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Advanced Characterization of Adhesive Joints and Adhesives

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 22486

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Raul D. S. G. Campilho

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Guest Editor

ISEP–School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
Interests: materials; adhesives; manufacturing processes; structural optimization; simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Structural adhesives have shown significant improvements in their behavior over the past few decades. This has enabled their application to become a reality in many sectors of activity, including the aeronautics and the automotive industry. This evolution has been strongly supported by an intense investigation into the adhesive joints and their behavior. Despite this intense research, though, there is still much to be explored in this matter, which translates into a continuous investigation of the failure modes of this type of joints, the characterization of new adhesives, the design of new joint geometries, and the use of hybrid joints, with a view to eliminating or reducing the less positive aspects presented by these joints, taking advantage of the best characteristics of each type of joint. Numerical methods have played an extremely important role in the prediction of the joints’ behavior, helping to find the best solutions to the typical problems presented by these kinds of joints. This Special Issue intends to bring together a significant number of good contributions in this area through high-quality original works in the adhesive joints field, subsequently promoting its dissemination through the Open Access system.

Prof. Raul D. S. G. Campilho
Guest Editor

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Keywords

adhesives
adhesive joints
adhesive joints characterization
numerical analysis of joint behavior
fracture toughness
failure modes of adhesive joints
joints geometry and design
mechanical characterization
testing of adhesive joints
failure prediction of adhesive joints
failure mechanisms and models
hybrid joints
hybrid joints characterization

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Characterization of Adhesive Joints and Adhesives

by Raul Duarte Salgueiral Gomes Campilho, Kouider Madani and Chander Prakash

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7347; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207347 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1172

Abstract

Structural adhesives have shown significant improvements in their behavior over the past few decades [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Characterization of Adhesive Joints and Adhesives)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

21 pages, 20894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Sandblasting Process Parameters of Aerospace Aluminium Alloy Sheets on Adhesive Joints Strength

by Izabela Miturska-Barańska, Anna Rudawska and Elżbieta Doluk

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216626 - 3 Nov 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2885

Abstract

In this study, the influence of sandblasting process parameters as a surface preparation method on the strength of single-lap adhesive joints of EN AW 2024 T3 aerospace aluminium alloy sheets was determined. Eleven sets of sandblasting parameters were used, which were determined according to a determined experimental plan. The variable factors in the sandblasting process were pressure, nozzle distance, and workpiece displacement speed. The sand jet incidence angle was constant. Garnet 80 E+ was the abrasive material that was used. The joints were made using an epoxy adhesive composition of Epidian 5 epoxy resin and a PAC curing agent. The influence of the surface preparation method on the surface roughness and contact angle to determine the surface free energy was evaluated. The shear strength of the adhesive joints was also determined, which finally allowed the evaluation of the applied surface treatment variants. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis, which indicated that the highest shear strength of the adhesive joints was obtained for samples whose surfaces were treated by sandblasting at parameter configurations in which the pressure was 5–6 × 10⁵ Pa; the distance between the nozzle and the sandblasted surface should not be greater than 97 mm, and the speed at which the workpiece moves in relation to the nozzle should not be greater than 75 mm/min. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Characterization of Adhesive Joints and Adhesives)

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14 pages, 6760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Bond-Line Thickness on Fatigue Crack Growth of Structural Acrylic Adhesive Joints

by Yu Sekiguchi and Chiaki Sato

Materials 2021, 14(7), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071723 - 31 Mar 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3056

Abstract

With an increasing demand for adhesives, the durability of joints has become highly important. The fatigue resistance of adhesives has been investigated mainly for epoxies, but in recent years many other resins have been adopted for structural adhesives. Therefore, understanding the fatigue characteristics of these resins is also important. In this study, the cyclic fatigue behavior of a two-part acrylic-based adhesive used for structural bonding was investigated using a fracture-mechanics approach. Fatigue tests for mode I loading were conducted under displacement control using double cantilever beam specimens with varying bond-line thicknesses. When the fatigue crack growth rate per cycle, da/dN, reached 10⁻⁵ mm/cycle, the fatigue toughness reduced to 1/10 of the critical fracture energy. In addition, significant changes in the characteristics of fatigue crack growth were observed varying the bond-line thickness and loading conditions. However, the predominance of the adhesive thickness on the fatigue crack growth resistance was confirmed regardless of the initial loading conditions. The thicker the adhesive bond line, the greater the fatigue toughness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Characterization of Adhesive Joints and Adhesives)

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23 pages, 6608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Requirements and Variability Affecting the Durability of Bonded Joints

by Rhys Jones, Daren Peng, John G. Michopoulos and Anthony J. Kinloch

Materials 2020, 13(6), 1468; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061468 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2846

Abstract

This paper firstly reveals that when assessing if a bonded joint meets the certification requirements inherent in MIL-STD-1530D and the US Joint Services Standard JSSG2006 it is necessary to ensure that: (a) There is no yielding at all in the adhesive layer at 115% of design limit load (DLL), and (b) that the joint must be able to withstand design ultimate load (DUL). Secondly, it is revealed that fatigue crack growth in both nano-reinforced epoxies, and structural adhesives can be captured using the Hartman–Schijve crack growth equation, and that the scatter in crack growth in adhesives can be modelled by allowing for variability in the fatigue threshold. Thirdly, a methodology was established for estimating a valid upper-bound curve, for cohesive failure in the adhesive, which encompasses all the experimental data and provides a conservative fatigue crack growth curve. Finally, it is shown that this upper-bound curve can be used to (a) compare and characterise structural adhesives, (b) determine/assess a “no growth” design (if required), (c) assess if a disbond in an in-service aircraft will grow and (d) to design and life in-service adhesively-bonded joints in accordance with the slow-growth approach contained in the United States Air Force (USAF) certification standard MIL-STD-1530D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Characterization of Adhesive Joints and Adhesives)

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19 pages, 8093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Modification with Natural Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Adhesive Compositions after Storage Time

by Izabela Miturska, Anna Rudawska, Miroslav Müller and Petr Valášek

Materials 2020, 13(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020291 - 8 Jan 2020

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 3180

Abstract

This article presents the initial test results examining basic technological factors, such as type of modifying agent and seasoning time, which influence properties of adhesive epoxide compositions. The aim of the study was to prepare adhesive compositions with 2% content of the selected natural fillers (montmorillonite NanoBent ZR-2, ground chalk (powder)—CaCO₃, and activated carbon powder C) and to examine their strength properties. A polymeric matrix used to prepare an adhesive composition consisted of the epoxide resins used in industry: Epidian 5 and Epidian 53 cured by addition of an aminomethyl group, where curing occurred through the Mannich reaction. A composition of epoxide resins with a curing agent and without any modifying agents was used as reference. The examinations described in the present article aimed to show the significance of the impact of the fillers used on the strength properties of the examined compositions. A fracture surface of epoxide adhesive compositions modified with the selected fillers was tested by means of a scanning electron microscope. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Characterization of Adhesive Joints and Adhesives)

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10 pages, 1351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Effect of Proanthocyanidin Surface Treatments on Shear Bond Strength of Different Cements

by Şifa Atabek and A. Nehir Özden

Materials 2019, 12(17), 2676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172676 - 22 Aug 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2297

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the effect of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (Pa-rich GSE) in two different concentrations on the bond strength to dentin tissue for four different cement groups (resin cement (P), resin modified glass ionomer cement (K), calcium aluminate glass ionomer cement (C), glass ionomer cement (G)). One hundred and eighty dentin surfaces of the extracted molar teeth placed on acrylic cylinders were divided into 12 groups randomly (n = 15). Each cement group was further divided into control (CP, CC, CK, CG), 6.5% Pa-rich GSE (P6.5, C6.5, K6.5, G6.5) and 12.5% Pa-rich GSE (P12.5, C12.5, K12.5, G12.5) subgroups. In accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations the cements were applied. After shear bond tests, surfaces were examined under a stereomicroscope. Median shear bond strength (in MPa) of CP, CK, CC, CG groups were 14.13, 7.05, 4.87, 3.86; for the P6.5, G6.5, C6.5, K6.5 groups they were 13.98, 13.42, 6.21, 3.27; and for the P12.5, C12.5, K12.5, G12.5 groups they were 15.08, 5.40, 3.10, 0.00, respectively. CK and K6.5 groups showed a significant difference from the K12.5 group (p < 0.05). Also, CG, G6.5 and G12.5 groups were found statistically different from each other (p < 0.05). Applied to the dentin surface, 6.5% Pa-rich GSE enhanced the bond strength of glass ionomer cements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Characterization of Adhesive Joints and Adhesives)

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20 pages, 5506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interfacial Stress Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Lap Joint

by Shiuh-Chuan Her and Cheng-Feng Chan

Materials 2019, 12(15), 2403; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152403 - 28 Jul 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5386

Abstract

The use of adhesively bonded joints in place of traditional joining techniques such as bolted or rivet joints is becoming greatly popular in recent years. Interfacial stress in the adhesive is critical to the strength of adhesively bonded joints. It is necessary to predict the interfacial stresses accurately to ensure the safety of joints. In this work, an analytical model is explicitly presented to evaluate the stresses in a double lap joint. The equilibrium equations in the adhesive overlap region are derived on the basis of elasticity theory. The governing equations are presented in terms of shear and peel stresses in the adhesive. Analytical solutions are derived for the shear and peel stresses, which are considered to be the main reason for the failure of the double lap joint. To verify the analytical solutions, the finite element method is conducted using the commercial package ANSYS. Results from the analytical solution agree well with finite element results and numerical investigations available in the literature. The effect of the adhesive thickness, shear modulus, adherend Young’s modulus and bonding length on the shear and peel stresses in the adhesive of the double lap joint are studied. Numerical results demonstrate that both the maximum shear and peel stress occur at both ends of the bonding region. The maximum values of the shear and peel stresses increase as the adhesive thickness decreases and as the adhesive shear modulus increases provided that the adhesive thickness is sufficiently small. The simplicity and capability to obtain analytical expressions of the shear and peel stresses for double lap adhesive bonded joints makes the proposed analytical model applicable for the stress analysis and preliminary structural design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Characterization of Adhesive Joints and Adhesives)

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