Nutrients

24 pages, 3394 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Patterns and Brain Health in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Narrative Review

by Jamie A. Seabrook, Abolfazl Avan, Colleen O’Connor, Harry Prapavessis, Lindsay Nagamatsu, Jasna Twynstra, Saverio Stranges, Arlene MacDougall and Vladimir Hachinski

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091436 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Diet has a profound impact on brain health, particularly in middle-aged and older adults, who are at increased risk of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Various dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for [...] Read more.

Diet has a profound impact on brain health, particularly in middle-aged and older adults, who are at increased risk of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Various dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets, have been linked to improved cognitive function. While the relative effectiveness of these diets on brain health is generally supported by evidence, variability in study results suggests that further research is needed to fully understand their effects across diverse populations. The objective of this descriptive narrative review is to examine the role of dietary patterns in supporting brain health in aging populations and to propose practical dietary strategies for promoting cognitive well-being. A comprehensive review of the existing literature was conducted on PubMed in October 2024, with no restrictions on language, publication date (1966–2024), or geographic location. A total of 18 articles were included in this review, covering the years 2013–2023. Studies assessing the impact of the MedDiet, DASH, MIND, and Western diets on cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults were prioritized. The research findings were synthesized to identify common and unique recommendations across these dietary patterns. The MedDiet consistently showed beneficial effects on cognitive health, including improved memory, processing speed, and long-term protection against neurodegenerative conditions. The DASH and MIND diets demonstrated potential benefits, particularly for specific cognitive domains, but the results were more mixed and inconclusive. In contrast, adherence to a Western diet was associated with negative cognitive outcomes, including cognitive decline and smaller brain volumes. These findings underscore the importance of adopting healthy dietary patterns as a modifiable lifestyle factor to support cognitive aging and inform future public health strategies and clinical guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Influences on Cognitive Function and Neurodevelopment Across the Lifespan)

16 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation in Body Composition Components Across Different Age Groups and Proposal of Age-Specific Normative Tables: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Kleber E. G. Barbão, Audrei Pavanello, Fabiano M. Oliveira, Natalia Q. Santos, Pablo Valdés-Badilla, Luciana L. M. Marchiori, Emerson Franchini and Braulio H. M. Branco

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091435 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Utilizing a significative sample, this study aimed to analyze body composition components in different age groups and to develop age-specific normative tables for individuals in southern Brazil. Methods: This observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study evaluated 8556 individuals of both sexes (54% females) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Utilizing a significative sample, this study aimed to analyze body composition components in different age groups and to develop age-specific normative tables for individuals in southern Brazil. Methods: This observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study evaluated 8556 individuals of both sexes (54% females) aged 18–49. The hypotheses of the present study are related to declining fat-free mass (FFM), lean mass (LM), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and increasing fat mass (FM) and body fat percentage (BFP) during the aging process. Data were collected through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and stratified by age (18–29, 30–39, and 40–49 years), sex, and body mass index (BMI) classifications (normal weight, overweight, grade I, and grade II obesity). Following the comparison, body composition components were presented in the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles. Results: This study’s main findings indicated that FM and BFP increased with age in both sexes. Among overweight and obese individuals, elevated BFP was particularly high in obese females aged 40–49 years and in normal and overweight males. FFM, LM, and SMM were generally lower in the 40–49-year-old group, although obese females over 40 presented higher FFM and LM values. In contrast, males presented lower FFM and LM values but higher values among individuals with higher BMI. SMM was lower in overweight individuals over 40, likely reflecting muscle mass loss associated with aging. Conclusions: Based on these results, lifestyle interventions that combine nutrition and physical exercise may be recommended to mitigate these effects of aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Physical Activity and Diet on Weight Management)

16 pages, 513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Depression in Mid-Pregnancy: Mediating Effect of Sleep Quality

by Zhitan Zhang, Cong Huang, Hua Zhang, Xun Huang, Zixin Zhong, Fan Xia, Junwei He, Yuxin Ma, Chang Liu, Hongzhuan Tan, Jing Deng, Mengshi Chen and Xianyang Lei

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091434 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and depression in mid-pregnancy and the mediating effect of sleep quality according to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted [...] Read more.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and depression in mid-pregnancy and the mediating effect of sleep quality according to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2017–2019 at a maternal and child health centre in Hunan Province. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 749 pregnant women were finally included in this study. A multifactorial logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the mid-pregnancy DII on mid-pregnancy depression. Restricted cubic spline plot regression was used to analyse the nonlinearity of the association between DII and depression. Mediation effects models were used to analyse the mediating role of sleep quality. Results: The average age of the 749 pregnant women was 29.42 ± 4.22 years. The mean mid-pregnancy DII was 0.21 ± 1.48 and the overall presenting rate of mid-pregnancy depression was 9.35%. In the final model adjusted for covariates such as maternal age, race, mid-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), occupation, literacy, and mean monthly income, the risk of depression in mid-pregnancy DII Q3 was 3.51 times higher than the mid-pregnancy DII Q4 [OR = 3.51, 95% CI = (1.45 to 8.53)]. A high DII in mid-pregnancy was a risk factor for depression in mid-pregnancy (p < 0.05). Restricted cubic spline plot regression analyses showed that the association between mid-pregnancy DII and depression could not be considered nonlinear. Sleep quality may play a mediating role between DII and depression in pregnant women in mid-pregnancy (25.26% of the total effect). Conclusions: A high DII is a risk factor for mid-pregnancy depression. The Dietary Inflammatory Index can influence depression not only directly but also indirectly through the mediating effect of sleep quality on mid-pregnancy depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

12 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessReview

Monk Fruit Extract and Sustainable Health: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Urszula Kaim and Karolina Labus

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091433 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Sustainable health approaches promote functional food alternatives that support metabolic well-being while reducing reliance on added sugars and artificial sweeteners. Monk fruit extract (MFE), a natural, non-caloric sweetener, is gaining interest for its potential metabolic benefits, but its effects and regulatory status require [...] Read more.

Sustainable health approaches promote functional food alternatives that support metabolic well-being while reducing reliance on added sugars and artificial sweeteners. Monk fruit extract (MFE), a natural, non-caloric sweetener, is gaining interest for its potential metabolic benefits, but its effects and regulatory status require further evaluation. Objective: This PRISMA-guided systematic review synthesizes findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the impact of MFE on metabolic health, lipid profiles, inflammation, and regulatory considerations. Methods: The literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, covering studies published between 2015 and 2025. Inclusion criteria were human RCTs evaluating MFE’s metabolic effects, while animal studies, reviews, and mixed-intervention trials were excluded. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Jadad scale. Results: Five randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, demonstrating that monk fruit extract (MFE) reduces postprandial glucose levels by 10–18% and insulin responses by 12–22%. No severe adverse effects were observed. Regulatory analysis indicated that MFE is approved for use in the United States and China, while its status remains under review in the European Union. Conclusions: MFE shows potential as a functional food ingredient for metabolic health. However, long-term clinical trials and a harmonized regulatory framework must confirm its safety and efficacy within sustainable health strategies Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods and Sustainable Health (2nd Edition))

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3 pages, 193 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nutraceuticals and Human Health and Disease

by Francesca Oppedisano

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1432; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091432 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

A “possible beneficial role” for health is indicated by the coordinated and integrated activity of biologically active chemicals and nutritional components, as nutraceuticals [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals and Human Health and Disease)

26 pages, 1668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Nucleotides Enhance Neurogenesis, Cognitive Capacity, Muscle Function, and Body Composition in Older Adults: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial

by Javier Gene-Morales, Alvaro Juesas, Angel Saez-Berlanga, Ezequiel G. Martin, Luis Garrigues-Pelufo, Brayan S. Sandoval-Camargo, Fernando Martin-Rivera, Iván Chulvi-Medrano, Pablo Jiménez-Martínez, Carlos Alix-Fages, Pedro Gargallo, Julio Fernandez-Garrido, Oscar Caballero, Agustín Jerez-Martínez and Juan C. Colado

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1431; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091431 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: this study evaluated the differential effects of two distinct dietary nucleotide supplements, combined with spontaneous physical activity, on neuromuscular, cognitive, and metabolic adaptations in older adults. Methods: Sixty-nine physically independent older adults (aged 60–75 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: this study evaluated the differential effects of two distinct dietary nucleotide supplements, combined with spontaneous physical activity, on neuromuscular, cognitive, and metabolic adaptations in older adults. Methods: Sixty-nine physically independent older adults (aged 60–75 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) a yeast nucleotides formulation (YN) standardized in a high content of free nucleotides (>40%) rich in all macro and micro nutrients naturally occurring in yeast cell (amino acids, minerals and B-group vitamin); (2) a neuro-based formulation (NF) consisting of a blend of monophosphate nucleotides 5′; or (3) a placebo. Participants maintained their spontaneous physical activities without structured exercise during a 10-week intervention. Assessments included physical function, cognitive performance, body composition, quality of life, and serum biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurogenesis. Results: Both nucleotide-supplemented groups demonstrated significant improvements compared to placebo in physical performance (p ≤ 0.045), cognitive function (Trail Making Test B [TMT-B]: p ≤ 0.012), oxidative stress biomarkers (p ≤ 0.048), inflammatory cytokines (p ≤ 0.023), and quality-of-life parameters (p ≤ 0.047). Body composition remained stable in supplemented groups, whereas placebo increased fat mass (5.04%) and decreased muscle mass (−2.18%). Conclusions: Dietary nucleotide supplementation enhances the benefits of spontaneous physical activity across all measured variables in older adults, highlighting nucleotides as promising nutritional support for healthy aging. YN exhibited a trend toward greater inflammatory modulation, whereas NF showed a tendency toward enhanced neurotrophic effects and functional improvements, with a statistically significant improvement in the Timed Up and Go Test (p = 0.014). These findings underscore the potential for tailored nucleotide-based interventions to optimize distinct physiological domains in aging populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

22 pages, 2371 KiB

Open AccessReview

Curcumin Modulation of the Gut–Brain Axis for Neuroinflammation and Metabolic Disorders Prevention and Treatment

by Miriam Cerullo, Federica Armeli, Beatrice Mengoni, Martina Menin, Maria Luisa Crudeli and Rita Businaro

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091430 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, has gained significant attention for its potential therapeutic benefits, particularly counteracting inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders. Its chemical structure, featuring conjugated double bonds between two aromatic rings, allows it to act as an electron [...] Read more.

Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, has gained significant attention for its potential therapeutic benefits, particularly counteracting inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders. Its chemical structure, featuring conjugated double bonds between two aromatic rings, allows it to act as an electron donor, thereby mitigating free radical formation. Despite its poor solubility in water, curcumin is stable in acidic environments and undergoes significant metabolism in both the liver and the gut. Intestinal microbiota, particularly at the colon level, further metabolizes curcumin into several derivatives, including dihydrocurcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies suggest that curcumin can reduce body mass index (BMI) and improve other body composition parameters, especially when used in combination with lifestyle changes, though its bioavailability is low due to its rapid metabolism and the resulting low blood concentration. In obesity, dysfunctional adipose tissue remodeling and chronic inflammation play critical roles in the development of metabolic complications. Curcumin’s anti-inflammatory properties are related to the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, leading to the reduction in inflammatory markers in adipocytes and macrophages. Additionally, curcumin modulates oxidative stress by activating the NRF2 pathway, enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses. Emerging evidence also supports curcumin’s potential in improving gut health by modulating microbiota composition, enhancing intestinal barrier function, and reducing systemic inflammation. This interaction with the gut–brain axis highlights the broader implications of curcumin in neuroprotection, as it positively affects cognitive function and mitigates neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. disease. Thus, curcumin holds promise as a multifaceted agent in the management of obesity and associated diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Dietary Bioactive Compounds on Immune and Inflammation-Related Diseases)

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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Selenium and Age as Predictors of Metabolic Health in Middle-Aged Women: A Regression-Based Study

by Daria Schneider-Matyka, Anna Maria Cybulska, Kamila Rachubińska, Bogumiła Pilarczyk, Mariusz Panczyk, Elżbieta Grochans, Dorota Ćwiek, Iwona Bojar and Jacek Brodowski

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091429 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: This study investigated the relationship between serum selenium concentration and metabolic markers—specifically lipid parameters and glycemic control indicators (fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR)—in middle-aged women, considering age as a covariate. Methods: A total of 387 women aged 45–67 years participated. Serum levels [...] Read more.

Background: This study investigated the relationship between serum selenium concentration and metabolic markers—specifically lipid parameters and glycemic control indicators (fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR)—in middle-aged women, considering age as a covariate. Methods: A total of 387 women aged 45–67 years participated. Serum levels of selenium, glucose, insulin, HbA1c, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the predictive value of the serum selenium concentration compared to age in predicting lipid and glycemic markers. Results: Selenium concentration was significantly and positively associated with HDL cholesterol only. No significant relationships were found between selenium and glycemic markers or other lipid parameters. In contrast, age emerged as a consistent positive predictor of LDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, and HbA1c levels. Furthermore, exploratory analysis suggested that HbA1c may influence the relationship between selenium and HDL/LDL cholesterol, though no formal moderation analysis was performed. Conclusions: Although serum selenium concentrations were within the normal range, their predictive value was limited to HDL cholesterol. Age showed a stronger and more consistent association with key metabolic markers, highlighting its importance as a predictor of cardiometabolic health in middle-aged women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

15 pages, 352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cardiovascular Disease in Women’s Prisons: A Qualitative Study of Dietary Habits from the Perspective of Professionals

by Ana Margarida Machado, Iara Rafaela Ferreira, Mariana Rodrigues, Adriana Taveira, Francisca Linhares and Ana Paula Macedo

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091428 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is exacerbated by poor dietary habits, particularly in settings such as women’s prisons. Incarcerated women are often exposed to ultra-processed foods, limited nutritional education, and restricted living conditions that increase [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is exacerbated by poor dietary habits, particularly in settings such as women’s prisons. Incarcerated women are often exposed to ultra-processed foods, limited nutritional education, and restricted living conditions that increase their risk of CVD. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the challenges perceived by professionals in a Portuguese women’s prison regarding the prevention of CVD, particularly through dietary interventions. Methods: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study was conducted using a focus group with six professionals. Data were collected in July 2024 and analysed using thematic content analysis. Results: Three thematic categories emerged: (1) contextual challenges of the prison system (e.g., sedentary lifestyle, limited food options); (2) socio-cultural resistance to behavioural change (e.g., low adherence to health programmes, use of food as a coping mechanism); and (3) the need for sustainable and interdisciplinary intervention strategies. Conclusions: The findings highlight the complexity of promoting cardiovascular health in female prisoners. Interventions need to take into account mental health support, prisoner autonomy and institutional constraints. Future research should develop and test targeted, context-specific nutrition programmes in similar settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geriatric Nutrition–What to Eat to Get It Right)

13 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selenium Nutritional Status Assessment in Chinese Adult Females: Results from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2015

by Jie Feng, Yang Cao, Huidi Zhang, Jingxin Yang, Wenxuan Wu, Jiaxi Lu and Lichen Yang

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091427 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Although some studies have assessed Selenium nutritional status in different populations, determining the plasma Selenium levels and describing the distribution of dietary Selenium intake in Chinese female adults by using nationally representative data was lacking. The objective was to describe the plasma/dietary [...] Read more.

Objectives: Although some studies have assessed Selenium nutritional status in different populations, determining the plasma Selenium levels and describing the distribution of dietary Selenium intake in Chinese female adults by using nationally representative data was lacking. The objective was to describe the plasma/dietary Selenium status in Chinese female adults and analyze the possible influencing factors related to dietary Selenium levels. Method: A total of 3016 female adults from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2015 (CNHS 2015) were included. The plasma Selenium concentration was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Dietary Selenium intake (Y, μg/d) was calculated from plasma Selenium concentrations (X, μg/L) using the formula lg(Y) = 1.624 lg(X) + 3.389. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to explore the risk factors of low dietary Selenium intake. Results: The median levels of plasma Selenium and dietary Selenium in Chinese adult females were 89.97 μg/L and 49.03 μg/d, respectively. The normal reference range of plasma Selenium in this population was 72.04~141.11 μg/L. There was a higher risk of low dietary Selenium intake in central, western, and northern regions. In general, the plasma Selenium levels in Chinese adult females were lower than those in countries such as the United States and Japan but higher than those in some European countries. Conclusions: The plasma Selenium levels varied greatly in different regions of China, with typical regional characteristics. Therefore, it was necessary to monitor Selenium nutrition monitoring in specific regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

15 pages, 833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Oligomeric Formulas in Malabsorption: A Delphi Study and Consensus

by Carmelo Diéguez Castillo, Maryam Sidahi Serrano, Andrea Martín Aguilar and Daniel De Luis Román

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1426; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091426 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Malabsorption syndrome is characterized by chronic diarrhea, abdominal distension, and malnutrition, thereby complicating its diagnosis and treatment. Oligomeric enteral formulas, designed to facilitate absorption in patients with compromised bowel function, have shown clinical efficacy, though their implementation lacks standardization due to [...] Read more.

Background: Malabsorption syndrome is characterized by chronic diarrhea, abdominal distension, and malnutrition, thereby complicating its diagnosis and treatment. Oligomeric enteral formulas, designed to facilitate absorption in patients with compromised bowel function, have shown clinical efficacy, though their implementation lacks standardization due to the lack of uniform protocols. Objective: To establish a multidisciplinary consensus on the use of oligomeric formulas in patients with malabsorption using a Delphi methodology. Material and Method: A Delphi study was conducted with 156 specialists in endocrinology, gastroenterology, oncology, and internal medicine. Two rounds of structured surveys assessed clinical practices, associated symptoms, and the use of oligomeric enteral formulas. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests, defining consensus with a median of ≥7 and an interquartile range of ≤3. Likewise, a Median (MED) score of ≤3 was considered as a consensus to reject the statement, while an Interquartile range (IQR) of ≥4 or a MED of 4–6 was considered as no agreement. These statements were reviewed and included in the second round. Results: Screening for malnutrition is widely supported (79%), but only 38% of participants reported having specific management protocols. Symptoms such as abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and diarrhea were identified as key predictors of intolerance to polymeric formulas, establishing oligomeric enteral formulas as first choice in these cases. In addition, the effectiveness of an approach that progresses from oligomeric to polymeric enteral formulas once symptoms have stabilized was highlighted. The need for standardized protocols was recognized as a priority to guide nutritional assessment and treatment in patients with malabsorption. Conclusions: This consensus reinforces the importance of implementing specific clinical protocols for the nutritional management of malabsorption, including the initial use of oligomeric enteral formulas in patients with severe symptoms and their controlled transition to polymeric enteral formulas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Importance of a Clinical Diet and Nutritional Management for Patients)

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21 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessReview

Micronutrient Deficiencies in Pediatric IBD: How Often, Why, and What to Do?

by Tiziana Galeazzi, Sara Quattrini, Elena Lionetti and Simona Gatti

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091425 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBDs), including Crohn’s disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) are complex diseases with a multifactorial etiology, associated with genetic, dietetic, and other environmental risk factors. Children with IBD are at increased risk for nutritional inadequacies, resulting from decreased oral intake, [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBDs), including Crohn’s disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) are complex diseases with a multifactorial etiology, associated with genetic, dietetic, and other environmental risk factors. Children with IBD are at increased risk for nutritional inadequacies, resulting from decreased oral intake, restrictive dietary patterns, malabsorption, enhanced nutrient loss, surgery, and medications. Follow-up of IBD children should routinely include evaluation of specific nutritional deficits and dietetic and/or supplementation strategies should be implemented in case deficiencies are detected. This narrative review focuses on the prevalence, risk factors, detection strategy, and management of micronutrient deficiencies in pediatric IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Gastrointestinal Diseases)

17 pages, 10870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermentation of Alginate and Its Oligosaccharides by the Human Gut Microbiota: Structure–Property Relationships and New Findings Focusing on Bacteroides xylanisolvens

by Jiayi Li, Youjing Lv, Meng Shao, Depeng Lv, Zhiliang Fu, Peng Guo, Quancai Li and Qingsen Shang

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091424 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Alginate and its oligosaccharides (AOS) are widely used in the food industry all over the world. However, how they are fermented by the human gut microbiota has not been fully elucidated. Here, we aim to explore the structure–property relationships of the fermentation [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Alginate and its oligosaccharides (AOS) are widely used in the food industry all over the world. However, how they are fermented by the human gut microbiota has not been fully elucidated. Here, we aim to explore the structure–property relationships of the fermentation of these carbohydrates by the human gut microbiota. Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography, 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing, whole genome sequencing, and metabolome analysis were used to study the fermentation of alginate and AOS by the human gut microbiota. Results and Conclusions: Low-molecular-weight alginate and AOS were more fermentable than alginate. Moreover, fermentation of AOS with a molecular weight (Mw) of 0.8 kDa produced higher amounts of acetate and butyrate than that with a Mw of 0.3 kDa. B. xylanisolvens was a keystone species responsible for the fermentation. Additionally, each B. xylanisolvens strain was characterized with a unique capability for AOS fermentation. Specifically, B. xylanisolvens P19-10, a bacterium isolated from healthy human colon, exhibited the best fermentation capacity. Genomic analysis suggested that B. xylanisolvens P19-10 was armed with a plethora of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Additionally, the polysaccharide lyase family 6_1 was identified as a candidate enzyme responsible for the utilization of AOS. Moreover, fermentation of AOS by B. xylanisolvens P19-10 was associated with significant changes in bacterial metabolites and metabolic pathways. Future perspectives: Our study provides novel mechanistic insights into the fermentation of alginate and AOS by human gut microbiota, which has applications for the development of new carbohydrate-based nutraceuticals and foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbohydrates)

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12 pages, 215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with Weight Change in Adults with Severe Mental Illness: Results from a Large Cross-Sectional Survey

by Gemma D. Traviss-Turner, Ellen Lee, Peter Pratt, Andrew J. Hill and Emily Peckham

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1423; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091423 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/objectives: Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) have a reduced life expectancy of 15–25 years. This is due to a number of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Levels of overweight and obesity in this group are 1.8 times higher than in the [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) have a reduced life expectancy of 15–25 years. This is due to a number of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Levels of overweight and obesity in this group are 1.8 times higher than in the general population and diet quality is poor. Excess weight is linked to a range of serious long-term physical and mental health conditions. This paper presents the findings of a large cross-sectional survey of adults living with SMI. The survey aimed to understand the current weight, weight gain and diet quality of this group and secondly, to explore the association between weight change, diet quality, antipsychotic medication and weight management. Methods: Five hundred and twenty-nine participants (58% male, mean age 49.3) living with SMI completed the survey. Results: Results showed 42% of the sample were living with obesity and almost half reported having gained 6 kg or more at least once in their adult life. Overall, 6% of the sample reported eating no fruit or vegetables and the same proportion had the highest consumption of carbonated drinks. There was no difference by weight category. Those taking antipsychotic medication and currently managing their weight were more likely to experience weight gain or fluctuation. Conclusions: These results suggest that excess weight and poor diet quality are a major problem in adults with SMI and that current weight management provision is ineffective in addressing the specific needs of people living with SMI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Physical Activity and Diet on Weight Management)

16 pages, 1275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Mother–Fetus Dyad to Mother–Milk–Infant Triad: Sex Differences in Macronutrient Composition of Breast Milk

by Maria Lithoxopoulou, Calliope Karastogiannidou, Anastasia Karagkiozi, Iliani Eleni Zafeiriadou, Ekaterini Pilati, Elisavet Diamanti, Stavros Kalogiannis and Emilia Vassilopoulou

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1422; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091422 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: The composition of breast milk is influenced by a variety of factors, including maternal anthropometric characteristics, dietary and lifestyle habits, and lactation and feeding parameters. Emerging evidence also suggests that an infant’s sex may play a role in shaping breast milk composition. [...] Read more.

Background: The composition of breast milk is influenced by a variety of factors, including maternal anthropometric characteristics, dietary and lifestyle habits, and lactation and feeding parameters. Emerging evidence also suggests that an infant’s sex may play a role in shaping breast milk composition. Objective: This study aims to investigate the macronutrient composition of early breast milk up to 3 months postpartum, with a particular focus on potential differences related to the infant’s sex. Methods: A total of 102 breast milk samples were collected at four time points across three lactation stages, representing colostrum, transitional, and mature milk, from a cohort consisting of 51 consenting mothers of Mediterranean origin who met the inclusion criteria. The samples were analyzed using mid-infrared spectroscopy to determine their macronutrient composition. Results: Colostrum from mothers of male infants contained approximately 60% higher levels of nitrogenous compounds, crude protein, true protein, and non-protein nitrogen compared to colostrum from mothers of female infants. Transitional milk for female infants contained higher fat, total solids, and energy. No significant differences in macronutrient composition were observed in mature milk between the sexes. For both sexes, colostrum contained more nitrogenous compounds and fewer total solids than mature milk. Male colostrum had lower carbohydrate levels compared to the later stages of lactation, while female samples showed no significant changes. Strong positive correlations between fat and crude protein were found for both sexes during the transitional and mature milk stages. In male colostrum, all macronutrients were interrelated. Conclusions: The observed differences in the composition of colostrum and transitional breast milk for male and female neonates suggest potential sex-specific nutritional adaptations during early lactation. These findings may have implications for personalized infant nutrition strategies in cases where breast feeding is hampered, as well as for understanding early neonatal adaptations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions Between Early Nutrition, Early Environment, and Immunity)

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16 pages, 2198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Regulatory Effect of Hydroxytyrosol on Ovarian Inflammaging Through Autophagy-Targeted Mechanisms: A Bioinformatics Approach

by Xiaoyang An, Xiaoyu Guo, Meng Cai and Meihong Xu

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091421 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Ovarian aging represents a critically important aspect of female senescence. It not only denotes the loss of fertility but is also accompanied by a series of physiological changes and the aging of other organs. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural polyphenolic phytocompound, has been [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Ovarian aging represents a critically important aspect of female senescence. It not only denotes the loss of fertility but is also accompanied by a series of physiological changes and the aging of other organs. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural polyphenolic phytocompound, has been demonstrated to exhibit remarkable effects in regulating autophagy, inflammation, and the aging process. However, the relationship between HT and ovarian aging, as well as the specific underlying mechanisms, remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation were employed to explore the regulatory effect of HT on ovarian inflammaging via autophagy-targeted mechanisms. Results: Through network pharmacology analysis, this study successfully identified 10 hub genes associated with ovarian aging regulation. Notably, four out of the top five hub genes were found to be closely related to autophagy regulatory pathways. Further investigation revealed the pivotal role of ATG7: HT may regulate ovarian inflammaging through activating the FIP200 (focal adhesion kinase family interacting protein of 200 kD)-dependent non-canonical selective autophagy pathway. The results of molecular docking indicated that ATG7 has a strong binding ability with HT. Molecular dynamics simulation further verified the binding stability between the two. Conclusions: By analysis, a possible pathway for HT to regulate ovarian inflammaging via non-canonical selective autophagy was explored, providing cues for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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3 pages, 158 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Sports Nutrition: Current and Novel Insights

by David C. Nieman

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1420; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091420 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

This Special Issue invited the submission of sports nutrition-based manuscripts that advanced scientific understanding and provided novel insights on all aspects of performance and recovery [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

16 pages, 2889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of an Acute High Dose of Caffeine on Physiological Responses and Performance During a Strength-Focused CrossFit^® Workout: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study

by Zoe Konidari, Ilias Smilios, Vassilis Mougios and Gregory C. Bogdanis

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091419 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Several nutritional strategies have been used to enhance performance in CrossFit^® training. This randomized, double-blind, crossover study aimed to investigate the acute effects of caffeine consumption on physiological responses and performance during a strength-focused CrossFit workout. Methods: Twelve healthy [...] Read more.

Background: Several nutritional strategies have been used to enhance performance in CrossFit^® training. This randomized, double-blind, crossover study aimed to investigate the acute effects of caffeine consumption on physiological responses and performance during a strength-focused CrossFit workout. Methods: Twelve healthy men, aged 29.2 ± 3.8 years (mean ± SD throughout), with 4.9 ± 1.9 years of CrossFit experience, completed two sessions of a specific CrossFit training program (four rounds of five exercises, 50 s exercise/10 s rest), 60 min after consuming either anhydrous caffeine (7.1 ± 0.7 mg/kg of body mass) or a placebo, aiming to perform as many repetitions as possible. The washout period was at least seven days. At the end of each round, subjective perception of fatigue was recorded using the Borg scale. Blood lactate concentration was measured before and immediately after completing the training session using a portable lactate analyzer. Data were analyzed by factorial ANOVA with repeated measures. Results: Caffeine had a negative effect on the number of sit-up repetitions in the fourth round (p = 0.012), while it did not affect any other performance parameter, rating of perceived exertion, or lactate concentration compared with the placebo. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that caffeine consumption does not improve performance in CrossFit training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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21 pages, 3929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Celastrol-Enriched Peanuts on Metabolic Health and the Development of Atherosclerosis

by Jiaxin Shi, Yitong Cheng, Chenxuan Wang, Min Liu, Mingxuan Qu, Shuaishuai Zhou, Leon Chen, Xiaohao Li, Junjie Luo, Yongting Luo, Chao Luo and Peng An

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1418; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091418 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid active component isolated from the root bark of the traditional medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii, displays significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, its clinical application remains limited due to inadequate bioavailability. Methods: Regarding these issues, we innovatively developed [...] Read more.

Background: Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid active component isolated from the root bark of the traditional medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii, displays significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, its clinical application remains limited due to inadequate bioavailability. Methods: Regarding these issues, we innovatively developed a novel peanut cultivar (cel-peanut) enriched with celastrol through distant hybridization combined with metabolomics screening. Guided by the research concept of “natural anti-inflammatory diets for metabolic disease management”, we established a high-fat diet-induced ApoE^−/− atherosclerotic mouse model to systematically evaluate the anti-atherosclerosis effects and mechanisms of cel-peanut. Results: Our results revealed that cel-peanut significantly reduced serum levels of triglycerides (TGs) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Concurrently, cel-peanut markedly decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area and enhanced collagen content within plaques. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that cel-peanut reduced serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and suppressed the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, cel-peanut promoted intestinal health by modulating the composition and functionality of gut microbiota, thereby attenuating atherosclerosis progression. Conclusions: Overall, these findings indicate that cel-peanut exerts therapeutic effects against atherosclerosis through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and gut microbiota-modulating properties. This study proposes a novel nutritional intervention strategy for atherosclerosis and provides a promising adjuvant strategy for clinical atherosclerosis treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Features and Nutritional Interventions in Chronic Diseases)

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14 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fetal Distress as a Determinant for Refeeding Syndrome in Preterm Neonates

by Maria Di Chiara, Caterina Spiriti, Flavia Gloria, Gianluigi Laccetta, Lucia Dito, Magda Gharbiya, Giuseppe Rizzo and Gianluca Terrin

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1417; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091417 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Preterm neonates receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) are at risk of developing refeeding syndrome (RS). Risk factors and the related consequences remain largely undefined. In particular, the reason why only some preterm neonates out of a group receiving the same nutritional protocol [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Preterm neonates receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) are at risk of developing refeeding syndrome (RS). Risk factors and the related consequences remain largely undefined. In particular, the reason why only some preterm neonates out of a group receiving the same nutritional protocol will develop RS is yet to be fully understood. The aims of this study were to explore the clinical and nutritional factors contributing to RS and to assess the clinical consequences of this condition. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, including all newborns with gestational age ≤ 34 weeks and/or body birth weight ≤ 1500 g who were consecutively admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of “Umberto I” Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, from 2015 to 2022. The population was divided into two groups comprising newborns who developed RS (cases) and infants who did not develop the condition (controls) up to the first 2 weeks of life. The enrolled newborns were compared for clinical and nutritional factors and main morbidities. Results: A total of 412 neonates were enrolled, consisting of 53 cases and 359 controls. The main prenatal risk factor for RS was found to be fetal distress (p = 0.028). The occurrence of RS was identified as statistically significantly associated (p = 0.010; p = 0.007) with the development of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Conclusions: Fetal distress is the predominant perinatal risk factor associated with the development of RS in preterm neonates managed with early currently recommended PN. These findings suggest an increased risk of ROP and EUGR in preterm neonates with RS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Management in Neonatal Health)

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15 pages, 3413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glucagon-like Peptide-2 Acts Partially Through Central GLP-2R and MC4R in Mobilizing Stored Lipids from the Intestine

by Kundanika Mukherjee, Muhammad Saad Abdullah Khan, John G. Howland and Changting Xiao

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1416; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091416 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a gut hormone secreted in response to nutrient intake and regulates lipid metabolism in the gut. The present study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanism of GLP-2 in stimulating gut lipid secretion in the fasted state by testing [...] Read more.

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a gut hormone secreted in response to nutrient intake and regulates lipid metabolism in the gut. The present study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanism of GLP-2 in stimulating gut lipid secretion in the fasted state by testing whether GLP-2 signals through the brain’s GLP-2 receptor and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a mesenteric lymph duct cannula for measuring gut lipid secretion and an intracerebroventricular cannula for infusion of a GLP-2R antagonist (GLP-2(11-33)), an MC4R antagonist (SHU9119), or saline as a control. The rat received a lipid infusion into the small intestine and a peritoneal injection of GLP-2 five hours later. Results: Brain administration of a GLP-2R antagonist or an MC4R antagonist attenuated the stimulatory effects of peripheral GLP-2 on lymph triglyceride output. These effects were associated with differential changes in the expression of key genes in jejunal endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and neuronal cells. Conclusions: These results support the involvement of central GLP-2R and MC4R in a neural pathway for GLP-2 to mobilize lipids stored in the gut during the post-absorptive state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain and Hormone Interplay for Regulating Eating and Metabolism: Impact of Food and Diet)

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18 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between MASLD, Ultra-Processed Food and a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern in Older Adults

by Isabella Commins, Daniel Clayton-Chubb, Jessica A. Fitzpatrick, Elena S. George, Hans G. Schneider, Aung Zaw Zaw Phyo, Ammar Majeed, Natasha Janko, Nicole Vaughan, Robyn L. Woods, Alice J. Owen, John J. McNeil, William W. Kemp and Stuart K. Roberts

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091415 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, affecting 38% of the adult population globally. Methods: We examined the impact of the Mediterranean Diet and Ultra Processed Food (UPF) intake on the risk of prevalent MASLD in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, affecting 38% of the adult population globally. Methods: We examined the impact of the Mediterranean Diet and Ultra Processed Food (UPF) intake on the risk of prevalent MASLD in older adults. Results: Our major findings include that increased adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary pattern was associated with a decreased risk of MASLD. Additionally, we found that high UPF intake was associated with an increased risk of MASLD. Furthermore, our study found that even with a high UPF intake, the risk of MASLD decreased if the individual also had a higher Mediterranean Diet intake compared to a lower Mediterranean Diet intake. Conclusions: These results are of particular importance in older people, given the known links between MASLD, metabolic comorbidities and frailty. Public health messaging should focus on promoting Mediterranean dietary habits, and ways to help older people achieve this given the social and economic barriers they may face. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Risk in Older Adults in Different Healthcare Settings)

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5 pages, 190 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advancing Nutritional Science: Contemporary Perspectives on Diet’s Role in Metabolic Health and Disease Prevention

by Iñaki Elío

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091414 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

This Special Issue of Diet and Nutrition: Metabolic Diseases showcases cutting-edge research exploring the intersection between nutrition, dietary patterns, and public health [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutrition: Metabolic Diseases)

4 pages, 149 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Dietary Behaviors and the Living Environment Can Explain Residual Obesity Risk

by Demosthenes Panagiotakos

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091413 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Despite substantial advancements and extensive funding in obesity research—spanning the development of novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, as well as numerous public health initiatives—the global prevalence of obesity continues to escalate at an alarming rate [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Behaviors and Obesity Predisposition)

27 pages, 1559 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutrition and Exercise Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice: A Scoping Review of Assessment Questionnaires in Cancer Survivorship

by Zhi Qi Hoe, Ria Joseph, Narayanee Dick, Christina Syu Hong Thio, Matthew Wallen, Ling Di Chua, Claire Miller, Jane Lee, Raymond Javan Chan and Chad Yixian Han

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091412 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Cancer survivors are encouraged to maintain a healthy diet and engage in regular exercise to improve overall physical and psychosocial health, and to reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence and related mortality. Consequently, nutrition and exercise (the structured component of physical activity) knowledge, [...] Read more.

Cancer survivors are encouraged to maintain a healthy diet and engage in regular exercise to improve overall physical and psychosocial health, and to reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence and related mortality. Consequently, nutrition and exercise (the structured component of physical activity) knowledge, attitude, and practice (NE-KAP) are frequently evaluated in research studies involving cancer survivors and are associated with various health outcomes. The aims of this scoping review were to (1) systematically map the types of NE-KAP assessment questionnaires used in cancer survivorship research (i.e., trend or use over the past five years), (2) provide a directory of questionnaires, and (3) identify the most frequently reported health outcomes that have been associated with them. A systematic search was conducted across four databases—Medline, Emcare, CINAHL, and Scopus—from 1 January 2019 to 9 May 2024, for studies addressing one or more aspects of NE-KAP (e.g., food frequency questionnaire for nutrition practice, attitude towards exercise scale for exercise attitude). Eligible studies were extracted, assessed, and reviewed by two independent authors, and data were summarized descriptively. Of the initial 5452 records screened, 1122 articles were screened for full text, and 852 were deemed eligible, with 262 studies included. There was an overall increasing trend in NE-KAP research in cancer survivorship research from 2019 to 2023. Of the 200 unique questionnaires aligning with at least one NE-KAP domain, 45 were untitled and created/adapted specifically for their respective studies, with limited information about their psychometric properties. Out of the 262 included studies, the most utilized questionnaires were those measuring nutrition or physical activity practices, such as study-specific food frequency questionnaires (n = 26, 10%) and the Godin–Shephard Leisure–Time Physical Activity questionnaire (n = 52, 20%). Out of studies that had reported health outcomes (nutrition, n = 23; exercise, n = 40), health-related quality of life was most commonly associated with nutrition (n = 12, 53%) and exercise (n = 9, 23%), and from cross-sectional studies (nutrition, n = 13; exercise, n = 23). An emphasis was placed on assessing nutrition and exercise practices, with limited attention towards the knowledge and attitude domains. Psychometric evaluation of questionnaires was also lacking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Economics, Environment and Policies That Influence Nutrition Management in Healthcare)

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21 pages, 11710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Variants, Bioactive Compounds, and PCSK9 Inhibitors in Hyper-LDL-Cholesterolemia: A GWAS and In Silico Study on Cardiovascular Disease Risk

by Meiling Liu, Junyu Zhou and Sunmin Park

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091411 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia is a key contributor to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and both genetic predisposition and lifestyle influence it. This study aimed to develop personalized strategies for managing hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia by integrating polygenic risk scores (PRSs), genetic variants, and bioactive compound interactions, leveraging a precision [...] Read more.

Background: Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia is a key contributor to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and both genetic predisposition and lifestyle influence it. This study aimed to develop personalized strategies for managing hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia by integrating polygenic risk scores (PRSs), genetic variants, and bioactive compound interactions, leveraging a precision medicine approach. Methods: A cohort of 58,701 Korean adults, including 8966 individuals with hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia (LDL ≥ 160 mg/dL) or undergoing treatment with hypocholesterolemic agents, was analyzed to investigate the interplay between genetic risk and lifestyle factors. The PRS was constructed using three key variants: PCSK9 (rs151193009), CELSR2 (rs11102967), and APOE (rs7412). Gene–lifestyle interactions were assessed, focusing on energy intake and physical activity. Computational molecular docking was utilized to investigate how bioactive compounds differentially interact with the wild-type and mutant forms of PCSK9 (Arg93Cys) and APOE (Arg176Cys), focusing on variations in binding affinity. Results: Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia was associated with a 1.3-fold increased risk of CVD. The PRS showed a significant association with a 3.45-fold higher likelihood of developing both elevated LDL cholesterol and reduced HDL cholesterol levels. Lifestyle interactions revealed that high energy intake and physical inactivity significantly amplified the genetic risk (p < 0.05). In silico analysis demonstrated that bioactive compounds, notably prodelphinidin trimer, exhibited enhanced binding affinity with wild-type PCSK9 (Arg93Cys), while several compounds preferentially targeted the mutated PCSK9, suggesting potential avenues for genotype-specific therapies. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the combined influence of genetic predispositions and lifestyle behaviors on developing hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia, and highlights potential bioactive compounds as personalized therapeutic targets. By integrating genomic data, lifestyle analysis, and molecular docking, this research provides a foundation for precision interventions tailored to an individual’s genetic and metabolic profile, paving the way for more effective and personalized management of dyslipidemia and associated CVD risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition on Non-infectious Disease)

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14 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Approach to Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Narrative Review

by Sol Velasco-Aburto, Arancha Llama-Palacios, María Carmen Sánchez, María José Ciudad and Luis Collado

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091410 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a functional digestive disorder whose incidence has been acknowledged by several medical associations, such as the American Gastroenterological Association. It is estimated that between 14% and 40% of patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome also have SIBO, [...] Read more.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a functional digestive disorder whose incidence has been acknowledged by several medical associations, such as the American Gastroenterological Association. It is estimated that between 14% and 40% of patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome also have SIBO, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis to enable effective treatment plans. Nutrition and diet therapy play a pivotal role in SIBO management, not only in alleviating symptoms but also in preventing relapses. The objective of this review is to gather updated information on dietary management for SIBO to define the role of the dietitian and determine the most suitable nutritional therapy based on scientific evidence. The review will encompass various strategies, ranging from specific diets to dietary supplements, as well as the potential contribution of dietary treatment to improving SIBO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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12 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Body Iron Status and Biological Aging

by Ann Von Holle, Sahana Ramamurthy, Mary V. Díaz Santana, Jacob K. Kresovich, Jack A. Taylor, Zongli Xu, Katie M. O’Brien, Dale P. Sandler and Clarice R. Weinberg

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1409; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091409 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Iron is necessary for bodily function, but abnormal levels can increase the risk of chronic diseases. Studies of leukocyte telomere length suggest blood iron levels are positively associated with cellular senescence and accelerated aging. However, associations between blood iron and more robust [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Iron is necessary for bodily function, but abnormal levels can increase the risk of chronic diseases. Studies of leukocyte telomere length suggest blood iron levels are positively associated with cellular senescence and accelerated aging. However, associations between blood iron and more robust metrics of biological aging, specifically those based on DNA methylation, have not been examined. Methods: In a random sample of women from the Sister Study (n = 1260) with measured serum iron (ferritin, iron, transferrin saturation), we used linear regression models to assess cross-sectional associations between standardized serum iron and three methylation-based biological aging metrics (GrimAgeAccel, PhenoAgeAccel, and DunedinPACE), with and without adjustment for smoking, alcohol, menopause status, education, time since menopause, exercise, and diet. Results: In adjusted models, a one standard deviation increase in serum ferritin was positively associated with higher standardized levels of DunedinPACE, GrimAgeAccel, and PhenoAgeAccel (DunedinPACE: 0.05, (0.00, 0.10); PhenoAgeAccel: 0.06 (0.00, 0.11); GrimAgeAccel: 0.06 (0.01, 0.11)). In contrast, higher serum iron and transferrin saturation were inversely associated with the biological aging metrics (serum iron, DunedinPACE: −0.02, (−0.07, 0.03); PhenoAgeAccel: −0.04 (−0.10, 0.01); GrimAgeAccel: −0.05 (−0.10, −0.01); transferrin saturation (DunedinPACE: −0.01, (−0.06, 0.05); PhenoAgeAccel: −0.01 (−0.06, 0.05); GrimAgeAccel: −0.05 (−0.10, −0.01))). Conclusions: The positive association with ferritin is consistent with the proposed role of oxidative stress in accelerated aging associated with high iron exposure. However, the observed inverse associations with serum iron and transferrin saturation are not consistent with this common explanation, and future studies are needed to examine potential explanations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Effects of Exercise, Nutrition, and Supplementation on Aging and Health)

19 pages, 2148 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Increased Plant Protein Intake on the Lipid Profile of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials

by Ioanna Papaodyssea, Areti Lagiou, Ioanna Tzoulaki, Elisavet Valanou and Androniki Naska

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1408; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091408 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased mortality, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) being the primary cause of death. Proper lipid regulation may reduce CVD risk and slow CKD progression. While there is evidence that a higher plant protein intake could ameliorate [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased mortality, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) being the primary cause of death. Proper lipid regulation may reduce CVD risk and slow CKD progression. While there is evidence that a higher plant protein intake could ameliorate lipid levels in the general population, the effects of this dietary regimen within the CKD population remain uncertain, with studies providing conflicting results. We aim to investigate the impact of increased plant protein intake on the lipid levels of CKD patients. Methods: Two electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus) were reviewed for controlled clinical trials assessing the effect of increased plant protein intake versus the usual CKD animal-based diet in CKD patients, published until June 2024. Results: Eleven trials, encompassing 248 patients, were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, compared to the usually recommended CKD diet, increased plant protein intake was associated with statistically significant reductions in total cholesterol (−24.51 mg/dL, 95% CI −40.33, −8.69), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (−21.71 mg/dL, 95% CI −38.32, −5.1), triglycerides (− 21.88 mg/dL, 95% CI −35.34, −8.40), and Apolipoprotein B levels (−11.21 mg/dL, 95% CI −18.18, −4.25). No significant changes were observed in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (0.09 mg/dL, 95% CI −1.82, 1.99) and Apolipoprotein A levels (0.04 mg/dL, 95% CI −7.14, 7.21). Conclusions: Increased plant protein intake, mainly from soy, reduces total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and ApoB in adult CKD patients. Further research is needed to assess these effects in dialysis patients and explore non-soy plant sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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20 pages, 2573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between B Vitamin Interactions with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cognitive Function Among Cognitively Healthy Older People as Modified by Amyloid Status and Sex

by Chuliang Zhao, Karen A. Abbott, Chinedu Udeh-Momoh, Geraint Price, Oliver J. K. Robinson, Sujin Kang and Celeste A. de Jager Loots

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091407 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Nutrients such as vitamin B12, folate (B9), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may independently influence cognitive health, but their combined effects and interactions remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of B12, folate, and PUFAs, including their interactions, on [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Nutrients such as vitamin B12, folate (B9), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may independently influence cognitive health, but their combined effects and interactions remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of B12, folate, and PUFAs, including their interactions, on cognitive function in cognitively healthy older adults, considering effect modification by sex and amyloid-beta status. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 321 participants aged 60–85 y enrolled in the UK CHARIOT–PRO SubStudy. Dietary intake was assessed using the Scottish Collaborative Group Food Frequency Questionnaire, and cognitive performance was measured via the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Stratified multivariate linear regression models by sex and amyloid-beta status and models with the saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio (substituted for PUFAs) as one of the predictors were constructed. Results: Males had lower total RBANS scores with a higher PUFA intake (β = −13.97, p = 0.04) but improved scores with increased folate (β = 9.08, p = 0.04). PUFA × folate revealed contrasting effects to PUFAs alone, with higher cognitive scores in the amyloid-negative group for total RBANS (β = 13.27, 95%: 3.81~22.73, p = 0.01) but lowered scores in the amyloid-positive group. Considering the UFA:SFA ratio, higher delayed memory scores were associated with the combined intake of folate, B12, and PUFAs (β = 7.46, p = 0.02) among females. In the amyloid-positive group, the negative cognitive effects observed with PUFAs were reversed when UFA:SFA was considered. Conclusions: Amyloid status and sex significantly influenced the cognitive effects of nutrient intake, with distinct patterns based on specific cognitive domains and nutrient interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Dietary Intake of Nutrients on Brain and Cognitive Function)

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