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Nutrients
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Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention to Prevent and Manage Gestational Diabetes
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Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention to Prevent and Manage Gestational Diabetes

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Diabetes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2025 | Viewed by 2921

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jincy Immanuel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Nursing, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA
Interests: diabetes in pregnancy; diabetes prevention; obesity in pregnancy
Prof. Dr. David Simmons

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
Interests: the diagnosis and management of GDM; the management of diabetes in pregnancy; the prevention of GDM and type 2 diabetes; diabetes integrated care; diabetes epidemiology; barriers to diabetes care
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Standards of care for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) begin with lifestyle and behavioral management, which improves pregnancy outcomes and the long-term health of women. It can also promote an optimal intrauterine environment for the offspring, potentially impacting their future metabolic health. Lifestyle interventions among at-risk women are likely to prevent GDM occurrence and reoccurrence in subsequent pregnancies, yet high-quality studies conducted during the preconception period are lacking. Nutrition and physical activity interventions initiated in the early weeks of pregnancy have been found to reduce GDM risk among women with multiple GDM risk factors, whereas negligible benefits have been reported among those with a single risk factor, such as being overweight or overweight. Identifying such women who may benefit from early interventions may facilitate personalized care planning.

In this Special Issue, we focus on high-quality studies that have examined the benefits of nutrition and lifestyle interventions for preventing and managing GDM detected in early and late gestation.

Dr. Jincy Immanuel
Prof. Dr. David Simmons
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gestational diabetes mellitus
  • pregnancy-induced diabetes
  • high-risk pregnancy
  • lifestyle interventions
  • nutrition
  • diet
  • dietary supplements
  • physical activity
  • preconception
  • pregnancy
  • prevention
  • management
  • pregnancy outcomes
  • randomized controlled trial

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 480 KiB  
Article
Associations Between Carbohydrate Intake Behaviours and Glycaemia in Gestational Diabetes: A Prospective Observational Study
by Roslyn Smith, Renee Borg, Vincent Wong, Hamish Russell and Ka Hi Mak
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030400 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1340
Abstract
Carbohydrate intake (CI) has the largest impact on the short-term glycaemia of all nutrients, yet optimal CI management in gestational diabetes remains unclear. Objective: To examine CI behaviours in individuals with recently diagnosed gestational diabetes and their association with self-monitored blood glucose. Methods: [...] Read more.
Carbohydrate intake (CI) has the largest impact on the short-term glycaemia of all nutrients, yet optimal CI management in gestational diabetes remains unclear. Objective: To examine CI behaviours in individuals with recently diagnosed gestational diabetes and their association with self-monitored blood glucose. Methods: Data from 97 individuals were collected using food and blood glucose diaries. CI (including amounts, types, and timing) was manually assessed using 15 g servings over 5–8 days, while a 3-day computerised analysis examined a broader intake of macro- and micronutrients. Results: Elevated fasting glycaemia (EFG) was associated with lower total CI (Mdn 10.8 vs. 12.5 servings/day, p = 0.006), missed meals (Mdn 1.4 vs. 0.0/week, p = 0.007), missed snacks (Mdn 10.5 vs. 7.5/week, p = 0.038), low-carbohydrate meals (<30 g; Mdn 4.3 vs. 2.0/week, p = 0.004), and a higher proportion of energy intake from fat (Mdn 35% vs. 33%, p = 0.047), as compared with in-target fasting glycaemia. In contrast, elevated postprandial glycaemia (EPG) was not significantly associated with total CI, low-carbohydrate meals (<30 g), low-carbohydrate snacks (<15 g), or high-carbohydrate loads (>50 g). EPG was instead associated with high-glycaemic index meals (Mdn 1.6 vs. 0.9 lunch meals/week, p = 0.026; Mdn 0.9 vs. 0.0 dinner meals/week, p = 0.023); and a lower intake of energy (Mdn 7650 kJ vs. 9070 kJ/day, p = 0.031), protein (Mdn 91 g vs. 109 g/day, p = 0.015), fat (Mdn 61 g vs. 84 g/day, p = 0.003), and multiple micronutrients (p <0.05), as compared with in-target postprandial glycaemia. Conclusions: CI profiles differed for individuals with EFG, as compared with EPG, emphasising the need for dietary guidelines tailored for gestational diabetes subtypes. Further interventional studies are needed to explore these findings, particularly the associations between EFG and low CI behaviours. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention to Prevent and Manage Gestational Diabetes)
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17 pages, 571 KiB  
Article
Risk-Prioritised Versus Universal Medical Nutrition Therapy for Gestational Diabetes: A Retrospective Observational Study
by Roslyn A. Smith, Madeline Boaro, Ka Hi Mak and Vincent Wong
Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020294 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1116
Abstract
Background: The optimal application of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) in treating gestational diabetes remains uncertain. MNT involves individualised nutrition assessment and counselling, which is labour-intensive and is not the sole type of intervention offered by clinical dietitians. Objective: To determine whether pregnancy outcomes [...] Read more.
Background: The optimal application of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) in treating gestational diabetes remains uncertain. MNT involves individualised nutrition assessment and counselling, which is labour-intensive and is not the sole type of intervention offered by clinical dietitians. Objective: To determine whether pregnancy outcomes differed for individuals with gestational diabetes who were offered MNT on a risk-prioritised (RP) versus universal basis. Methods: Observational data from two cohorts of individuals who were offered MNT only if they met the high-risk criteria following general group-based dietary education (RP1, n = 369; RP2, n = 446) were compared with a baseline cohort who were universally offered at least one MNT consultation (UM, n = 649). The RP1 cohort were seen during community-wide COVID-19 restrictions in 2021, while RP2 were seen after restrictions had lifted in 2022. Furthermore, the RP approach primarily utilised telemedicine, while the UM approach was delivered in person. Results: MNT consultations halved under the RP approach (59 vs. 119 sessions per 100 diagnoses for RP2 vs. UM) and saved more than 20 h of dietitian time per 100 diagnoses (95 vs. 73 h for RP2 vs. UM). No significant increases were observed (p < 0.05) for any pregnancy outcomes in the RP cohorts compared with the UM cohort, including usage of diabetes medications, maternal weight gain below and above target, early deliveries, induced deliveries, emergency caesarean sections, large- and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, infant macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycaemia and neonatal intensive care admissions. The use of both basal insulin (27% vs. 33%, OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.84) and metformin (6% vs. 10%, OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.88) was lower in the RP1 cohort during pandemic restrictions compared with the UM cohort; however, these differences were not retained in the RP2 cohort. Additionally, there were fewer SGA infants under the RP approach, particularly for the RP2 cohort (6% vs. 11% for RP2 vs. UM, OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.89). Conclusions: Risk-prioritised MNT was a more efficient dietetic service approach to gestational diabetes than the universal MNT model, with comparable pregnancy outcomes. Similar approaches may represent a strategic way to address sustainable health service planning amidst the rising global prevalence of this condition. However, further research is needed to investigate consumer perspectives, wider service impacts and post-partum maternal and child health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention to Prevent and Manage Gestational Diabetes)
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