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A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 10274

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Dr. Elvira Orduna-Hospital

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Guest Editor

Department of Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
Interests: binocular vision; eye movements; eye tracking; retina; choroid; OCT; OCTA; accommodation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Ana Sanchez-Cano

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Guest Editor

Department of Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
Interests: lighting; optometry; visual optics; circadian light; color vision; aberrometry; accommodation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on advancements in optometry and visual sciences, encompassing binocular vision, eye movements, eye tracking, anterior and posterior pole examinations, accommodation, lighting effects, circadian light, color vision, aberrometry, and developments in the fields of ocular surface, contact lenses, and refractive surgery. Researchers in vision sciences, eye care providers, ophthalmologists, and optometrists require access to cutting-edge information to enhance their clinical practices. Despite the demands of daily patient care, staying updated with the latest developments in visual optics can be challenging. Therefore, this issue aims to disseminate the most recent findings and developments in these disciplines to professionals.

Research is crucial for advancing scientific professions and ensuring enhanced clinical outcomes through knowledge accumulation, innovation, and continuous improvement. This Special Issue welcomes original research and comprehensive reviews on recent progress in advanced optometry, clinical studies, and innovative approaches to ocular health.

Dr. Elvira Orduna-Hospital
Dr. Ana Sanchez-Cano
Guest Editors

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Keywords

clinical optometry
eye movements and binocular vision
aberrometry
accommodation
color vision
anterior and posterior poles
circadian light

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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9 pages, 736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Segmental Scleral Buckle: A Novel Strategy for Addressing Early Recurrent Inferior Retinal Detachment in Silicone Oil-Filled Eyes

by Luca Ventre, Antonio Valastro, Erik Mus, Fabio Maradei, Giulia Pintore and Gabriella De Salvo

Life 2025, 15(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030475 - 16 Mar 2025

Viewed by 387

Abstract

Recurrence of retinal detachment (RD) following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with silicone oil tamponade is a surgical challenge. This study proposes a novel approach utilizing segmental scleral buckle to manage early recurrences, especially in inferior quadrants. A retrospective case series of four patients with early recurrent inferior RD post-PPV with silicone oil tamponade was conducted. The segmental scleral buckle technique, with or without subretinal fluid drainage, was employed. Clinical and surgical data were collected, including visual outcomes and complications. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed during the 6-month follow-up period. Visual acuity remained stable, and retinal reattachment was achieved in 100% of cases after silicone oil removal. Segmental scleral buckle emerges as a promising technique for managing early recurrent inferior RD in silicone oil-filled eyes. The technique demonstrates favorable outcomes, including retinal reattachment and visual acuity stability, without significant complications. Further studies are warranted to validate its efficacy and establish standardized protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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10 pages, 887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Static and Dynamic Pupil and Light Sensitivity to a Single Drop of Various Concentrations of Low-Dose Atropine (0.01%, 0.025%, and 0.05%)

by Muteb K. Alanazi, Abdulmalik Almansour, Sarah S. Almutairi, Ahmad Alharbi, Mohammed S. Alhazmi, Ali Almustanyir, Basal H. Altoaimi, Meznah S. Almutairi, Mona M. Alamri and Maria Liu

Life 2025, 15(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020278 - 11 Feb 2025

Viewed by 908

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the static and dynamic pupil changes, and light sensitivity following a single dose of low-dose atropine at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.025%, and 0.05% over a 24 h period. Healthy young adults (20–22 years; n = 25) participated in this randomized, double-blind study. Each participant received one of three atropine concentrations in a masked fashion. Baseline mesopic and dynamic pupil sizes were measured at various post-instillation intervals (5 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h). A minimum 48 h washout period was observed between treatments. Subjective light sensitivity was assessed using the Visual Light Sensitivity Questionnaire (VLSQ-8) at 24 h. All atropine concentrations caused significant pupil dilation (p < 0.001), with the 0.05% concentration producing the greatest dilation (peak mesopic size: 7.4 mm, p < 0.001) and the slowest recovery at 24 h (6.4 mm, p < 0.001). The dynamic pupil constriction range was most restricted with 0.05% (1.7 mm, p < 0.05), compared to 0.025% (2.2 mm) and 0.01% (2.6 mm). Subjective symptoms, including light sensitivity and glare, followed a dose-dependent pattern (p < 0.05). In 60% participants, 0.05% caused the most symptoms, while in 70% participants, 0.01% caused the least. Despite significant pupil dilation, the pupil center coordinates did not shift significantly along the horizontal or vertical axes (p > 0.05). Low-dose atropine induced dose-dependent pupil dilation and light sensitivity; 0.05% atropine caused the most pronounced effects. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring the atropine dosage to balance its efficacy and tolerability. Further studies are needed to explore the long-term impact of repeated dosing on pupillary behavior and subjective symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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11 pages, 2297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simultaneous Color Contrast Increments with Complexity and Identity of the Target Stimulus

by Paolo A. Grasso, Federico Tommasi, Rebecca Franconi, Elisabetta Baldanzi, Alessandro Farini and Massimo Gurioli

Life 2025, 15(2), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020257 - 8 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1156

Abstract

Simultaneous color contrast is a perceptual phenomenon in which a target stimulus appears to change its hue due to color induction from the surrounding background. In this study, we investigated whether this phenomenon is influenced by the structural complexity and identity of the stimuli used. In Experiment 1, we created two sets of stimuli varying in structural complexity and asked participants to perform a color-matching task on the achromatic target. Low-complexity targets consisted of simple squares, while high-complexity targets were stylized cars. The results showed that high-complexity stimuli triggered stronger color induction from the background and exhibited greater interindividual variation in perceived color saturation. Conversely, low-complexity stimuli were predominantly perceived as achromatic across all participants. In Experiment 2, we further explored whether these effects were influenced by differences in the stimuli’s topology and identity. Topological factors were controlled by ensuring similar organizations of stimulus elements across conditions, while the role of stimulus identity was examined by including a condition in which the high-complexity stimuli from Experiment 1 were presented in a scrambled arrangement, preventing recognition. The results demonstrated that color contrast increased with the complexity of the stimuli but also highlighted the role of identity, as the condition where the car was recognizable elicited the strongest color induction. We conclude that simultaneous color contrast is strengthened by factors that pertain to both the complexity of the stimuli used and their identity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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14 pages, 898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Prevalence of Accommodative and Binocular Dysfunctions in Children with Reading Difficulties

by Ilze Ceple, Aiga Svede, Evita Serpa, Evita Kassaliete, Liva Volberga, Rita Mikelsone, Asnate Berzina, Angelina Ganebnaya, Linda Krauze and Gunta Krumina

Life 2025, 15(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010007 - 25 Dec 2024

Viewed by 886

Abstract

Uncorrected refractive error and unsatisfactory performance on several clinical accommodation and binocular vision tests are more common in children who struggle with reading. The aim of the current study is to explore the prevalence of accommodative and binocular dysfunctions in children with and without reading difficulties. Reading performance was assessed with the Acadience Reading (formerly DIBELS Next) test adjusted and validated for the Latvian language. Children with (N = 39) and without (N = 43) reading difficulties underwent thorough assessment of their subjective refraction, as well as binocular and accommodation functions. The results demonstrate no difference in the prevalence of complaints between children with and without reading difficulties (26% and 23%, respectively). However, children with reading difficulties more frequently present with significant uncorrected refractive errors and/or accommodative and binocular dysfunctions than children without reading difficulties (69% and 47%, respectively). According to the findings, even in cases where a child does not exhibit any ocular or visual complaints, a comprehensive visual function evaluation should be required for any child who struggles with reading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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15 pages, 2771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utility of Fundus Autofluorescence and Optical Coherence Tomography in Measuring Retinal Vascular Thickness, Macular Density, and Ophthalmic Manifestations in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

by Rami Al-Dwairi, Omar Altal, Marwa Fares, Sharaf H. Adi, Shahed A. Said, Asmaa Shurair, Rania Al-Bataineh, Ihsan Aljarrah, Seren Al Beiruti, Ahmed H. Al Sharie and Abdelwahab Aleshawi

Life 2024, 14(12), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121596 - 3 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a transient elevation of blood glucose during pregnancy. It is typically not associated with diabetic retinopathy. However, certain investigators revealed retinal microvascular injury. In this study, we aimed to assess the ophthalmic findings, optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters, and retinal vascular thickness and macular density through fundus autofluorescence (FAF). Methods: Prospectively, women diagnosed with GDM were enrolled in this study. All the participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination. Furthermore, macular OCT with analysis of the central subfield thickness (CST) and total thickness was carried out. Moreover, FAF was performed, and the macular density and retinal vascular thickness were extracted using ImageJ software. Results: Thirty-four women were enrolled. The mean maternal age was 32.7 years. No participant had diabetic retinopathy, nine eyes had early cataract, and two eyes had keratoconus. Higher levels for the 1 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were associated with a drop in the CST and total thickness. Moreover, women who underwent CS had higher levels of total thickness. Higher levels for the fasting OGTT were associated with a thinner inferior temporal retinal artery. Pregnant women with miscarriages had lower macular density on FAF, as represented by lower values of integrated density and mean gray values. Higher levels for the fasting OGTT were associated with higher values of integrated density. Conclusions: Although GDM is typically not associated with diabetic retinopathy, microscopic changes involving the microvascular environment and the macula may occur. Regular ophthalmic screening for women with GDM may be advised. Larger studies with more investigations may reveal further findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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15 pages, 2336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Visual Performance in Fine Motor Skills

by Pilar Granados-Delgado, Miriam Casares-López, Francesco Martino, Rosario González Anera and José Juan Castro-Torres

Life 2024, 14(11), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111354 - 23 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1373

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between fine motor skills (FMSs) and visual performance. Thirty young participants with normal binocular vision performed five fine motor tasks: Purdue, Grooved, and O’Connor pegboards, a needle threading task, and a water pouring task, which were characterised by the time taken to complete the task, the number of pegs inserted, the error made in pouring the water, and the volume spilled. To evaluate visual performance, near visual acuity, near contrast sensitivity (CS), and disability glare were assessed. Fine motor skills and visual performance were assessed under monocular and binocular viewing conditions. An overall visual performance score (OVPS) and an overall fine motor skills score (OFMSS) were calculated. All visual functions measured binocularly were better than in monocular conditions, and all FMSs tasks were performed worse monocularly than binocularly (p < 0.001), except for the error made in the water pouring task (p = 0.024). There was a positive correlation between OVPS and OFMSS (rho = 0.329; p = 0.010). The regression model showed that the OFMSS can be predicted by age and CS at 21.3%. Individuals with normal binocular vision and better near visual function exhibit superior fine motor abilities. CS stands out as the visual function that has the greatest bearing on the performance of FMSs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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10 pages, 988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interaction between Vergence and Accommodation Cues in the Assessment of Fusional Vergence Range

by Marc Argilés and Genis Cardona

Life 2024, 14(9), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091185 - 19 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1444

Abstract

Fusional vergence range tests are commonly used in optometric practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible contribution of CA/C, AC/A, and proximal cues (PCT) to the magnitude and presence of blur and recovery during the measurement of fusional vergence ranges and to determine whether the occurrence of blur is influenced by these vergence and accommodation cues. A total of 27 participants with normal binocular vision were included and AC/A, CA/C, and PCT ratios were evaluated. Blur, break, and recovery values in convergence and divergence were assessed with base-out and base-in prisms, respectively. No statistical correlations were found between AC/A, CA/C, and PCT ratios and the magnitude of blur, break, and recovery values in neither far, near, convergence, nor divergence testing conditions. However, better near point of convergence values were related to higher break values in convergence at far distances, but not at near distances. In addition, for convergence and far distance, a statistical difference was found between groups reporting and not reporting blur in AC/A stimulus and PCT ratios. The present results cannot confirm whether vergence and accommodation cues, such as AC/A, CA/C, and PCT ratios, may play an active role during the assessment of fusional vergence range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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12 pages, 1196 KiB

Open AccessHypothesis

Exploring a Novel Hypothesis: Could the Eye Function as a Radar or Ultrasound Device in Depth and Distance Perception? Neurophysiological Insights

by Hüseyin Findik, Muhammet Kaim, Feyzahan Uzun, Ayhan Kanat, Osman Nuri Keleş and Mehmet Dumlu Aydin

Life 2025, 15(4), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040536 - 25 Mar 2025

Viewed by 337

Abstract

Recent advancements in ocular physiology suggest that the eyes may function similarly to radar antennae or ultrasound probes, with the occipital cortex acting as a detector, challenging the traditional view of binocular vision as the primary mechanism for depth and distance perception. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the neuroanatomical and histological architecture of the neuro-optico-cortical systems in a male wild rabbit model. The objective was to identify potential structural and functional similarities between the retino-optical system and radar/ultrasound effector-detector systems. Results: Histological examination revealed significant similarities between retinal morphology and radar/ultrasound systems. The outermost retinal layer resembled an acoustic lens, with underlying layers functioning as acoustic matching layers. The ganglion cell layer exhibited characteristics akin to the piezoelectric elements of transducers. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that the retinal apparatus functions similarly to radar antennae or ultrasound probes. Light-stimulated retinal-occipital cortex cells perceive objects and emit electromagnetic waves through the retina, which are reflected by objects and processed in the occipital cortex to provide information on their distance, shape, and depth. This mechanism may complement binocular vision and enhance depth and distance perception in the visual system. These results open new avenues for research in visual neuroscience and could have implications for understanding various visual phenomena and disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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8 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Case Report of Schnyder Corneal Dystrophy—A Rare Lipid Metabolic Disorder of the Cornea

by Nina Stoyanova, Abdulrahman Imran, Zain Ul Hassan, Krasimir Kraev, Yordanka Basheva-Kraeva, Maria Kraeva, Petar Uchikov, Plamena Novakova, Veselin Vasilev, Ivaylo Minev, Bozhidar Hristov, Desislava Koleva-Georgieva, Petko Petrov, Luboslav Dimov, Svetlan Dermendzhiev and Marin Atanassov

Life 2025, 15(3), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030409 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 743

Abstract

Background: Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by bilateral corneal opacification due to abnormal cholesterol and phospholipid deposition. Mutations in the UBIAD1 gene, identified as causative in 2007, underline the condition, although its exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Case Presentation: A 55-year-old female presented with persistent photophobia, blepharospasm, and corneal discomfort. She also reported joint pain related to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), managed with Ro-Actemra (tocilizumab). The ophthalmological evaluation revealed bilateral corneal stromal deposits resembling snowflakes, with visual acuities of 0.8 (right eye) and 0.7 (left eye). Multimodal imaging confirmed stromal hyperreflective deposits. Based on the clinical findings, SCD was diagnosed, although no genetic testing was performed. Symptomatic management with artificial tears was initiated. Discussion: This case illustrates the diagnostic challenges of SCD, particularly in the absence of corneal crystals, a hallmark feature that is not universally present. Advanced imaging techniques aided diagnosis, and the coexistence of SCD and RA highlights the need for multidisciplinary care. Treatment options remain limited, although emerging therapies targeting oxidative stress and lipid metabolism show promise. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of integrating ophthalmological and systemic care in SCD management and underscores the need for further research to expand diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this rare disorder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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8 pages, 6052 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Bilateral Fuchs’ Superficial Marginal Keratitis Diagnosis and Treatment

by Shiori Harada, Yasser Helmy Mohamed, Mao Kusano, Daisuke Inoue and Masafumi Uematsu

Life 2024, 14(12), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121644 - 11 Dec 2024

Viewed by 793

Abstract

In this study, we reported two patients with clinical pictures compatible with the diagnosis of bilateral Fuchs’ superficial marginal keratitis (FSMK) treated with surgical treatment and anti-inflammatory drugs. The cases suffered from bilateral photophopia, blurred vision, and pseudopterygium with normal intraocular pressure (IOP). Pseudopterygia extended from temporal and nasal sides and had a gray line between the corneal normal epithelium with no lipid deposits. The first case had a bilateral high mixed astigmatic error and the second had dry eye symptoms. No abnormalities, including systemic inflammatory disease, were found in the laboratory investigations. The first case had bilateral pseudopterygium excision, mitomycin C (MMC) application, and pedicled conjunctival flap transplantation. The patient was followed regularly, and her condition was stable without any recurrence or deterioration in the ocular findings. The second case had conjunctival resection + amniotic membrane transplantation + MMC application six times on the right eye and three times on the left eye during 4 years and suffered recurrences after each operation. Her visual acuity severely decreased with the elevated IOP of both eyes. The patient refused to do any further surgical intervention. Despite its rarity, FSMK should be considered when peripheral corneal infiltration, corneal thinning, and pseudopterygia are observed in both eyes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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