewicz, Michał Kochan, Paweł Niewiadomy, Katarzyna Szuścik-Niewiadomy, Jakub Taradaj, Piotr Król and Michał T. Kuszewski

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(15), 4546; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154546 - 4 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4052

Abstract

Background: There are many therapeutic methods targeting fascia. However, the only method whose basic assumption is to eliminate the densification of fascia is Fascial Manipulation. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of various Fascial Manipulation (FM) protocols in reducing myofascial pain. Design: Randomized control [...] Read more.

Background: There are many therapeutic methods targeting fascia. However, the only method whose basic assumption is to eliminate the densification of fascia is Fascial Manipulation. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of various Fascial Manipulation (FM) protocols in reducing myofascial pain. Design: Randomized control trial. Subjects: A total of 54 individuals, aged 18–29 years, with musculoskeletal pain for at least 1 week. Methods: The patients were divided into four groups subjected to different treatment protocols: group 1—underwent the standard FM treatment protocol (STP), group 2—modified protocol (MTP), group 3—modified protocol 2 (MTP2), and the control group (CG)—did not undergo any therapy. Each protocol involved three treatments at intervals of 7–10 days and a follow-up examination after 30 days. The outcome was pain level measured using the VAS. Results: In the STP, all the measurements showed a significant decrease in pain level—the mean difference was 2.077 after the first treatment, 3.462 after the third treatment and 3.385 in the follow-up. In the MTP, a significant mean difference was noted after the third treatment, 3, and in the follow up, 2.4. In the MTP2, it was noted after the third session, 2, and in the follow up, 2.25. Only the CG group did not display significant changes. Conclusions: FM-based therapy results in pain relief. However, there are differences in the dynamics and durability of the results depending on the chosen protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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12 pages, 3432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for Pediatric Conditions: An Update of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Pawel Posadzki, Bhone Myint Kyaw, Arkadiusz Dziedzic and Edzard Ernst

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(15), 4455; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154455 - 30 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5934

Abstract

Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) continues to be used for a range of diseases in children. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to update our previous systematic review (SR) initially published in 2013 by critically evaluating the evidence for or against this treatment. [...] Read more.

Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) continues to be used for a range of diseases in children. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to update our previous systematic review (SR) initially published in 2013 by critically evaluating the evidence for or against this treatment. Methods: Eleven databases were searched (January 2012 to November 2021). Study selection and data extraction: Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of OMT in pediatric patients compared with any type of controls were considered. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used. In addition, the quality of the evidence was rated using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria, as recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration. Results: Thirteen trials met the eligibility criteria, of which four could be subjected to a meta-analysis. The findings show that, in preterm infants, OMT has little or no effect on reducing the length of hospital stay (standardized mean difference (SMD) −0.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.44 to 0.39; very low certainty of evidence) when compared with usual care alone. Only one study (8.3%) was judged to have a low risk of bias and showed no effects of OMT on improving exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month. The methodological quality of RCTs published since 2013 has improved. However, adverse effects remain poorly reported. Conclusions: The quality of the primary trials of OMT has improved during recent years. However, the quality of the totality of the evidence remains low or very low. Therefore, the effectiveness of OMT for selected pediatric populations remains unproven. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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15 pages, 3334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prolonged Sitting Causes Leg Discomfort in Middle Aged Adults: Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity, Calf Circumference, and Discomfort Questionaries

by Kumiko Okino, Mitsuhiro Aoki, Masahiro Yamane, Yoshiaki Kataoka, Asami Nitta and Chikashi Kohmura

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(14), 4024; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144024 - 12 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3753

Abstract

Introduction: Prolonged sitting causes leg discomfort. We evaluated shear wave velocity (SWV) of leg muscles, leg circumference, and leg discomfort associated with 2 h sitting. Methods: Twenty-one middle-aged men and 19 middle-aged women participated in the study. SWV and leg circumference was measured [...] Read more.

Introduction: Prolonged sitting causes leg discomfort. We evaluated shear wave velocity (SWV) of leg muscles, leg circumference, and leg discomfort associated with 2 h sitting. Methods: Twenty-one middle-aged men and 19 middle-aged women participated in the study. SWV and leg circumference was measured just after sitting, 60 min, 120 min, and after 3 min of leg raising. Leg discomfort was assessed before sitting and 120 min. Results: SWV was significantly greater in men than women and increased over time, and decreased with leg raising. The percentage increase in lower leg circumference was significantly greater in women than in men, and it increased over time. Leg discomfort significantly increased after 120 min in both men and women. Discussions: Because SWV is proportional to an increase in intramuscular compartment pressure in the lower leg, intramuscular compartment pressure increased over time with sitting and decreased with leg raising. Considering the changes in SWV and leg circumference, it was inferred that prolonged sitting causes an increase in intramuscular compartment pressure and intravascular blood volume, as well as an increase in water content in the leg subcutaneous tissue. Leg discomfort was estimated to be due to increased intra-leg fluid. Brief leg raising may resolve leg edema and discomfort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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14 pages, 1948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endogenous Pain Modulation in Response to a Single Session of Percutaneous Electrolysis in Healthy Population: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial

by Sergio Varela-Rodríguez, José Luis Sánchez-Sánchez, Enrique Velasco, Miguel Delicado-Miralles and Juan Luis Sánchez-González

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(10), 2889; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102889 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2352

Abstract

The purpose of this double-blinded randomized controlled trial was to investigate whether percutaneous electrolysis (PE) is able to activate endogenous pain modulation and whether its effects are dependent on the dosage of the galvanic current. A total of 54 asymptomatic subjects aged 18–40 [...] Read more.

The purpose of this double-blinded randomized controlled trial was to investigate whether percutaneous electrolysis (PE) is able to activate endogenous pain modulation and whether its effects are dependent on the dosage of the galvanic current. A total of 54 asymptomatic subjects aged 18–40 years were randomized into three groups, receiving a single ultrasound-guided PE intervention that consisted of a needle insertion on the lateral epicondyle tendon: sham (without electrical current), low-intensity (0.3 mA, 90 s), and high-intensity (three pulses of 3 mA, 3 s). Widespread pressure pain thresholds (PPT), conditioned pain modulation (CPM), and temporal summation (TS) were assessed in the elbow, shoulder, and leg before and immediately after the intervention. Both high and low intensity PE protocols produced an increase in PPT in the shoulder compared to sham (p = 0.031 and p = 0.027). The sham group presented a significant decrease in the CPM (p = 0.006), and this finding was prevented in PE groups (p = 0.043 and p = 0.025). In addition, high-intensity PE decreased TS respect to sham in the elbow (p = 0.047) and both PE groups reduced TS in the leg (p = 0.036 and p = 0.020) without significant differences compared to sham (p = 0.512). Consequently, a single PE intervention modulated pain processing in local and widespread areas, implying an endogenous pain modulation. The pain processing effect was independent of the dosage administrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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18 pages, 2064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Manual Therapy Compared to Ibuprofen on Primary Dysmenorrhea in Young Women—Concentration Assessment of C-Reactive Protein, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Prostaglandins and Sex Hormones

by Zofia Barcikowska, Magdalena Emilia Grzybowska, Piotr Wąż, Marta Jaskulak, Monika Kurpas, Maksymilian Sotomski, Małgorzata Starzec-Proserpio, Elżbieta Rajkowska-Labon, Rita Hansdorfer-Korzon and Katarzyna Zorena

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(10), 2686; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102686 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4086

Abstract

Background: The study aimed to assess if manual therapy, compared to ibuprofen, impacts the concentration of inflammatory factors, sex hormones, and dysmenorrhea in young women Methods: Thirty-five women, clinically diagnosed with dysmenorrhea, were included in the study. They were divided into group A—manual [...] Read more.

Background: The study aimed to assess if manual therapy, compared to ibuprofen, impacts the concentration of inflammatory factors, sex hormones, and dysmenorrhea in young women Methods: Thirty-five women, clinically diagnosed with dysmenorrhea, were included in the study. They were divided into group A—manual therapy (n = 20) and group B—ibuprofen therapy (n = 15). Inflammatory factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-reactive protein (CRP), prostaglandin F2α (PGF_2α), E2 (PGE2) and sex hormones levels were measured. Dysmenorrhea assessed with the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), myofascial trigger points, and muscle flexibility were examined before and after the interventions. Results: The difference in the level of 17-β-estradiol after manual and ibuprofen therapy was significant, as compared to baseline (p = 0.036). Progesterone levels decreased in group A (p = 0.002) and B (p = 0.028). The level of CRP was negatively correlated with sex hormones. Decrease in dysmenorrhea was significant in both groups (group A p = 0.016, group B p = 0.028). Non-significant differences were reported in prostaglandins, VEGF and CRP levels, in both groups. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in CRP, prostaglandins and VEGF factors after manual or ibuprofen therapy. It has been shown that both manual therapy and ibuprofen can decrease progesterone levels. Manual therapy had a similar effect on the severity of dysmenorrhea as ibuprofen, but after manual therapy, unlike after ibuprofen, less muscles with dysfunction were detected in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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10 pages, 781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Silico Finite Element Modeling of Stress Distribution in Osteosynthesis after Pertrochanteric Fractures

by Jacek Lorkowski and Mieczyslaw Pokorski

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(7), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11071885 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2395

Abstract

A stabilization method of pertrochanteric femur fractures is a contentious issue. Here, we assess the feasibility of rapid in silico 2D finite element modeling (FEM) to predict the distribution of stresses arising during the two most often used stabilization methods: gamma nail fixation [...] Read more.

A stabilization method of pertrochanteric femur fractures is a contentious issue. Here, we assess the feasibility of rapid in silico 2D finite element modeling (FEM) to predict the distribution of stresses arising during the two most often used stabilization methods: gamma nail fixation (GNF) and dynamic hip screw (DHS). The modeling was based on standard pre-surgery radiographs of hip joints of 15 patients with pertrochanteric fractures of type A1, A2, and A3 according to the AO/OTA classification. The FEM showed that the stresses were similar for both GNF and DHS, with the medians ranging between 53–60 MPa and consistently lower for A1 than A3 fractures. Stresses also appeared in the fixation materials being about two-fold higher for GNF. Given similar bone stresses caused by both GNF and DHS but shorter surgery time, less extensive dissection, and faster patient mobilization, we submit that the GNF stabilization appears to be the most optimal system for pertrochanteric fractures. In silico FEM appears a viable perioperative method that helps predict the distribution of compressive stresses after osteosynthesis of pertrochanteric fractures. The promptness of modeling fits well into the rigid time framework of hip fracture surgery and may help optimize the fixation procedure for the best outcome. The study extends the use of FEM in complex orthopedic management. However, further datasets are required to firmly position the FEM in the treatment of pertrochanteric fractures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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12 pages, 1445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Test-Retest Reliability of Ultrasonographic Measurements from the Rectus Femoris Muscle 1–5 Years after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Legs: An Observational, Case-Control Study

by Jorge Buelga-Suarez, Pablo Alba-Martin, Nicolas Cuenca-Zaldívar, María García-Escudero, Pilar Bierge-Sanclemente, Jaime Almazán-Polo, Samuel Fernández-Carnero and Daniel Pecos-Martín

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(7), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11071867 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2725

Abstract

About 40% of traumatic injuries in sports are related to the knee. Of these, 33% require arthroscopic surgery. The rehabilitative ultrasound imaging technique is a simple method to obtain objective real-time results on the state and measurement of the musculoskeletal tissue and its [...] Read more.

About 40% of traumatic injuries in sports are related to the knee. Of these, 33% require arthroscopic surgery. The rehabilitative ultrasound imaging technique is a simple method to obtain objective real-time results on the state and measurement of the musculoskeletal tissue and its use can represent an important change in the process of functional diagnosis and recovery of these injuries. The aim was to quantify the differences in the thickness, muscle contraction time, and muscle relaxation time of the rectus femoris muscle between individuals with knee arthroscopy and healthy individuals and to verify the reliability of the inter-examiner measurements in these ultrasound variables. An observational case-control study with individuals (18–60 years aged) who underwent surgery for anterior cruciate ligament through knee arthroscopy a year or more before. A total of 38 subjects were divided into 2 groups, case and control. Ultrasound measurements were taken of the following outcomes: thickness at rest and contraction, muscle contraction time, and muscle relaxation time of the rectus femoris muscle. Excellent inter-examiner reliability was obtained for all ultrasound measurements (ICC3.3 > 0.90). No significant changes were found in the rate of contraction or rest of the rectus femoris muscle. On the other hand, if significant changes in the thickness of the rectus femoris muscle were found between control and case group. Arthroscopic surgery for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction does not appear to modify function but does modify the thickness of the rectus femoris muscle on ultrasound examination. Ultrasound appears to be a reliable tool for the study of these measurements in the rectus femoris muscle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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12 pages, 1098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Exercise on Postneedling Soreness: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Nicola Sante Diciolla, Celia Pérez-Clemente, Marta Cámara-Caballero, Alberto Matienzo-Barreto, Alba Real-Rodríguez and María Torres-Lacomba

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(23), 5527; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235527 - 25 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2240

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of concentric, eccentric, and isometric exercise protocols on the postneedling soreness (PNS) after the dry needling (DN) of latent myofascial trigger points (MTrP) in the medial gastrocnemius muscle. A randomized clinical trial was carried out. Volunteers, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of concentric, eccentric, and isometric exercise protocols on the postneedling soreness (PNS) after the dry needling (DN) of latent myofascial trigger points (MTrP) in the medial gastrocnemius muscle. A randomized clinical trial was carried out. Volunteers, ≥18 years old, with a latent MTrP in the medial gastrocnemius muscle were included. Subjects with contraindications to DN, active MTrPs, and/or other treatments in MTrPs in the 3 months prior to recruitment were excluded. A total of 69 participants were randomly allocated to four groups, where post-DN intervention consisted of an eccentric, concentric, or isometric exercise, or no exercise, and they were assessed for PNS intensity (visual analog scale (pVAS)), pressure pain threshold (PPT, analog algometer), pain intensity (nVAS), and local twitch responses (LTRs) during DN, as well as demographics and anthropometrics. The mixed-model analyses of variance showed significant interaction between time and pVAS, and between time and PPT (p < 0.001). While the multivariate test confirmed that PNS and PPT improved over time within each group, specifically between 6–12 h post-intervention, the post hoc analyses did not show significant differences between groups. The mixed-model analyses of covariance showed a significant nVAS effect (p < 0.01) on PNS decrease, and some effect of the LTRs (p < 0.01) and sex (p = 0.08) on PPT changes. All groups improved PNS and PPT, but none of them showed a greater improvement above the others. The most dramatic decrease was observed between 6–12 h post-exercise, although concentric and eccentric exercise had an effect immediately after the intervention. Between all potential modifiers, pain during DN significantly influenced PNS progression, while LTRs and sex seemed to determine PPT course over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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9 pages, 1164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Pain within Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy R9 and Implications for Other Degenerative Diseases

by Mark Richardson, Anna Mayhew, Robert Muni-Lofra, Lindsay B. Murphy and Volker Straub

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(23), 5517; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235517 - 25 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2039

Abstract

Our primary aim was to establish the prevalence of pain within limb girdle muscular dystrophy R9 (LGMDR9). As part of the Global FKRP Registry, patients are asked to complete the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) annually. We used the results of this [...] Read more.

Our primary aim was to establish the prevalence of pain within limb girdle muscular dystrophy R9 (LGMDR9). As part of the Global FKRP Registry, patients are asked to complete the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) annually. We used the results of this questionnaire to determine individuals’ maximum pain score and total pain score and examined overall pain intensity and associations between pain intensity and LGMDR9 genotypes, age, and ambulatory status. We also considered the pain descriptors used and pain progression over time. Of the 502 patients, 87% reported current pain and 25% reported severe current pain. We found no associations in pain severity between the different genotypes of LGMDR9. However, we did find statistically significant associations between pain severity and ambulatory status and between our paediatric and adult populations. We found pain descriptors to be more common words that one may associate with non-neural pain, and we found that a significant number of individuals (69%) reported a fluctuating pain pattern over time. We concluded that pain should be considered a significant issue among individuals with LGMDR9 requiring management. Implications regarding assessment of pain for other degenerative diseases are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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17 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expert Consensus on the Contraindications and Cautions of Foam Rolling—An International Delphi Study

by Katja Martina Bartsch, Christian Baumgart, Jürgen Freiwald, Jan Wilke, Gunda Slomka, Sascha Turnhöfer, Christoph Egner, Matthias W. Hoppe, Werner Klingler and Robert Schleip

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(22), 5360; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225360 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5086

Abstract

Background: Foam rolling is a type of self-massage using tools such as foam or roller sticks. However, to date, there is no consensus on contraindications and cautions of foam rolling. A methodological approach to narrow that research gap is to obtain reliable opinions [...] Read more.

Background: Foam rolling is a type of self-massage using tools such as foam or roller sticks. However, to date, there is no consensus on contraindications and cautions of foam rolling. A methodological approach to narrow that research gap is to obtain reliable opinions of expert groups. The aim of the study was to develop experts’ consensus on contraindications and cautions of foam rolling by means of a Delphi process. Methods: An international three-round Delphi study was conducted. Academic experts, defined as having (co-) authored at least one PubMed-listed paper on foam rolling, were invited to participate. Rounds 1 and 2 involved generation and rating of a list of possible contraindications and cautions of foam rolling. In round 3, participants indicated their agreement on contraindications and cautions for a final set of conditions. Consensus was evaluated using a priori defined criteria. Consensus on contraindications and cautions was considered as reached if more than 70% of participating experts labeled the respective item as contraindication and contraindication or caution, respectively, in round 3. Results: In the final Delphi process round, responses were received from 37 participants. Panel participants were predominantly sports scientists (n = 21), physiotherapists (n = 6), and medical professionals (n = 5). Consensus on contraindications was reached for open wounds (73% agreement) and bone fractures (84%). Consensus on cautions was achieved for local tissue inflammation (97%), deep vein thrombosis (97%), osteomyelitis (94%), and myositis ossificans (92%). The highest impact/severity of an adverse event caused by contraindication/cautions was estimated for bone fractures, deep vein thrombosis, and osteomyelitis. Discussion: The mechanical forces applied through foam rolling can be considered as potential threats leading to adverse events in the context of the identified contraindications and cautions. Further evaluations by medical professionals as well as the collection of clinical data are needed to assess the risks of foam rolling and to generate guidance for different applications and professional backgrounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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17 pages, 408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Median Nerve Neural Mobilization Adds No Additional Benefit When Combined with Cervical Lateral Glide in the Treatment of Neck Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Daniel Martin-Vera, Josué Fernández-Carnero, David Rodríguez-Sanz, Cesar Calvo-Lobo, Ibai López-de-Uralde-Villanueva, Alberto Arribas-Romano, Pedro Martínez-Lozano and Daniel Pecos-Martín

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(21), 5178; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215178 - 5 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3802

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cervical lateral glide (CLG) added to median nerve neural mobilization (MNNM) in patients with neck pain (NP). Methods: A single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out in a Pain Management Unit from a [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cervical lateral glide (CLG) added to median nerve neural mobilization (MNNM) in patients with neck pain (NP). Methods: A single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out in a Pain Management Unit from a Hospital. A total sample of 72 patients with NP was recruited from a hospital. Patients were randomized to receive isolated CLG (n = 36) or CLG + MNNM (n = 36). Bilateral elbow extension range of motion (ROM) on upper limb neurodynamic test 1 (ULNT1), bilateral pressure pain thresholds (PPT) on the median nerve at elbow joint, C₆ zygapophyseal joint and tibialis anterior, Visual analogue scale (VAS), body chart distribution of pain, active cervical ROM (CROM), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) were measured at baseline as well as immediately, 15 days, and 1 month after treatment. Results: There were no statistically significant interactions (p > 0.05) between treatment and time for median nerve mechanosensitivity outcomes, pain intensity, symptom distribution, and PPT of the widespread pain assessment, as well as cervical function, and kinesiophobia. Conclusions: MNNM gave no additional benefit to CLG in patients with NP regarding pain intensity, symptom distribution, mechanosensitivity, functionality, and kinesiophobia. Only two treatment sessions and the short follow-up are important issues, therefore, justifying further studies to answer the research question with better methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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9 pages, 1889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immediate Effects of Kinesio Taping on Rectus Abdominis Diastasis in Postpartum Women—Preliminary Report

by Lucyna Ptaszkowska, Justyna Gorecka, Malgorzata Paprocka-Borowicz, Karolina Walewicz, Slawomir Jarzab, Marta Majewska-Pulsakowska, Joanna Gorka-Dynysiewicz, Anna Jenczura and Kuba Ptaszkowski

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(21), 5043; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215043 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6137

Abstract

Background: Rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD) is an excessive divarication of the rectus abdominis muscle with concurrent stretching and thinning of the linea alba, which occurs due to mechanical and functional disturbances in the anterior abdominal wall and the whole body. The primary objective [...] Read more.

Background: Rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD) is an excessive divarication of the rectus abdominis muscle with concurrent stretching and thinning of the linea alba, which occurs due to mechanical and functional disturbances in the anterior abdominal wall and the whole body. The primary objective of this study is a palpation assessment of RAD in postpartum women before and after the application of KT tapes and a subsequent comparison of the results with those from a sham intervention group. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted in the Physical Therapy Department at Wroclaw Medical University. The participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the KT group (intervention), in which KT tapes were applied (48 h intervention) and the sham KT group (control, sham intervention), in which non-stretch tapes were used (cloth surgical tape, 48 h intervention). In all participants, a palpation assessment of RAD was conducted and the inter-recti distance was measured using a digital caliper at three sites: at the umbilicus and 4.5 cm above and below it. Measurements were taken before and after the intervention. Results: The gathered results show a statistically significant reduction in rectus abdominis diastasis at each of the observed sites after the application of KT tapes in the intervention group (p < 0.05). In the intergroup comparison, a statistically significantly lower RAD (at umbilicus) was found after the intervention (p = 0.005) in KT group. Conclusions: the application of KT tapes using the corrective technique can contribute to reducing RAD in women up to 12 months after delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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11 pages, 2045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Randomised-Controlled Clinical Study Examining the Effect of High-Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) on the Management of Painful Calcaneal Spur with Plantar Fasciitis

by Piotr Tkocz, Tomasz Matusz, Łukasz Kosowski, Karolina Walewicz, Łukasz Argier, Michał Kuszewski, Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska, Kuba Ptaszkowski, Robert Dymarek and Jakub Taradaj

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(21), 4891; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214891 - 23 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4316

Abstract

Calcaneal spur and plantar fasciitis are the most common causes of plantar heel pain. There are many effective physical modalities for treating this musculoskeletal disorder. So far, the are no clear recommendations confirming the clinical utility of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) in the [...] Read more.

Calcaneal spur and plantar fasciitis are the most common causes of plantar heel pain. There are many effective physical modalities for treating this musculoskeletal disorder. So far, the are no clear recommendations confirming the clinical utility of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) in the management of painful calcaneal spur with plantar fasciitis. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of HILT in pain management in patients with calcaneal spur and plantar fasciitis. A group of 65 patients was assessed for eligibility based on the CONSORT guidelines. This study was prospectively registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry platform (registration number ACTRN12618000744257, 3 May 2018). The main eligibility criteria were: cancer, pregnancy, electronic and metal implants, acute infections, impaired blood coagulation, cardiac arrhythmias, taking analgesic or anti-inflammatory medications, non-experience of heel pain, or presence of other painful foot conditions. Finally, 60 patients were randomly assigned into two groups: study group (n = 30, mean age 59.9 ± 10.1), treated with HILT (7 W, 149.9 J/cm², 1064 nm, 4496 J, 12 min), and placebo-controlled group (n = 30, mean age 60.4 ± 11.9), treated with sham HILT therapy. Both groups received ultrasound treatments (0.8 W/cm², 1 MHz frequency, 100% load factor, 5 min). Treatment procedures were performed once a day, five times per week for three weeks (total of 15 treatment sessions). Study outcomes focused on pain intensity and were assessed before (M1) and after (M2) the treatment as well as after 4 (M3) and 12 (M4) weeks using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Laitinen Pain Scale (LPS). According to VAS, a statistically significant decrease in the study group was observed between M1 and M2 by 3.5 pts, M1 and M3 by 3.7 pts, and M1 and M4 by 3.2 pts (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the control group showed a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.001) between M1 and M2 by 3.0 pts, M1 and M3 by 3.4 pts, and M1 and M4 by 3.2 pts. According to LPS, a statistically significant decrease in the study group was observed between M1 and M2 by 3.9 pts, M1 and M3 by 4.2 pts, and M1 and M4 by 4.0 pts (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the control group showed a statistically significant decrease between M1 and M2 by 3.2 pts (p = 0.002), M1 and M3 by 4.0 pts (p < 0.001), and M1 and M4 by 3.9 pts (p < 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in VAS and LPS (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the HILT does not appear to be more effective in pain management of patients with calcaneal spurs and plantar fasciitis than the conservative standard physiotherapeutic procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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10 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dry Needling in Teres Major Muscle in Elite Handball Athletes. A Randomised Controlled Trial

by Luis Ceballos-Laita, Ricardo Medrano-de-la-Fuente, Elena Estébanez-De-Miguel, Jorge Moreno-Cerviño, María Teresa Mingo-Gómez, Ignacio Hernando-Garijo and Sandra Jiménez-del-Barrio

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(18), 4260; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184260 - 20 Sep 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3693

Abstract

Objective: To determine the effects of dry needling (DN) in active myofascial trigger points in the teres major muscle compared to an untreated control group in pain during throwing actions, shoulder range of motion (ROM), strength, and extensibility of the tissues in [...] Read more.

Objective: To determine the effects of dry needling (DN) in active myofascial trigger points in the teres major muscle compared to an untreated control group in pain during throwing actions, shoulder range of motion (ROM), strength, and extensibility of the tissues in professional handball (HB) athletes. Methods: A randomised, single-blinded, controlled clinical trial was designed. Thirty HB athletes with shoulder pain were randomly assigned to the DN group (n = 15) or control group (n = 15). The DN group received a single session of ultrasound-guided DN technique in the teres major muscle. The control group received no intervention. Pain intensity during throwing actions (Numeric Pain Rating Score), shoulder ROM (inclinometer), isometric strength (hand-held dynamometer), and extensibility (inclinometer) were measured before and after treatment. Results: DN group showed statistically significant improvements with large effect sizes for pain intensity (p < 0.001; E.S: 1.3), internal rotation ROM (p < 0.001; E.S: 3.0) and extensibility (p < 0.001; E.S: 2.9) compared to the control group. No statistically significant differences were found for isometric strength (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A single session of DN in the teres major muscle was effective for improving pain intensity during throwing actions, internal rotation ROM and extensibility in HB athletes with shoulder pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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11 pages, 3604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Shear-Wave Elastography a Clinical Severity Indicator of Myofascial Pain Syndrome? An Observational Study

by Juan Antonio Valera-Calero, Sandra Sánchez-Jorge, Jorge Buffet-García, Umut Varol, Gracia María Gallego-Sendarrubias and Javier Álvarez-González

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(13), 2895; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132895 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

Since manual palpation is a subjective procedure for identifying and differentiate Myofascial Trigger Points -MTrPs-, the use of Shear Wave Elastography -SWE- as an objective alternative is increasing. This study aimed to analyze pain pressure thresholds -PPTs- and SWE differences between active MTrPs, [...] Read more.

Since manual palpation is a subjective procedure for identifying and differentiate Myofascial Trigger Points -MTrPs-, the use of Shear Wave Elastography -SWE- as an objective alternative is increasing. This study aimed to analyze pain pressure thresholds -PPTs- and SWE differences between active MTrPs, latent MTrPs and control points located in the upper trapezius to analyze the association of SWE features with clinical severity indicators (e.g., pain extension area, PPTs, neck pain and neck disability). An observational study was conducted to calculate the correlation and to analyze the differences of sociodemographic, clinical and SWE features on 34 asymptomatic subjects with latent MTrPs and 19 patients with neck pain and active MTrPs. Significant PPT differences between active with latent MTrPs (p < 0.001) and control points (p < 0.001) were found, but no differences between latent MTrPs and control points (p > 0.05). No stiffness differences were found between active MTrPs with latent MTrPs or control points (p > 0.05). However, significant control point stiffness differences between-samples were found (p < 0.05). SWE showed no significant correlation with clinical severity indicators (p > 0.05). No stiffness differences between active and latent MTrPs were found. Neck pain patients showed increased control point stiffness compared with asymptomatic subjects. SWE showed no association with clinical severity indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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19 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Morphological, Rheological and Biochemical Indices of Blood in People with Multiple Sclerosis

by Bartłomiej Ptaszek, Aneta Teległów, Justyna Adamiak, Jacek Głodzik, Szymon Podsiadło, Dawid Mucha, Jakub Marchewka, Tomasz Halski and Dariusz Mucha

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(13), 2833; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132833 - 27 Jun 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2737

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine and assess the impact of a series of 20 whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) treatments on the biochemical and rheological indices of blood in people with multiple sclerosis. In this prospective controlled study, the experimental group consisted [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to examine and assess the impact of a series of 20 whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) treatments on the biochemical and rheological indices of blood in people with multiple sclerosis. In this prospective controlled study, the experimental group consisted of 15 women aged 34–55 (mean age, 41.53 ± 6.98 years) with diagnosed multiple sclerosis who underwent a series of whole-body cryotherapy treatments. The first control group consisted of 20 women with diagnosed multiple sclerosis. This group had no intervention in the form of whole-body cryotherapy. The second control group consisted of 15 women aged 30–49 years (mean age, 38.47 ± 6.0 years) without neurological diseases and other chronic diseases who also underwent the whole-body cryotherapy treatment. For the analysis of the blood indices, venous blood was taken twice (first, on the day of initiation of whole-body cryotherapy treatments and, second, after a series of 20 cryotherapy treatments). The blood counts were determined using an ABX MICROS 60 hematological analyzer (USA). The LORCA analyzer (Laser–Optical Rotational Cell Analyzer, RR Mechatronics, the Netherlands) was used to study the aggregation and deformability of erythrocytes. The total protein serum measurement was performed using a Cobas 6000 analyzer, Roche and a Proteinogram-Minicap Sebia analyzer. Fibrinogen determinations were made using a Bio-Ksel, Chrom-7 camera. Statistically significant differences and changes after WBC in the levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), elongation index, total extend of aggregation (AMP), and proteins (including fibrinogen) were observed. However, there was no significant effect of a series of 20 WBC treatments on changes in blood counts, rheology, and biochemistry in women with multiple sclerosis. Our results show that the use of WBC has a positive effect on the rheological properties of the blood of healthy women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

17 pages, 2274 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Mobilization with Movement on Pain, Disability, and Range of Motion in Patients with Shoulder Pain and Movement Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Daniela Dias, Mansueto Gomes Neto, Stephane da Silva Ribeiro Sales, Bárbara dos Santos Cavalcante, Palmiro Torrierri, Jr., Leonardo Roever and Roberto Paulo Correia de Araújo

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(23), 7416; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237416 - 29 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2478

Abstract

Background: Shoulder pain is a disabling musculoskeletal disorder worldwide. Thus, it is important to identify interventions able to improve pain and disability. Objective: To investigate the effects of mobilization with movement (MWM) on pain, disability, and range of motion in patients with shoulder [...] Read more.

Background: Shoulder pain is a disabling musculoskeletal disorder worldwide. Thus, it is important to identify interventions able to improve pain and disability. Objective: To investigate the effects of mobilization with movement (MWM) on pain, disability, and range of motion in patients with shoulder pain and movement impairment. Methods: A systematic search of different databases was performed. The systematic review protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023404128). A random-effects model for meta-analysis was used to determine the mean difference (MD), standardized mean differences (SMD), and 95% confidence interval for the outcome of interest. Results: Twenty-six studies were included. Of these, eighteen were included in the meta-analysis. MWM improved pain during movement with a moderate effect SMD of (−0.6; 95% confidence interval, −1.1 to −0.1, I² = 0%; N = 66;) and shoulder abduction MD of (12.7°; 1.3 to 24.0; I² = 73%; N = 90) compared to sham MWM in the short term (0–6 weeks). Combined MWM and conventional rehabilitation improved pain at rest, with a MD of (−1.2; −2.2 to −0.2; I² = 61%; N = 100), and disability SMD of (−1.3; confidence interval −2.2 to −0.4; I² = 87%; N = 185) compared to conventional rehabilitation alone in the short term. Combined MWM and conventional rehabilitation also resulted in improvement in shoulder abduction and external rotation. Compared to Maitland, MWM resulted in improvement in the shoulder abduction MD (20.4°; confidence interval 4.3 to 36.5; I² = 89%; N = 130) in the short term. There is no information regarding long-term effects. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that MWM may reduce shoulder pain and restore shoulder range of motion and function. Our findings are promising, but the evidence is not strong enough to recommend it pragmatically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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16 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Soft Tissue Therapy in the Treatment of Disorders and Postoperative Conditions of the Knee Joint—A Systematic Review

by Alicja Jurecka, Maciej Papież, Paulina Skucińska and Artur Gądek

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(24), 5944; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245944 - 18 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5574

Abstract

The term “soft tissue therapy” (STT) refers to mechanical methods of treatment involving passive kneading, pressing and stretching of pathologically tense tissues in supporting the process of recovery after surgery or trauma to the musculoskeletal system. The objective of this study was to [...] Read more.

The term “soft tissue therapy” (STT) refers to mechanical methods of treatment involving passive kneading, pressing and stretching of pathologically tense tissues in supporting the process of recovery after surgery or trauma to the musculoskeletal system. The objective of this study was to review current scientific reports evaluating the effectiveness of the use of STT in patients with diseases or after surgical procedures of the knee joint. A systematic search of the popular scientific databases PubMed, Scopus and Embase was performed from inception to 15 October 2021. Eight articles met eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Six papers were related to disorders of the knee joint, while the remaining two studies were related to dysfunctions associated with the conditions after surgical intervention. The findings presented confirmed the effectiveness of STT in orthopaedic patients who showed an increase in lower limb functional parameters. The research has shown that the use of various methods of STT has a significant impact on increasing muscle activity and flexibility as well as increasing the range of motion in the knee joint. The physiotherapeutic methods used had a significant impact on reducing pain and increasing physical function and quality of life. The techniques used reduced the time to descend stairs in patients with knee osteoarthritis. This review summarises the effectiveness of STT as an important form of treatment for orthopaedic patients with various knee joint dysfunctions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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15 pages, 2186 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effectiveness of Global Postural Re-Education in Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Gloria Gonzalez-Medina, Veronica Perez-Cabezas, Carmen Ruiz-Molinero, Gema Chamorro-Moriana, Jose Jesus Jimenez-Rejano and Alejandro Galán-Mercant

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(22), 5327; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225327 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5678

Abstract

Background: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the global postural re-education (GPR) program’s effectiveness compared to other exercise programs in subjects with persistent chronic low back pain. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out using PRISMA2020. [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the global postural re-education (GPR) program’s effectiveness compared to other exercise programs in subjects with persistent chronic low back pain. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out using PRISMA2020. An electronic search of scientific databases was performed from their inception to January 2021. Randomized controlled trials that analyzed pain and patient-reported outcomes were included in this review. Four meta-analyses were performed. The outcomes analyzed were disability due to back pain and pain. The risk of bias and quality of evidence were evaluated. The final search was conducted in March. Results: Seven trials were included, totaling 334 patients. The results showed improvement in pain measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD) = −0.69; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), −1.01 to −0.37; p < 0.0001), Numerical Pain Scale (NRS) (SMD = −0.40; 95% CI, −0.87 to 0.06); p = 0.022), VAS + NRS (SMD = −1.32; 95% CI, −1.87 to −0.77; p < 0.0001) and function (Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)) (SMD = −0.55; 95% CI, −0.83 to −0.27; p < 0.0001) after GPR treatment. Conclusion: This meta-analysis provides reliable evidence that GPR may be an effective method for treating LBP by decreasing pain and improving function, with strong evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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20 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is Irritable Bowel Syndrome Considered as Comorbidity in Clinical Trials of Physical Therapy Interventions in Fibromyalgia? A Scoping Review

by Paula Mª Rodríguez-Castillejo, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Francisco Alburquerque-Sendín and Daiana P. Rodrigues-de-Souza

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(20), 4776; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10204776 - 18 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2703

Abstract

Evidence supports the presence of comorbid conditions, e.g., irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in individuals with fibromyalgia (FM). Physical therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of FM; however, it is not currently known whether the IBS comorbidity is considered in the selection [...] Read more.

Evidence supports the presence of comorbid conditions, e.g., irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in individuals with fibromyalgia (FM). Physical therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of FM; however, it is not currently known whether the IBS comorbidity is considered in the selection criteria for clinical trials evaluating physiotherapy in FM. Thus, the aim of the review was to identify whether the presence of IBS was considered in the selection criteria for study subjects for those clinical trials that have been highly cited or published in the high-impact journals investigating the effects of physical therapy in FM. A literature search in the Web of Science database for clinical trials that were highly cited or published in high-impact journals, i.e., first second quartile (Q1) of any category of the Journal Citation Report (JCR), investigating the effects of physical therapy in FM was conducted. The methodological quality of the selected trials was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Authors, affiliations, number of citations, objectives, sex/gender, age, and eligibility criteria of each article were extracted and analyzed independently by two authors. From a total of the 412 identified articles, 20 and 61 clinical trials were included according to the citation criterion or JCR criterion, respectively. The PEDro score ranged from 2 to 8 (mean: 5.9, SD: 0.1). The comorbidity between FM and IBS was not considered within the eligibility criteria of the participants in any of the clinical trials. The improvement of the eligibility criteria is required in clinical trials on physical therapy that include FM patients to avoid selection bias. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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14 pages, 1040 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in the Treatment of Spasticity: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy

by En Yang, Henry L. Lew, Levent Özçakar and Chueh-Hung Wu

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(20), 4723; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10204723 - 14 Oct 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 10193

Abstract

Spasticity is a common sequala of the upper motor neuron lesions. For instance, it often occurs in the first 4 weeks after stroke and is seen in more than one-third of stroke survivors after 12 months. In recent years, extracorporeal shock wave therapy [...] Read more.

Spasticity is a common sequala of the upper motor neuron lesions. For instance, it often occurs in the first 4 weeks after stroke and is seen in more than one-third of stroke survivors after 12 months. In recent years, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been recognized as a safe and effective method for reducing muscle spasticity. Possible/relevant mechanisms include nitric oxide production, motor neuron excitability reduction, induction of neuromuscular transmission dysfunction, and direct effects on rheological properties. There are two types of ESWT, focused and radial, with the radial type more commonly applied for treating muscle spasticity. Concerning the optimal location for applying ESWT, the belly muscles and myotendinous junction seem to produce comparable results. The effects of ESWT on spasticity are known to last at least four to six weeks, while some studies report durations of up to 12 weeks. In this review, the authors will focus on the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of ESWT in spasticity, as well as certain technical parameters of ESWT, e.g., the intensity, frequency, location, and number of sessions. The pertinent literature has been reviewed, with an emphasis on post-stroke upper limbs, post-stroke lower limbs, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis. In short, while ESWT has positive effects on parameters such as the modified Ashworth scale, mixed results have been reported regarding functional recovery. Of note, as botulinum toxin injection is one of the most popular and effective pharmacological methods for treating spasticity, studies comparing the effects of ESWT and botulinum toxin injections, and studies reporting the results of their combination, are also reviewed in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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15 pages, 630 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential Nociceptive Role of the Thoracolumbar Fascia: A Scope Review Involving In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies

by Larissa Sinhorim, Mayane dos Santos Amorim, Maria Eugênia Ortiz, Edsel Balduino Bittencourt, Gianluca Bianco, Fabiana Cristina da Silva, Verônica Vargas Horewicz, Robert Schleip, William R. Reed, Leidiane Mazzardo-Martins and Daniel F. Martins

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(19), 4342; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194342 - 24 Sep 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4498

Abstract

Nociceptive innervation of the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) has been investigated over the past few decades; however, these studies have not been compiled or collectively appraised. The purpose of this scoping review was to assess current knowledge regarding nociceptive innervation of the TLF to [...] Read more.

Nociceptive innervation of the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) has been investigated over the past few decades; however, these studies have not been compiled or collectively appraised. The purpose of this scoping review was to assess current knowledge regarding nociceptive innervation of the TLF to better inform future mechanistic and clinical TLF research targeting lower back pain (LBP) treatment. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched in January 2021 using relevant descriptors encompassing fascia and pain. Eligible studies satisfied the following: (a) published in English; (b) preclinical and clinical (in vivo and ex vivo) studies; (c) original data; (d) included quantification of at least one TLF nociceptive component. Two-phase screening procedures were conducted by a pair of independent reviewers, after which data were extracted and summarized from eligible studies. The search resulted in 257 articles of which 10 met the inclusion criteria. Studies showed histological evidence of nociceptive nerve fibers terminating in lower back fascia, suggesting a TLF contribution to LBP. Noxious chemical injection or electrical stimulation into fascia resulted in longer pain duration and higher pain intensities than injections into subcutaneous tissue or muscle. Pre-clinical and clinical research provides histological and functional evidence of nociceptive innervation of TLF. Additional knowledge of fascial neurological components could impact LBP treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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18 pages, 764 KiB

Open AccessReview

Acute Hamstring Injury Prevention Programs in Eleven-a-Side Football Players Based on Physical Exercises: Systematic Review

by Adolfo Rosado-Portillo, Gema Chamorro-Moriana, Gloria Gonzalez-Medina and Veronica Perez-Cabezas

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(9), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10092029 - 9 May 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7300

Abstract

(1) Objective: To analyze the exercise programs used to prevent of acute hamstring injuries in eleven-a-side football players, and their effectiveness. (2) Methods: A systematic review (PRISMA) was conducted (2008–2020), including RCTs, that exclusively used physical exercises as a prevention method. (3) Results: [...] Read more.

(1) Objective: To analyze the exercise programs used to prevent of acute hamstring injuries in eleven-a-side football players, and their effectiveness. (2) Methods: A systematic review (PRISMA) was conducted (2008–2020), including RCTs, that exclusively used physical exercises as a prevention method. (3) Results: Ten studies were selected considering 14 interventions, including nine different programs: FIFA11+ (11+), Harmoknee, eccentric Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) exclusively, with eccentric exercises, with stretching or with proprioceptive, New Warm-up Program (NWP), Bounding Exercise Program (BEP), the only one with no positive results, and proprioceptive exercises. Incidence of injuries and strength were the most considered variables, both with favorable evidences. Programs including NHE, which assessed injury incidence, were always effective. The 11+ program was effective in injury incidence and strength; NWP was effective in balance, stability, and strength. (4) Conclusions: The exercise programs discussed were effective to prevent acute hamstring injuries in football players except BEP and partially Harmoknee. Exercises mostly used to reduce the risk of hamstring injuries are those of eccentric force due to its functionality, especially NHE. Only concentric contractions and isometric contractions obtained significant favorable results. The most complete and promising programs were 11+ (in injury incidence and strength) and NWP (strength, balance, and stability). NWP was the best in strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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12 pages, 2576 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Different Cryotherapy Modalities Demonstrate Similar Effects on Muscle Performance, Soreness, and Damage in Healthy Individuals and Athletes: A Systematic Review with Metanalysis

by Klaus Porto Azevedo, Júlia Aguillar Ivo Bastos, Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto, Carlos Marcelo Pastre and Joao Luiz Quagliotti Durigan

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(15), 4441; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154441 - 30 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4252

Abstract

Background: There are extensive studies focusing on non-invasive modalities to recover physiological systems after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) and Partial-body cryotherapy (PBC) have been recommended for recovery after EIMD. However, to date, no systematic reviews have been performed to compare [...] Read more.

Background: There are extensive studies focusing on non-invasive modalities to recover physiological systems after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) and Partial-body cryotherapy (PBC) have been recommended for recovery after EIMD. However, to date, no systematic reviews have been performed to compare their effects on muscle performance and muscle recovery markers. Methods: This systematic review with metanalysis compared the effects of WBC and PBC on muscle performance, muscle soreness (DOMS), and markers of muscular damage following EIMD. We used Pubmed, Embase, PEDro, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials as data sources. Two independent reviewers verified the methodological quality of the studies. The studies were selected if they used WBC and PBC modalities as treatment and included muscle performance and muscle soreness (DOMS) as the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were creatine kinase and heart rate variability. Results: Six studies with a pooled sample of 120 patients were included. The methodological quality of the studies was moderate, with an average of 4.3 on a 0–10 scale (PEDro). Results: Both cryotherapy modalities induce similar effects without difference between them. Conclusion: WBC and PBC modalities have similar global responses on muscle performance, soreness, and markers of muscle damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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32 pages, 1912 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

High-Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) as an Emerging Treatment for Vulvodynia and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders: A Systematic Review of Treatment Efficacy

by Małgorzata Starzec-Proserpio, Marcela Grigol Bardin, Julie Fradette, Le Mai Tu, Yves Bérubè-Lauzière, Josianne Paré, Marie-Soleil Carroll and Mélanie Morin

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(13), 3701; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11133701 - 27 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4503

Abstract

High-intensity laser therapy (HILT) has been gaining popularity in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain, including vulvodynia. The objective of this study was to critically appraise and synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy of HILT for reducing pain and improving function in [...] Read more.

High-intensity laser therapy (HILT) has been gaining popularity in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain, including vulvodynia. The objective of this study was to critically appraise and synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy of HILT for reducing pain and improving function in vulvodynia and other chronic primary musculoskeletal pain conditions. Electronic databases and the grey literature were searched. Effects on pain intensity, function, and adverse events were assessed. One study investigating HILT in the treatment of vulvodynia and 13 studies on the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain were selected. The study assessing vulvodynia showed favorable results for reducing pain. Regarding chronic musculoskeletal pain, 12 out of the 13 studies selected consistently showed that HILT was more effective than the placebo/active comparator for reducing pain and improving function. The available effect sizes for pain showed large to huge effects. Similar effects were observed for function except for two studies showing moderate effects. The GRADE score was moderate. Conclusions: There are insufficient data to support the use of HILT in vulvodynia, but the promising results encourage further research. HILT appears to be effective in musculoskeletal pain conditions. More high-quality studies are needed to identify effective laser protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiotherapy in Muscle Pain: Current Updates from Theory to Clinical Practice)

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